%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Floden, Robert %E Stephens, Amy %E Scherer, Layne %T Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace %@ 978-0-309-49903-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25603/changing-expectations-for-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-policies-preservice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25603/changing-expectations-for-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-policies-preservice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 222 %X Teachers play a critical role in the success of their students, both academically and in regard to long term outcomes such as higher education participation and economic attainment. Expectations for teachers are increasing due to changing learning standards and a rapidly diversifying student population. At the same time, there are perceptions that the teaching workforce may be shifting toward a younger and less experienced demographic. These actual and perceived changes raise important questions about the ways teacher education may need to evolve in order to ensure that educators are able to meet the needs of students and provide them with classroom experiences that will put them on the path to future success. Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace explores the impact of the changing landscape of K-12 education and the potential for expansion of effective models, programs, and practices for teacher education. This report explores factors that contribute to understanding the current teacher workforce, changing expectations for teaching and learning, trends and developments in the teacher labor market, preservice teacher education, and opportunities for learning in the workplace and in-service professional development. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of the Draft NTP Monograph: Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects %@ 978-0-309-67316-7 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25715/review-of-the-draft-ntp-monograph-systematic-review-of-fluoride %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25715/review-of-the-draft-ntp-monograph-systematic-review-of-fluoride %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 60 %X The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a systematic review of the evidence of adverse neurodevelopmental and cognitive effects of fluoride exposure. NTP's conclusions are summarized in the monograph Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects. At the request of NTP, a committee convened by the National Academies reviewed their monograph to ensure the integrity of that report. It is important to note that the committee was tasked with reviewing the monograph and focused its efforts on evaluating whether evidence as presented in the monograph supported NTP's conclusions. Thus, it did not conduct its own independent evaluation of the evidence, and it did not conduct a data audit. However, it did review some key literature to enable its review of the monograph. Review of the Draft NTP Monograph contains findings and suggestions for improvements and some overarching findings concerning methods, assessment of animal and human evidence, and NTP's hazard conclusion. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Self, Jennifer %T Teaching K-12 Science and Engineering During a Crisis %@ 978-0-309-68194-0 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25909/teaching-k-12-science-and-engineering-during-a-crisis %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25909/teaching-k-12-science-and-engineering-during-a-crisis %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 134 %X The COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in widespread and ongoing changes to how the K-12 education system functions, including disruptions to science teaching and learning environments. Students and teachers are all figuring out how to do schooling differently, and districts and states are working overtime to reimagine systems and processes. This is difficult and stressful work in the middle of the already stressful and sometimes traumatic backdrop of the global pandemic. In addition, students with disabilities, students of color, immigrants, English learners, and students from under-resourced communities have been disproportionately affected, both by the pandemic itself and by the resulting instructional shifts. Teaching K-12 Science and Engineering During a Crisis aims to describe what high quality science and engineering education can look like in a time of great uncertainty and to support practitioners as they work toward their goals. This book includes guidance for science and engineering practitioners - with an emphasis on the needs of district science supervisors, curriculum leads, and instructional coaches. Teaching K-12 Science and Engineering During a Crisis will help K-12 science and engineering teachers adapt learning experiences as needed to support students and their families dealing with ongoing changes to instructional and home environments and at the same time provide high quality in those experiences. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Building Capacity for Teaching Engineering in K-12 Education %@ 978-0-309-49942-2 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25612/building-capacity-for-teaching-engineering-in-k-12-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25612/building-capacity-for-teaching-engineering-in-k-12-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 260 %X Engineering education is emerging as an important component of US K-12 education. Across the country, students in classrooms and after- and out-of-school programs are participating in hands-on, problem-focused learning activities using the engineering design process. These experiences can be engaging; support learning in other areas, such as science and mathematics; and provide a window into the important role of engineering in society. As the landscape of K-12 engineering education continues to grow and evolve, educators, administrators, and policy makers should consider the capacity of the US education system to meet current and anticipated needs for K-12 teachers of engineering. Building Capacity for Teaching Engineering in K-12 Education reviews existing curricula and programs as well as related research to understand current and anticipated future needs for engineering-literate K-12 educators in the United States and determine how these needs might be addressed. Key topics in this report include the preparation of K-12 engineering educators, professional pathways for K-12 engineering educators, and the role of higher education in preparing engineering educators. This report proposes steps that stakeholders - including professional development providers, postsecondary preservice education programs, postsecondary engineering and engineering technology programs, formal and informal educator credentialing organizations, and the education and learning sciences research communities - might take to increase the number, skill level, and confidence of K-12 teachers of engineering in the United States. