TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Francis A2 - Amy Stephens TI - English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives SN - DO - 10.17226/25182 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25182/english-learners-in-stem-subjects-transforming-classrooms-schools-and-lives PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The imperative that all students, including English learners (ELs), achieve high academic standards and have opportunities to participate in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning has become even more urgent and complex given shifts in science and mathematics standards. As a group, these students are underrepresented in STEM fields in college and in the workforce at a time when the demand for workers and professionals in STEM fields is unmet and increasing. However, English learners bring a wealth of resources to STEM learning, including knowledge and interest in STEM-related content that is born out of their experiences in their homes and communities, home languages, variation in discourse practices, and, in some cases, experiences with schooling in other countries. English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives examines the research on ELs' learning, teaching, and assessment in STEM subjects and provides guidance on how to improve learning outcomes in STEM for these students. This report considers the complex social and academic use of language delineated in the new mathematics and science standards, the diversity of the population of ELs, and the integration of English as a second language instruction with core instructional programs in STEM. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Holly G. Rhodes TI - Design, Selection, and Implementation of Instructional Materials for the Next Generation Science Standards: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25001 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25001/design-selection-and-implementation-of-instructional-materials-for-the-next-generation-science-standards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Instructional materials are a key means to achieving the goals of science education—an enterprise that yields unique and worthwhile benefits to individuals and society. As states and districts move forward with adoption and implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) or work on improving their instruction to align with A Framework for K–12 Science Education (the Framework), instructional materials that align with this new vision for science education have emerged as one of the key mechanisms for creating high-quality learning experiences for students. In response to the need for more coordination across the ongoing efforts to support the design and implementation of instructional materials for science education, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop in June 2017. The workshop focused on the development of instructional materials that reflect the principles of the Framework and the NGSS. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alexandra Beatty A2 - Ana Ferreras TI - Supporting Mathematics Teachers in the United States and Finland: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24904 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24904/supporting-mathematics-teachers-in-the-united-states-and-finland-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - For the past 17 years, the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNC/MI) has held workshops with mathematics educators from countries that typically perform well on international assessments and have a history of strong mathematics education programs, such as Japan, China, and South Korea. Finland is among this group. Even though its mathematics education system has some common characteristics with other top-performing nations, such as a great social respect for the teaching profession, it also has unique characteristics. The USNC/MI, a standing committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, planned a workshop at which U.S. and Finnish mathematics educators could exchange information and ideas about the preparation of new mathematics teachers and the means of providing them with support and professional development throughout their careers. While this is not the first time U.S. and Finnish mathematics educators have discussed educational practices, this workshop focused primarily on teacher development in both nations in the context of mathematics education. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25326 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25326/considerations-for-the-design-of-a-systematic-review-of-care-interventions-for-individuals-with-dementia-and-their-caregivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report provides input into the design of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) systematic review of evidence on effective care-related interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers. This letter report describes potential changes and considerations for the key questions and study design that would result in the most informative and timely evidence review on this topic. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Community-Based Health Literacy Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24917 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In its landmark report, Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, the Institute of Medicine noted that there are 90 million adults in the United States with limited health literacy who cannot fully benefit from what the health and health care systems have to offer. Since the release of that report, health literacy has become a vibrant research field that has developed and disseminated a wide range of tools and practices that have helped organizations, ranging in size from large health care systems to individual health care providers and pharmacists, to engage in health literate discussions with and provide health literate materials for patients and family members. Improving the health literacy of organizations can be an important component of addressing the social determinants of health and achieving the triple aim of improving the patient experience, improving the health of populations, and reducing the cost of care. However, the focus on organizations does not address the larger issue of how to improve health literacy across the U.S. population. To get a better understanding of the state of community-based health literacy interventions, the Roundtable on Health Literacy hosted a workshop on July 19, 2017 on community-based health literacy