TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and Technology in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Future Prospects SN - DO - 10.17226/11808 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Kazakhstan has an ambitious program to increase its technological competitiveness in the global market place during the next few years, but achieving success will depend in large measure on the effectiveness of upgraded science and technology (S&T) capabilities. This report identifies important opportunities and limitations in the education system, research and development (R&D) institutions, production companies, and service organizations to help governmental organizations in Kazakhstan with strong interests in S&T chart the future course of the country. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard A. Duschl A2 - Heidi A. Schweingruber A2 - Andrew W. Shouse TI - Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8 SN - DO - 10.17226/11625 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11625/taking-science-to-school-learning-and-teaching-science-in-grades PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - What is science for a child? How do children learn about science and how to do science? Drawing on a vast array of work from neuroscience to classroom observation, Taking Science to School provides a comprehensive picture of what we know about teaching and learning science from kindergarten through eighth grade. By looking at a broad range of questions, this book provides a basic foundation for guiding science teaching and supporting students in their learning. Taking Science to School answers such questions as: When do children begin to learn about science? Are there critical stages in a child's development of such scientific concepts as mass or animate objects? What role does nonschool learning play in children's knowledge of science? How can science education capitalize on children's natural curiosity? What are the best tasks for books, lectures, and hands-on learning? How can teachers be taught to teach science? The book also provides a detailed examination of how we know what we know about children's learning of science—about the role of research and evidence. This book will be an essential resource for everyone involved in K-8 science education—teachers, principals, boards of education, teacher education providers and accreditors, education researchers, federal education agencies, and state and federal policy makers. It will also be a useful guide for parents and others interested in how children learn. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Enhancing Professional Development for Teachers: Potential Uses of Information Technology: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/11995 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11995/enhancing-professional-development-for-teachers-potential-uses-of-information-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Teachers, like other professionals, need to stay informed about new knowledge and technologies. Yet many express dissatisfaction with the professional development opportunities made available to them in schools and insist that the most effective development programs they have experienced have been self-initiated. Enhancing Professional Development for Teachers explores how the provision of professional development through online media has had a significant influence on the professional lives of an increasing number of teachers. Growing numbers of educators contend that online teacher professional development (OTPD) has the potential to enhance and even transform teachers' effectiveness in their classrooms and over the course of their careers. They also acknowledge that it raises many challenging questions regarding costs, equity, access to technology, quality of materials, and other issues. Enhancing Professional Development for Teachers suggests that teachers be active participants in planning and implementation of any new technologies that enhance professional development. The book recommends that federal and state policy makers take on the responsibility of promoting equal access to technology while the federal government and foundations play an important role by supporting the development, evaluation, and revision of OTPD. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense: From Foreign Assistance to Sustainable Partnerships SN - DO - 10.17226/12005 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12005/the-biological-threat-reduction-program-of-the-department-of-defense PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Joan D. Winston A2 - Lynette I. Millett TI - Summary of a Workshop on Software-Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale SN - DO - 10.17226/11936 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11936/summary-of-a-workshop-on-software-intensive-systems-and-uncertainty-at-scale PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Counting Aircraft Operations at Non-Towered Airports DO - 10.17226/23241 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23241/counting-aircraft-operations-at-non-towered-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 4: Counting Aircraft Operations at Non-Towered Airports explores the different methods used by states, airports, and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) of counting and estimating aircraft operations at non-towered airports. The report also examines new technologies that can be used for these counts and estimates. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Benchmarking the Competitiveness of the United States in Mechanical Engineering Basic Research SN - DO - 10.17226/12055 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12055/benchmarking-the-competitiveness-of-the-united-states-in-mechanical-engineering-basic-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - Mechanical engineering is critical to the design, manufacture, and operation of small and large mechanical systems throughout the U.S. economy. This book highlights the main findings of a benchmarking exercise to rate the standing of U.S. mechanical engineering basic research relative to other regions or countries. The book includes key factors that influence U.S. performance in mechanical engineering research, and near- and longer-term projections of research leadership. U.S. leadership in mechanical engineering basic research overall will continue to be strong. Contributions of U.S. mechanical engineers to journal articles will increase, but so will the contributions from other growing economies such as China and India. At the same time, the supply of U.S. mechanical engineers is in jeopardy, because of declines in the number of U.S. citizens obtaining advanced degrees and uncertain prospects for continuing to attract foreign students. U.S. funding of mechanical engineering basic research and infrastructure will remain level, with strong leadership in emerging areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Maria Oria A2 - Kristin Sawyer TI - Joint U.S.-Mexico Workshop on Preventing Obesity in Children and Youth of Mexican Origin: Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11813 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11813/joint-us-mexico-workshop-on-preventing-obesity-in-children-and-youth-of-mexican-origin PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Joint U.S.