%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Scott, Kimberly A. %T Violence Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Finding a Place on the Global Agenda: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-11205-5 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12016/violence-prevention-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-finding-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12016/violence-prevention-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-finding-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 280 %X The current state of science in violence prevention reveals progress, promise, and a number of remaining challenges. In order to fully examine the issue of global violence prevention, the Institute of Medicine in collaboration with Global Violence Prevention Advocacy, convened a workshop and released the workshop summary entitled, Violence Prevention in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. The workshop brought together participants with a wide array of expertise in fields related to health, criminal justice, public policy, and economic development, to study and articulate specific opportunities for the U.S. government and other leaders with resources to more effectively support programming for prevention of the many types of violence. Participants highlighted the need for the timely development of an integrated, science-based approach and agenda to support research, clinical practice, program development, policy analysis, and advocacy for violence prevention. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cork, Daniel L. %E Rolph, John E. %E Meieran, Eugene S. %E Petrie, Carol V. %T Ballistic Imaging %@ 978-0-309-11724-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12162/ballistic-imaging %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12162/ballistic-imaging %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 344 %X Ballistic Imaging assesses the state of computer-based imaging technology in forensic firearms identification. The book evaluates the current law enforcement database of images of crime-related cartridge cases and bullets and recommends ways to improve the usefulness of the technology for suggesting leads in criminal investigations. It also advises against the construction of a national reference database that would include images from test-fires of every newly manufactured or imported firearm in the United States. The book also suggests further research on an alternate method for generating an investigative lead to the location where a gun was first sold: "microstamping," the direct imprinting of unique identifiers on firearm parts or ammunition. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Transit Security Update %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23058/transit-security-update %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23058/transit-security-update %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 152 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 80: Transit Security Update explores transit-related counterterrorism and anti-crime security measures and practices; examines crime and security incident trends; and highlights other related topics, including major issues and obstacles to security and policing management. The report is an update to TCRP Synthesis of Transit Practice 21: Improving Transit Security, which did not address terrorism. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Arenberg, Carol %E Pearson, Greg %T Information and Communication Technology and Peacebuilding: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-12188-0 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12255/information-and-communication-technology-and-peacebuilding-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12255/information-and-communication-technology-and-peacebuilding-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 58 %X Those who would use information and communication technology (ICT) in the cause of peace need to be cognizant of the risks as well as the benefits. ICT can facilitate positive dialogue but also hate speech. It can be used to fight corruption but also facilitate it. Simply giving people more information does not necessarily lead to predictable or positive results. As people become more informed, they may become more motivated to change their circumstances and to do so violently. On December 14, 2007, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) convened a group of experts in diverse fields to consider the role of ICT in promoting peace and conflict resolution. The one-day workshop was designed to consider current and emerging technologies and strategies for employing them in conflict management and diplomacy. It also aimed to explore how organizations with a role in promoting peace, like the U.S. Institute of Peace, can most effectively leverage technology in carrying out their missions. Information and Communication Technology and Peacebuilding: Summary of a Workshop reviews the group's discussions on number of key issues, illuminates certain practitioner needs, and suggests possible next steps. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Goldberger, Arthur S. %E Rosenfeld, Richard %T Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-12586-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12472/understanding-crime-trends-workshop-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12472/understanding-crime-trends-workshop-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 258 %X Changes over time in the levels and patterns of crime have significant consequences that affect not only the criminal justice system but also other critical policy sectors. Yet compared with such areas as health status, housing, and employment, the nation lacks timely information and comprehensive research on crime trends. Descriptive information and explanatory research on crime trends across the nation that are not only accurate, but also timely, are pressing needs in the nation's crime-control efforts. In April 2007, the National Research Council held a two-day workshop to address key substantive and methodological issues underlying the study of crime trends and to lay the groundwork for a proposed multiyear NRC panel study of these issues. Six papers were commissioned from leading researchers and discussed at the workshop by experts in sociology, criminology, law, economics, and statistics. The authors revised their papers based on the discussants' comments, and the papers were then reviewed again externally. The six final workshop papers are the basis of this volume, which represents some of the most serious thinking and research on crime trends currently available. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Cohen, Clara %E Orza, Michele %E Patel, Deepali %T Design Considerations for Evaluating the Impact of PEPFAR: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-11672-5 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12147/design-considerations-for-evaluating-the-impact-of-pepfar-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12147/design-considerations-for-evaluating-the-impact-of-pepfar-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 142 %X Design Considerations for Evaluating the Impact of PEPFAR is the summary of a 2-day workshop on methodological, policy, and practical design considerations for a future evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) interventions carried out under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which was convened by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) on April 30 and May 1, 2007. Participants at the workshop included staff of the U.S. Congress; PEPFAR officials and implementers; major multilateral organizations such as The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis (The Global Fund), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and the World Bank; representatives from international nongovernmental organizations; experienced evaluation experts; and representatives of partner countries, particularly the PEPFAR focus countries. The workshop represented a final element of the work of the congressionally mandated IOM Committee for the Evaluation of PEPFAR Implementation, which published a report of its findings in 2007 evaluating the first 2 years of implementation, but could not address longer term impact evaluation questions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Groves, Robert M. %E Cork, Daniel L. %T Surveying Victims: Options for Conducting the National Crime Victimization Survey %@ 978-0-309-11598-8 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12090/surveying-victims-options-for-conducting-the-national-crime-victimization-survey %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12090/surveying-victims-options-for-conducting-the-national-crime-victimization-survey %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 218 %X It is easy to underestimate how little was known about crimes and victims before the findings of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) became common wisdom. In the late 1960s, knowledge of crimes and their victims came largely from reports filed by local police agencies as part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system, as well as from studies of the files held by individual police departments. Criminologists understood that there existed a "dark figure" of crime consisting of events not reported to the police. However, over the course of the last decade, the effectiveness of the NCVS has been undermined by the demands of conducting an increasingly expensive survey in an effectively flat-line budgetary environment. Surveying Victims: Options for Conducting the National Crime Victimization Survey, reviews the programs of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS.) Specifically, it explores alternative options for conducting the NCVS, which is the largest BJS program. This book describes various design possibilities and their implications relative to three basic goals; flexibility, in terms of both content and analysis; utility for gathering information on crimes that are not well reported to police; and small-domain estimation, including providing information on states or localities. This book finds that, as currently configured and funded, the NCVS is not achieving and cannot achieve BJS's mandated goal to "collect and analyze data that will serve as a continuous indication of the incidence and attributes of crime." Accordingly, Surveying Victims recommends that BJS be afforded the budgetary resources necessary to generate accurate measure of victimization. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-11579-7 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12088/agriculture-forestry-and-fishing-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12088/agriculture-forestry-and-fishing-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Earth Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 354 %X The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors are the cornerstone of industries that produce food, fiber, and biofuel. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research in order to improve worker safety and health in these sectors. This National Research Council book reviews the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace illnesses and injuries. The assessment reveals that the program has made meaningful contributions to improving worker safety and health in these fields. To enhance the relevance and impact of its work and fulfill its mission, the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program should provide national leadership, coordination of research, and activities to transfer findings, technologies, and information into practice. The program will also benefit from establishing strategic goals and implementing a comprehensive surveillance system in order to better identify and track worker populations at risk.