interventions. It featured examples of community-based health literacy programs, discussions on how to evaluate such programs, and the actions the field can take to embrace this larger view of health literacy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures SN - DO - 10.17226/24783 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24783/how-people-learn-ii-learners-contexts-and-cultures PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Karen M. Anderson TI - Immigration as a Social Determinant of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25204 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25204/immigration-as-a-social-determinant-of-health-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since 1965 the foreign-born population of the United States has swelled from 9.6 million or 5 percent of the population to 45 million or 14 percent in 2015. Today, about one-quarter of the U.S. population consists of immigrants or the children of immigrants. Given the sizable representation of immigrants in the U.S. population, their health is a major influence on the health of the population as a whole. On average, immigrants are healthier than native-born Americans. Yet, immigrants also are subject to the systematic marginalization and discrimination that often lead to the creation of health disparities. To explore the link between immigration and health disparities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop in Oakland, California, on November 28, 2017. This summary of that workshop highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth Townsend TI - Understanding Narratives for National Security: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25119 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25119/understanding-narratives-for-national-security-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The sixth workshop focused on understanding narratives for national security purposes, and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Mark B. Rosenberg A2 - Margaret L. Hilton A2 - Kenne A. Dibner TI - Indicators for Monitoring Undergraduate STEM Education SN - DO - 10.17226/24943 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24943/indicators-for-monitoring-undergraduate-stem-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals generate a stream of scientific discoveries and technological innovations that fuel job creation and national economic growth. Ensuring a robust supply of these professionals is critical for sustaining growth and creating jobs growth at a time of intense global competition. Undergraduate STEM education prepares the STEM professionals of today and those of tomorrow, while also helping all students develop knowledge and skills they can draw on in a variety of occupations and as individual citizens. However, many capable students intending to major in STEM later switch to another field or drop out of higher education altogether, partly because of documented weaknesses in STEM teaching, learning and student supports. Improving undergraduate STEM education to address these weaknesses is a national imperative. Many initiatives are now underway to improve the quality of undergraduate STEM teaching and learning. Some focus on the national level, others involve multi-institution collaborations, and others take place on individual campuses. At present, however, policymakers and the public do not know whether these various initiatives are accomplishing their goals and leading to nationwide improvement in undergraduate STEM education. Indicators for Monitoring Undergraduate STEM Education outlines a framework and a set of indicators that document the status and quality of undergraduate STEM education at the national level over multiple years. It also indicates areas where additional research is needed in order to develop appropriate measures. This publication will be valuable to government agencies that make investments in higher education, institutions of higher education, private funders of higher education programs, and industry stakeholders. It will also be of interest to researchers who study higher education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Holly G. Rhodes TI - Changing Sociocultural Dynamics and Implications for National Security: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25056 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25056/changing-sociocultural-dynamics-and-implications-for-national-security-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The first workshop focused on changing sociocultural dynamics and implications for national security, and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Emergency Alert and Warning Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions SN - DO - 10.17226/24935 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24935/emergency-alert-and-warning-systems-current-knowledge-and-future-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Following a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Katrina, that revealed shortcomings in the nation's ability to effectively alert populations at risk, Congress passed the Warning, Alert, and Response Network (WARN) Act in 2006. Today, new technologies such as smart phones and social media platforms offer new ways to communicate with the public, and the information ecosystem is much broader, including additional official channels, such as government social media accounts, opt-in short message service (SMS)-based alerting systems, and reverse 911 systems; less official channels, such as main stream media outlets and weather applications on connected devices; and unofficial channels, such as first person reports via social media. Traditional media have also taken advantage of these new tools, including their own mobile applications to extend their reach of beyond broadcast radio, television, and cable. Furthermore, private companies have begun to take advantage of the large amounts of data about users they possess to detect events and provide alerts and warnings and other hazard-related information to their users. More than 60 years of research on the public response to alerts and warnings has yielded many insights about how people respond to information that they are at risk and the circumstances under which they are most likely to take appropriate protective action. Some, but not all, of these results have been used to inform the design and operation of alert and warning systems, and new insights continue to emerge. Emergency Alert and Warning Systems reviews the results of past research, considers new possibilities for realizing more effective alert and warning systems, explores how