-Mexico Workshop on Preventing Obesity in Children and Youth of Mexican Origin was initiated by a desire to share experiences regarding the problem of obesity in children and youth of Mexican origin on both sides of the border, with a particular focus on potential solutions. U.S and Mexican researchers, public health officials, industry leaders, and policy-makers engaged in valuable dialogue to share perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. Commonalities and differences in the United States and Mexico regarding risk factors, potential interventions and programs, and need for all sectors to collaborate and make progress toward solving this serious public health problem were also discussed. This dialogue served as a basis to explore a bi-national agenda for addressing this epidemic, which was the ultimate goal of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/11731 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11731/preventing-hiv-infection-among-injecting-drug-users-in-high-risk-countries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Drug dependence is a complex, chronic, relapsing condition that is often accompanied by severe health, psychological, economic, legal, and social consequences. Injecting drug users are particularly vulnerable to HIV and other bloodborne infections (such as hepatitis C) as a result of sharing contaminated injecting equipment. All drug-dependent individuals, including injecting drug users (IDUs), may be at increased risk of HIV infection because of high-risk sexual behaviors. There are an estimated 13.2 million injecting drug users (IDUs) world-wide—78 percent of whom live in developing or transitional countries. The sharing of contaminated injecting equipment has become a major driving force of the global AIDS epidemic and is the primary mode of HIV transmission in many countries. In some cases, epidemics initially fueled by the sharing of contaminated injecting equipment are spreading through sexual transmission from IDUs to non-injecting populations, and through perinatal transmission to newborns. Reversing the rise of HIV infections among IDUs has thus become an urgent global public health challenge—one that remains largely unmet. In response to this challenge, the Institute of Medicine convened a public workshop in Geneva in December 2005 to gather information from experts on IDU-driven HIV epidemics in the most affected regions of the world with an emphasis on countries throughout Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and significant parts of Asia. Experts from other regions also provided information on their experiences in preventing HIV infection among IDUs. This report provides a summary of the workshop discussions. Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries describes the evidence on the intermediate outcomes of drug-related risk and sex-related risk prior to examining the impact on HIV transmission. This report focuses on programs that are designed to prevent the transmission of HIV among injecting drug users. These programs range from efforts to curtail non-medical drug use to those that encourage reduction in high-risk behavior among drug users. Although the report focuses on HIV prevention for IDUs in high-risk countries, the Committee considered evidence from countries around the world. The findings and recommendations of this report are also applicable to countries where injecting drug use is not the primary driver, but in which injection drug use is nevertheless associated with significant HIV transmission. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Howard Frumkin A2 - Christine Coussens TI - Green Healthcare Institutions: Health, Environment, and Economics: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11878 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11878/green-healthcare-institutions-health-environment-and-economics-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Green Healthcare Institutions : Health, Environment, and Economics, Workshop Summary is based on the ninth workshop in a series of workshops sponsored by the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine since the roundtable began meeting in 1998. When choosing workshops and activities, the roundtable looks for areas of mutual concern and also areas that need further research to develop a strong environmental science background. This workshop focused on the environmental and health impacts related to the design, construction, and operations of healthcare facilities, which are part of one of the largest service industries in the United States. Healthcare institutions are major employers with a considerable role in the community, and it is important to analyze this significant industry. The environment of healthcare facilities is unique; it has multiple stakeholders on both sides, as the givers and the receivers of care. In order to provide optimal care, more research is needed to determine the impacts of the built environment on human health. The scientific evidence for embarking on a green building agenda is not complete, and at present, scientists have limited information. Green Healthcare Institutions : Health, Environment, and Economics, Workshop Summary captures the discussions and presentations by the speakers and participants; they identified the areas in which additional research is needed, the processes by which change can occur, and the gaps in knowledge. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 89 SN - DO - 10.17226/12042 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12042/biographical-memoirs-volume-89 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy's goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good. The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject's work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Norman R. Augustine TI - Is America Falling Off the Flat Earth? SN - DO - 10.17226/12021 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12021/is-america-falling-off-the-flat-earth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The aviation and telecommunication revolutions have conspired to make distance increasingly irrelevant. An important consequence of this is that US citizens, accustomed to competing with their neighbors for jobs, now must compete with candidates from all around the world. These candidates are numerous, highly motivated, increasingly well educated, and willing to work for a fraction of the compensation traditionally expected by US workers. If the United States is to offset the latter disadvantage and provide its citizens with the opportunity for high-quality jobs, it will require the nation to excel at innovation--that is, to be first to market new products and services based on new knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge. This capacity to discover, create and market will continue to be heavily dependent on the nation's prowess in science and technology. Indicators of trends in these fields are, at best, highly disconcerting. While many factors warrant urgent attention, the two most critical are these: (1) America must repair its failing K-12 educational system, particularly in mathematics and science, in part by providing more teachers qualified to teach those subjects, and (2) the federal government must markedly increase its investment in basic research, that is, in the creation of new knowledge. Only by providing leading-edge human capital and knowledge capital can America continue to maintain a high standard of living--including providing national security--for its citizens. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Mark Haselkorn TI - Strategic Management of Information and Communication Technology: The United States Air Force Experience with Y2K SN - DO - 10.17226/11999 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11999/strategic-management-of-information-and-communication-technology-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Appendixes to TCRP RRD 84: Audible Signals for Pedestrian Safety in LRT Environments DO - 10.17226/23173 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23173/appendixes-to-tcrp-rrd-84-audible-signals-for-pedestrian-safety-in-lrt-environments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 35, Appendixes to TCRP RRD 84: Audible Signals for Pedestrian Safety in LRT Environments includes details of a survey that was used to produce TCRP Research Results Digest 84. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research: Benchmarks and Challenges SN - DO - 10.17226/11866 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11866/the-future-of-us-chemistry-research-benchmarks-and-challenges PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - Chemistry plays a key role in conquering diseases, solving energy problems, addressing environmental problems, providing the discoveries that lead to new industries, and developing new materials and technologies for national defense and homeland security. However, the field is currently facing a crucial time of change and is struggling to position itself to meet the needs of the future as it expands beyond its traditional core toward areas related to biology, materials science, and nanotechnology. At the request of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Research Council conducted an in-depth benchmarking analysis to gauge the current standing of the U.S. chemistry field in the world. The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research: Benchmarks and Challenges highlights the main findings of the benchmarking exercise. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Green Schools: Attributes for Health and Learning SN - DO - 10.17226/11756 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11756/green-schools-attributes-for-health-and-learning PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Evidence has accumulated that shows that the quality of indoor environments can affect the health and productivity of adults and children. One consequence is that a movement has emerged to promote the design of schools that have fewer adverse environmental effects. To examine the potential of such design for improving education, several private organizations asked the NRC to review and assess the health and productivity benefits of green schools. This report provides an analysis of the complexity of making such a determination; and an assessment of the potential human health and performance benefits of improvements in the building envelope, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustical quality. The report also presents an assessment of the overall building condition and student achievement, and offers an analysis of and recommendations for planning and maintaining green schools including research considerations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Malden C. Nesheim A2 - Ann L. Yaktine TI - Seafood Choices: Balancing Benefits and Risks SN - DO - 10.17226/11762 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11762/seafood-choices-balancing-benefits-and-risks PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The fragmented information that consumers receive about the nutritional value and health risks associated with fish and shellfish can result in confusion or misperceptions about these food sources. Consumers are therefore confronted with a dilemma: they are told that seafood is good for them and should be consumed in large amounts, while at the same time the federal government and most states have issued advisories urging caution in the consumption of certain species or seafood from specific waters. Seafood Choices carefully explores the decision-making process for selecting seafood by assessing the evidence on availability of specific nutrients (compared to other food sources) to obtain the greatest nutritional benefits. The book prioritizes the potential for adverse health effects from both naturally occurring and introduced toxicants in seafood; assesses evidence on the availability of specific nutrients in seafood compared to other food sources; determines the impact of modifying food choices to reduce intake of toxicants on nutrient intake and nutritional status within the U.S. population; develops a decision path for U.S. consumers to weigh their seafood choices to obtain nutritional benefits balanced against exposure risks; and identifies data gaps and recommendations for future research. The information provided in this book will benefit food technologists, food manufacturers, nutritionists, and those involved in health professions making nutritional recommendations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Carrier Safety Management Certification DO - 10.17226/23187 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23187/commercial-motor-vehicle-carrier-safety-management-certification PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 12: Commercial Motor Vehicle Carrier Safety Management Certification examines information on existing commercial motor vehicle safety certification, selfevaluation, benchmarking, and best practices programs; identifies major common elements and protocols; and explores the crash-reduction effectiveness of the programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guidebook for Using American Community Survey Data for Transportation Planning DO - 10.17226/13895 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13895/a-guidebook-for-using-american-community-survey-data-for-transportation-planning PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 588: A Guidebook for Using American Community Survey Data for Transportation Planning explores incorporating the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) data into the transportation planning processes at national, state, metropolitan, and local levels. The report examines ACS data and products and demonstrates their uses within a wide range of transportation planning applications. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stanley M. Lemon A2 - Margaret A. Hamburg A2 - P. Frederick Sparling A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges–Finding Solutions: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11996 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11996/global-infectious-disease-surveillance-and-detection-assessing-the-challenges-finding PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges—Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop. ER -