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Dewey, Kathryn %E Harrison, Meghan %T Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months: Summarizing Existing Guidance %@ 978-0-309-67538-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25747/feeding-infants-and-children-from-birth-to-24-months-summarizing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25747/feeding-infants-and-children-from-birth-to-24-months-summarizing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 348 %X Recommendations for feeding infants and young children have changed substantially over time owing to scientific advances, cultural influences, societal trends, and other factors. At the same time, stronger approaches to reviewing and synthesizing scientific evidence have evolved, such that there are now established protocols for developing evidence-based health recommendations. However, not all authoritative bodies have used such approaches for developing infant feeding guidance, and for many feeding questions there is little or no sound evidence available to guide best practices, despite the fact that research on infant and young child feeding has expanded in recent decades. Summarizing the current landscape of feeding recommendations for infants and young children can reveal the level of consistency of existing guidance, shed light on the types of evidence that underpin each recommendation, and provide insight into the feasibility of harmonizing guidelines. Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months collects, compares, and summarizes existing recommendations on what and how to feed infants and young children from birth to 24 months of age. This report makes recommendations to stakeholders on strategies for communicating and disseminating feeding recommendations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence %@ 978-0-309-49687-2 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25555/framing-opioid-prescribing-guidelines-for-acute-pain-developing-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25555/framing-opioid-prescribing-guidelines-for-acute-pain-developing-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 222 %X The opioid overdose epidemic combined with the need to reduce the burden of acute pain poses a public health challenge. To address how evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain might help meet this challenge, Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence develops a framework to evaluate existing clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain indications, recommends indications for which new evidence-based guidelines should be developed, and recommends a future research agenda to inform and enable specialty organizations to develop and disseminate evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids to treat acute pain indications. The recommendations of this study will assist professional societies, health care organizations, and local, state, and national agencies to develop clinical practice guidelines for opioid prescribing for acute pain. Such a framework could inform the development of opioid prescribing guidelines and ensure systematic and standardized methods for evaluating evidence, translating knowledge, and formulating recommendations for practice. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Scrimshaw, Susan C. %E Backes, Emily P. %T Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access, and Choice %@ 978-0-309-66982-5 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25636/birth-settings-in-america-outcomes-quality-access-and-choice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25636/birth-settings-in-america-outcomes-quality-access-and-choice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 368 %X The delivery of high quality and equitable care for both mothers and newborns is complex and requires efforts across many sectors. The United States spends more on childbirth than any other country in the world, yet outcomes are worse than other high-resource countries, and even worse for Black and Native American women. There are a variety of factors that influence childbirth, including social determinants such as income, educational levels, access to care, financing, transportation, structural racism and geographic variability in birth settings. It is important to reevaluate the United States' approach to maternal and newborn care through the lens of these factors across multiple disciplines. Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access, and Choice reviews and evaluates maternal and newborn care in the United States, the epidemiology of social and clinical risks in pregnancy and childbirth, birth settings research, and access to and choice of birth settings. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Van Horn, Laurel %E Lipp, Eric %E O'Reilly, Katherine %E Pound, Pat %E Vange, Jens %E Wirth, Shane %E Shevrin, Jason %E Cole, Shu %T Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25728/innovative-solutions-to-facilitate-accessibility-for-airport-travelers-with-disabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25728/innovative-solutions-to-facilitate-accessibility-for-airport-travelers-with-disabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 206 %X The airport industry has adopted specific design codes in response to state and federal regulatory requirements—including the Americans with Disabilities Act—to accommodate employees and travelers with disabilities. These design codes include general architectural guidelines and technology adapted for transportation facilities.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 210: Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities outlines innovative solutions to facilitate accessibility for passengers with a variety of physical, sensory, and/or cognitive challenges.The report includes additional materials, including case-study highlights in Appendix A, a user-needs survey in Appendix B, and a Wayfinding Accessibility Audit Checklist, which also includes a separate introduction. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Graham, Robert %E Kahn, Nicole F. %T Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-49677-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25552/promoting-positive-adolescent-health-behaviors-and-outcomes-thriving-in-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25552/promoting-positive-adolescent-health-behaviors-and-outcomes-thriving-in-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 194 %X Adolescence is a critical growth period in which youth develop essential skills that prepare them for adulthood. Prevention and intervention programs are designed to meet the needs of adolescents who require additional support and promote healthy behaviors and outcomes. To ensure the success of these efforts, it is essential that they include reliably identifiable techniques, strategies, or practices that have been proven effective. Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century identifies key program factors that can improve health outcomes related to adolescent behavior and provides evidence-based recommendations toward effective implementation of federal programming initiatives. This study explores normative adolescent development, the current landscape of adolescent risk behavior, core components of effective programs focused on optimal health, and recommendations for research, programs, and policies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Snair, Megan %T Flourishing in Adolescence: A Virtual Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68332-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25940/flourishing-in-adolescence-a-virtual-workshop-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25940/flourishing-in-adolescence-a-virtual-workshop-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 84 %X Adolescence is a dynamic time for both brain development and social pressures, making it a critical period to understand mental, emotional, and behavioral health, yet it is often overlooked in terms of policies and service interventions, which makes many young people feel unheard when communicating their own challenges. To explore best practices in providing and supporting adolescent health services and key messaging and communication strategies related to the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of adolescents, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum for Children's Well-Being held a workshop on May 5, 2020. The workshop featured a panel of youth representatives who shared their own experiences related to mental, emotional, and behavioral health. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Safeguarding the Bioeconomy %@ 978-0-309-49567-7 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25525/safeguarding-the-bioeconomy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25525/safeguarding-the-bioeconomy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 392 %X Research and innovation in the life sciences is driving rapid growth in agriculture, biomedical science, information science and computing, energy, and other sectors of the U.S. economy. This economic activity, conceptually referred to as the bioeconomy, presents many opportunities to create jobs, improve the quality of life, and continue to drive economic growth. While the United States has been a leader in advancements in the biological sciences, other countries are also actively investing in and expanding their capabilities in this area. Maintaining competitiveness in the bioeconomy is key to maintaining the economic health and security of the United States and other nations. Safeguarding the Bioeconomy evaluates preexisting and potential approaches for assessing the value of the bioeconomy and identifies intangible assets not sufficiently captured or that are missing from U.S. assessments. This study considers strategies for safeguarding and sustaining the economic activity driven by research and innovation in the life sciences. It also presents ideas for horizon scanning mechanisms to identify new technologies, markets, and data sources that have the potential to drive future development of the bioeconomy. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Patterson, Charlotte J. %E Sepúlveda, Martín-José %E White, Jordyn %T Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations %@ 978-0-309-68081-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25877/understanding-the-well-being-of-lgbtqi-populations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25877/understanding-the-well-being-of-lgbtqi-populations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 436 %X The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Krop, Richard A. %E Rooke, Jaime %E Emil, Elise %E Leahu-Aluas, Oana %E McDonnell, Jon %E West, Nancy K. %E Rosales, Mara %T Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25896/guidance-for-diversity-in-airport-business-contracting-and-workforce-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25896/guidance-for-diversity-in-airport-business-contracting-and-workforce-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 154 %X Many airports are already taking active steps to address and unlock the benefits of a diverse and inclusive workforce. These programs provide benefits to the airport and surrounding communities, but there has not been a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis for diversity contracting programs and their impact on the workforce.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 217: Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs provides guidelines to assist airport operators and various stakeholders at airports of all types and sizes to identify and quantify the benefits, costs, and regional economic impact of diversity contracting for airport businesses.As recipients of federal funds, airports are required to administer a federal program that seeks to provide equal access for participation in airport-related business opportunities. Likewise, many airports are also obligated to do so under state and local programs.The report includes additional materials: an Airport Diversity Contracting Tool and a Tool Users Guide. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Savitz, David A. %E Styka, Anne N. %T Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis %@ 978-0-309-67210-8 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25688/assessment-of-long-term-health-effects-of-antimalarial-drugs-when-used-for-prophylaxis %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25688/assessment-of-long-term-health-effects-of-antimalarial-drugs-when-used-for-prophylaxis %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 426 %X Among the many who serve in the United States Armed Forces and who are deployed to distant locations around the world, myriad health threats are encountered. In addition to those associated with the disruption of their home life and potential for combat, they may face distinctive disease threats that are specific to the locations to which they are deployed. U.S. forces have been deployed many times over the years to areas in which malaria is endemic, including in parts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires that antimalarial drugs be issued and regimens adhered to for deployments to malaria-endemic areas. Policies directing which should be used as first and as second-line agents have evolved over time based on new data regarding adverse events or precautions for specific underlying health conditions, areas of deployment, and other operational factors At the request of the Veterans Administration, Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis assesses the scientific evidence regarding the potential for long-term health effects resulting from the use of antimalarial drugs that were approved by FDA or used by U.S. service members for malaria prophylaxis, with a focus on mefloquine, tafenoquine, and other antimalarial drugs that have been used by DoD in the past 25 years. This report offers conclusions based on available evidence regarding associations of persistent or latent adverse events.