a more effective national alert and warning system might be created and some of the gaps in our present knowledge, and sets forth a research agenda to advance the nation's alert and warning capabilities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Building the Case for Health Literacy: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25068 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25068/building-the-case-for-health-literacy-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The field of health literacy has evolved from one focused on individuals to one that recognizes that health literacy is multidimensional. While communicating in a health literate manner is important for everyone, it is particularly important when communicating with those with limited health literacy who also experience more serious medication errors, higher rates of hospitalization and use of the emergency room, poor health outcomes, and increased mortality. Over the past decade, research has shown that health literacy interventions can significantly impact various areas including health care costs, outcomes, and health disparities. To understand the extent to which health literacy has been shown to be effective at contributing to the Quadruple Aim of improving the health of communities, providing better care, providing affordable care, and improving the experience of the health care team, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop on building the case for health literacy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop, and highlights important lessons about the role of health literacy in meeting the Quadruple Aim, case studies of organizations that have adopted health literacy, and discussions among the different stakeholders involved in making the case for health literacy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Cyndi Trang A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Establishing Effective Patient Navigation Programs in Oncology: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25073 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25073/establishing-effective-patient-navigation-programs-in-oncology-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Delivering high-quality cancer care to all patients presents numerous challenges, including difficulties with care coordination and access. Patient navigation is a community-based service delivery intervention designed to promote access to timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases by eliminating barriers to care, and has often been proposed and implemented to address these challenges. However, unresolved questions include where patient navigation programs should be deployed, and which patients should be prioritized to receive navigation services when resources are limited. To address these issues and facilitate discussion on how to improve navigation services for patients with cancer, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on November 13 and 14, 2017. At this workshop, a broad range of experts and stakeholders, including clinicians, navigators, researchers, and patients, explored which patients need navigation and who should serve as navigators, and the benefits of navigation and current gaps in the evidence base. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sherrie Forrest TI - The State of Resilience: A Leadership Forum and Community Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25054 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25054/the-state-of-resilience-a-leadership-forum-and-community-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Over the past decade, resilience has gained significant traction across the nation and innovative programs are showing exciting progress in building resilient communities. For communities to be prepared for future extreme weather and climate events, as well as the chronic daily stressors, the momentum of implementing and taking action to build community resilience should continue to be fostered and expanded. Building on its many efforts dedicated to increasing and enhancing resilience, the Resilient America Roundtable hosted the State of Resilience Leadership Forum and Community Workshop on June 28 and 29, 2016. This activity brought together diverse decision makers, experts, practitioners, and community stakeholders, including representatives from academia, government, the private sector, foundations, and nonprofit organizations, to consider the results of years of investment, experimentation, and research in building resilience, take stock of these many initiatives and efforts, and share their experiences in building more resilient communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - People Living with Disabilities: Health Equity, Health Disparities, and Health Literacy: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24741 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24741/people-living-with-disabilities-health-equity-health-disparities-and-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Poor health literacy has many negative consequences for achieving the quadruple aim of better care, improving the health of the community and the population, providing affordable care, and improving the work life of health care providers, and those consequences disproportionately affect those individuals with disabilities and those who experience health disparities. To better understand how health literacy, health equity, and health disparities intersect for individuals living with disabilities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities and the Roundtable on Health Literacy jointly sponsored a workshop that was held on June 14, 2016, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lawrence Pesesky A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Leigh Lane A2 - David Aimen A2 - Deva Deka A2 - Asha Weinstein Agrawal A2 - Bruce Brown A2 - Anne Morris TI - Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox DO - 10.17226/24991 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24991/assessing-the-environmental-justice-effects-of-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-guidebook-and-toolbox PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations.The guidebook shows the practitioner when and how to apply the tools in the toolbox through an eight-step process framework corresponding to the typical transportation project planning and development process. The guidebook and toolbox together provide an assessment framework and supporting tools to measure the impacts of tolling on such factors as mobility, access, and household expenditures, as well as tools to engage low-income and minority populations.This report is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report. This report presents information gathered in the development of the guidebook and the toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Dwayne Day TI - Globalization of Defense Materials and Manufacturing: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25101 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25101/globalization-of-defense-materials-and-manufacturing-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Emerging economies, social and political transitions, and new ways of doing business are changing the world dramatically. To be the leader in this competitive climate, a defense manufacturing enterprise will require up-to-date capabilities, which include improvements in materials processing, among other things. Also, national and international efforts to mitigate environmentally harmful effects of industrial processes and to improve decision making for handling and disposing of industrial contaminants adds additional requirements for any future efforts. The objective of retaining high-value materials-related manufacturing as a key national competitive capability implies a number of factors. The value of specific manufacturing capabilities could be defined not only in terms of criticality to defense systems but also in relation to technology and knowledge content, importance as a supplier to other industries, and importance to U.S. exports. Requested by Department of Defense (DoD) communities, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in March 2015 to further explore materials and manufacturing processes. The participants explored changes in the global R&D landscape, technology awareness mechanisms—both DoD’s mechanisms and other models—and collaboration models and issues in R&D. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Crossing the Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide SN - DO - 10.17226/25152 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25152/crossing-the-global-quality-chasm-improving-health-care-worldwide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2015, building on the advances of the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations adopted Sustainable Development Goals that include an explicit commitment to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. However, enormous gaps remain between what is achievable in human health and where global health stands today, and progress has been both incomplete and unevenly distributed. In order to meet this goal, a deliberate and comprehensive effort is needed to improve the quality of health care services globally. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide focuses on one particular shortfall in health care affecting global populations: defects in the quality of care. This study reviews the available evidence on the quality of care worldwide and makes recommendations to improve health care quality globally while expanding access to preventive and therapeutic services, with a focus in low-resource areas. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm emphasizes the organization and delivery of safe and effective care at the patient/provider interface. This study explores issues of access to services and commodities, effectiveness, safety, efficiency, and equity. Focusing on front line service delivery that can directly impact health outcomes for individuals and populations, this book will be an essential guide for key stakeholders, governments, donors, health systems, and others involved in health care. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/24950 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24950/the-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Abortion is a legal medical procedure that has been provided to millions of American women. Since the Institute of Medicine first reviewed the health implications of national legalized abortion in 1975, there has been a plethora of related scientific research, including well-designed randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and epidemiological studies examining abortion care. This research has focused on examining the relative safety of abortion methods and the appropriateness of methods for different clinical circumstances. With this growing body of research, earlier abortion methods have been refined, discontinued, and new approaches have been developed. The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States offers a comprehensive review of the current state of the science related to the provision of safe, high-quality abortion services in the United States. This report considers 8 research questions and presents conclusions, including gaps in research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy SN - DO - 10.17226/25120 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-democracy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - During the 2016 presidential election, America's election infrastructure was targeted by actors sponsored by the Russian government. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy examines the challenges arising out of the 2016 federal election, assesses current technology and standards for voting, and recommends steps that the federal government, state and local governments, election administrators, and vendors of voting technology should take to improve the security of election infrastructure. In doing so, the report provides a vision of voting that is more secure, accessible, reliable, and verifiable. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Development and Management of Sustainable Enterprise Information Portals DO - 10.17226/25000 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25000/development-and-management-of-sustainable-enterprise-information-portals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web Only Document 241: Development and Management of Sustainable Enterprise Information Portals documents the research approach and methodology to develop NCHRP Research Report 865: Guidance for Development and Management of Sustainable Enterprise Information Portals. The guidance addresses the development and management of effective Enterprise Information Portals (EIPs) at state departments of transportation.EIPs have become key tools for transportation agencies as they make available information about the transportation system and the agency’s activities. Such EIPs must be curated; that is, there are people responsible for establishing the portal architecture, ensuring the quality of information and data, and maintaining the reliability of access. The report is intended to enhance agency personnel’s understanding of the value, uses, design, and maintenance of EIPs, and the design principles, management practices, and performance characteristics that will ensure that a DOT’s EIPs effectively and sustainably serve its users and the agency’s mission.A PowerPoint presentation on enterprise information portals (EIPs) for transportation agencies supplements the report. Use case diagrams referenced in the report are available in Visio format through a zip file.This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Amy J. Houtrow A2 - Frank R. Valliere A2 - Emily Byers TI - Opportunities for Improving Programs and Services for Children with Disabilities SN - DO - 10.17226/25028 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25028/opportunities-for-improving-programs-and-services-for-children-with-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Although the general public in the United States assumes children to be generally healthy and thriving, a substantial and growing number of children have at least one chronic health condition. Many of these conditions are associated with disabilities and interfere regularly with children's usual activities, such as play or leisure activities, attending school, and engaging in family or community activities. In their most severe forms, such disorders are serious lifelong threats to children's social, emotional well-being and quality of life, and anticipated adult outcomes such as for employment or independent living. However, pinpointing the prevalence of disability among children in the U.S. is difficult, as conceptual frameworks and definitions of disability vary among federal programs that provide services to this population and national surveys, the two primary sources for prevalence data. Opportunities for Improving Programs and Services for Children with Disabilities provides a comprehensive analysis of health outcomes for school-aged children with disabilities. This report reviews and assesses programs, services, and supports available to these children and their families. It also describes overarching program, service, and treatment goals; examines outreach efforts and utilization rates; identifies what outcomes are measured and how they are reported; and describes what is known about the effectiveness of these programs and services. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination SN - DO - 10.17226/24969 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24969/health-care-utilization-as-a-proxy-in-disability-determination PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two programs that provide benefits based on disability: the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. This report analyzes health care utilizations as they relate to impairment severity and SSA’s definition of disability. Health Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination identifies types of utilizations that might be good proxies for “listing-level” severity; that is, what represents an impairment, or combination of impairments, that are severe enough to prevent a person from doing any gainful activity, regardless of age, education, or work experience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - La Rue Allen A2 - Emily P. Backes TI - Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education SN - DO - 10.17226/24984 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24984/transforming-the-financing-of-early-care-and-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - High-quality early care and education for children from birth to kindergarten entry is critical to positive child development and has the potential to generate economic returns, which benefit not only children and their families but society at large. Despite the great promise of early care and education, it has been financed in such a way that high-quality early care and education have only been available to a fraction of the families needing and desiring it and does little to further develop the early-care-and-education (ECE) workforce. It is neither sustainable nor adequate to provide the quality of care and learning that children and families need—a shortfall that further perpetuates and drives inequality. Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education outlines a framework for a funding strategy that will provide reliable, accessible high-quality early care and education for young children from birth to kindergarten entry, including a highly qualified and adequately compensated workforce that is consistent with the vision outlined in the 2015 report, Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8: A Unifying Foundation. The recommendations of this report are based on essential features of child development and early learning, and on principles for high-quality professional practice at the levels of individual practitioners, practice environments, leadership, systems, policies, and resource allocation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - A Proposed Framework for Integration of Quality Performance Measures for Health Literacy, Cultural Competence, and Language Access Services: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24918 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24918/a-proposed-framework-for-integration-of-quality-performance-measures-for-health-literacy-cultural-competence-and-language-access-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy, cultural competence, and language access services are distinct but inextricably linked concepts for delivering equitable care to all members of the increasingly diverse population of the United States. These concepts are linked, but they developed via different paths, and each has its own unique focus with regard to enabling every individual to obtain the ability to process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health care decisions. Fragmentation of these disciplines has impeded implementation of relevant measures for quality improvement and accountability. To foster an integrated approach to health literacy, cultural competency, and language access services, the Roundtable on Health Literacy initiated a project with three components: a commissioned paper to propose a framework for integrating measurements of health literacy, cultural competency, and language access; a workshop to review and discuss the framework; and a second commissioned paper that will provide a roadmap for integrating health literacy, cultural competency, and language access services as well as a revised measurement framework. Held on May 4, 2017, the workshop explored the quality performance measures for integration of health literacy, cultural competence, and language access services. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jocelyn K. Waite TI - Legal Considerations in Relationships Between Transit Agencies and Ridesourcing Service Providers DO - 10.17226/25109 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25109/legal-considerations-in-relationships-between-transit-agencies-and-ridesourcing-service-providers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 53: Legal Considerations in Relationships Between Transit Agencies and Ridesourcing Service Providers explores the efforts made by public transit agencies to provide on-demand services to the public.It also provides transit agencies with legal guidance for considering whether to enter into relationships with ridesourcing service providers (RSPs).The report includes a description of ridesourcing services in the United States, state and municipal legislative and regulatory schemes, procurement and procurement processes, contractual and partnership provisions in agreements between RSPs and a public transit agency, issues of compliance with federal legislation and civil rights requirements and those under the Americans with Disabilities Act, legal claims and litigation, and risk management issues stemming from relationships between RSPs and transit agencies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kathleen Stratton A2 - Leslie Y. Kwan A2 - David L. Eaton TI - Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes SN - DO - 10.17226/24952 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laurene Graig A2 - Joe Alper TI - Models and Strategies to Integrate Palliative Care Principles into Care for People with Serious Illness: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24908 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24908/models-and-strategies-to-integrate-palliative-care-principles-into-care-for-people-with-serious-illness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Palliative care is the interdisciplinary specialty focused on improving quality of life for people with serious illness and their families. This interdisciplinary care is provided by doctors, nurses, social workers, chaplains and others who work together with the patient's other doctors to provide an extra layer of support. Such care is appropriate for people at any age and at any stage in a serious illness, and can be provided together with curative treatment to address clinical, emotional, psychosocial and spiritual concerns of the patient and their family. To better understand how the principles of palliative care can be integrated into the overall provision of care and services to those facing serious illness, the Roundtable on Quality Care for People with Serious Illness held a public workshop in April 2017. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Measuring the 21st Century Science and Engineering Workforce Population: Evolving Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/24968 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24968/measuring-the-21st-century-science-and-engineering-workforce-population-evolving PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - The National Science Foundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), one of the nation’s principal statistical agencies, is charged to collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise in the United States and other nations that is relevant and useful to practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and to the public. NCSES data, based primarily on several flagship surveys, have become the major evidence base for American science and technology policy, and the agency is well respected globally for these data. This report assesses and provides guidance on NCSES’s approach to measuring the science and engineering workforce population in the United States. It also proposes a framework for measuring the science and engineering workforce in the next decade and beyond, with flexibility to examine emerging issues related to this unique population while at the same time allowing for stability in the estimation of key trends ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Darla Thompson A2 - Joe Alper TI - Exploring Equity in Multisector Community Health Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24786 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24786/exploring-equity-in-multisector-community-health-partnerships-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building on previous National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshops that explored how safe and healthy communities are a necessary component of health equity and efforts to improve population health, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement wanted to explore how a variety of community-based organizations came together to achieve population health. To do so, the roundtable hosted a workshop in Oakland, California, on December 8, 2016, to explore multisector health partnerships that engage residents, reduce health disparities, and improve health and well-being. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 11: Generational Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War SN - DO - 10.17226/25162 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25162/gulf-war-and-health-volume-11-generational-health-effects-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has been conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and potential causes. Some of the health effects identified by past reports include post-traumatic stress disorders, other mental health disorders, Gulf War illness, respiratory effects, and self-reported sexual dysfunction. Veterans' concerns regarding the impacts of deployment-related exposures on their health have grown to include potential adverse effects on the health of their children and grandchildren. These concerns now increasingly involve female veterans, as more women join the military and are deployed to war zones and areas that pose potential hazards. Gulf War and Health: Volume 11 evaluates the scientific and medical literature on reproductive and developmental effects and health outcomes associated with Gulf War and Post-9/11 exposures, and designates research areas requiring further scientific study on potential health effects in the descendants of veterans of any era. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Rajul Pandya A2 - Kenne Ann Dibner TI - Learning Through Citizen Science: Enhancing Opportunities by Design SN - DO - 10.17226/25183 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25183/learning-through-citizen-science-enhancing-opportunities-by-design PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In the last twenty years, citizen science has blossomed as a way to engage a broad range of individuals in doing science. Citizen science projects focus on, but are not limited to, nonscientists participating in the processes of scientific research, with the intended goal of advancing and using scientific knowledge. A rich range of projects extend this focus in myriad directions, and the boundaries of citizen science as a field are not clearly delineated. Citizen science involves a growing community of professional practitioners, participants, and stakeholders, and a thriving collection of projects. While citizen science is often recognized for its potential to engage the public in science, it is also uniquely positioned to support and extend participants' learning in science. Contemporary understandings of science learning continue to advance. Indeed, modern theories of learning recognize that science learning is complex and multifaceted. Learning is affected by factors that are individual, social, cultural, and institutional, and learning occurs in virtually any context and at every age. Current understandings of science learning also suggest that science learning extends well beyond content knowledge in a domain to include understanding of the nature and methods of science. Learning Through Citizen Science: Enhancing Opportunities by Design discusses the potential of citizen science to support science learning and identifies promising practices and programs that exemplify the promising practices. This report also lays out a research agenda that can fill gaps in the current understanding of how citizen science can support science learning and enhance science education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Norman R. Augustine A2 - Guru Madhavan A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Making Medicines Affordable: A National Imperative SN - DO - 10.17226/24946 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24946/making-medicines-affordable-a-national-imperative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicines—and health care at large—more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugs—coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costs—is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Opportunities in Intense Ultrafast Lasers: Reaching for the Brightest Light SN - DO - 10.17226/24939 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24939/opportunities-in-intense-ultrafast-lasers-reaching-for-the-brightest-light PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - The laser has revolutionized many areas of science and society, providing bright and versatile light sources that transform the ways we investigate science and enables trillions of dollars of commerce. Now a second laser revolution is underway with pulsed petawatt-class lasers (1 petawatt: 1 million billion watts) that deliver nearly 100 times the total world's power concentrated into a pulse that lasts less than one-trillionth of a second. Such light sources create unique, extreme laboratory conditions that can accelerate and collide intense beams of elementary particles, drive nuclear reactions, heat matter to conditions found in stars, or even create matter out of the empty vacuum. These powerful lasers came largely from U.S. engineering, and the science and technology opportunities they enable were discussed in several previous National Academies' reports. Based on these advances, the principal research funding agencies in Europe and Asia began in the last decade to invest heavily in new facilities that will employ these high-intensity lasers for fundamental and applied science. No similar programs exist in the United States. Opportunities in Intense Ultrafast Lasers assesses the opportunities and recommends a path forward for possible U.S. investments in this area of science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lawrence Pesesky A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Leigh Lane A2 - David Aimen A2 - Deva Deka A2 - Asha Weinstein Agrawal A2 - Bruce Brown A2 - Anne Morris TI - Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report DO - 10.17226/24992 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24992/environmental-justice-analyses-when-considering-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-final-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report presents information gathered in the development of NCHRP Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled.NCHRP Research Report 860 provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) SN - DO - 10.17226/25137 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25137/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-11-2018 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) examines peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between various health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published between September 30, 2014, and December 31, 2017, and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeffrey R. Botkin A2 - Michelle Mancher A2 - Emily R. Busta A2 - Autumn S. Downey TI - Returning Individual Research Results to Participants: Guidance for a New Research Paradigm SN - DO - 10.17226/25094 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25094/returning-individual-research-results-to-participants-guidance-for-a-new PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - When is it appropriate to return individual research results to participants? The immense interest in this question has been fostered by the growing movement toward greater transparency and participant engagement in the research enterprise. Yet, the risks of returning individual research results—such as results with unknown validity—and the associated burdens on the research enterprise are competing considerations. Returning Individual Research Results to Participants reviews the current evidence on the benefits, harms, and costs of returning individual research results, while also considering the ethical, social, operational, and regulatory aspects of the practice. This report includes 12 recommendations directed to various stakeholders—investigators, sponsors, research institutions, institutional review boards (IRBs), regulators, and participants—and are designed to help (1) support decision making regarding the return of results on a study-by-study basis, (2) promote high-quality individual research results, (3) foster participant understanding of individual research results, and (4) revise and harmonize current regulations. ER -