@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lisa Staes, Jodi Godfrey, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida", title = "Characteristics and Elements of Nonpunitive Employee Safety Reporting Systems for Public Transportation", abstract = "The importance of safety cannot be overstated and requires continued shifts in the approach to safety management within the public transportation industry.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 218: Characteristics and Elements of Nonpunitive Employee Safety Reporting Systems for Public Transportation compiles the best practices used in nonpunitive employee safety reporting systems at transit agencies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25852/characteristics-and-elements-of-nonpunitive-employee-safety-reporting-systems-for-public-transportation", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Heather Monteiro, Hickory Ridge Group, LLC", title = "Models for Law Enforcement at Airports", abstract = "Each airport and its law enforcement model have a unique set of relationships, operations, and resources.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 107: Models for Law Enforcement at Airports provides a concise body of knowledge to assist airport management, operators, researchers, and users by detailing the varying types of law enforcement models available to them.The types of airport law enforcement models include airport police, city police, county sheriffs, departments of public safety, and state police. Many airports operate by using layers of law enforcement responses composed of more than one law enforcement model.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25893/models-for-law-enforcement-at-airports", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Emily A. Wang and Bruce Western and Emily P. Backes and Julie Schuck", title = "Decarcerating Correctional Facilities during COVID-19: Advancing Health, Equity, and Safety", isbn = "978-0-309-68357-9", abstract = "The conditions and characteristics of correctional facilities - overcrowded with rapid population turnover, often in old and poorly ventilated structures, a spatially concentrated pattern of releases and admissions in low-income communities of color, and a health care system that is siloed from community public health - accelerates transmission of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19. Such conditions increase the risk of coming into contact with the virus for incarcerated people, correctional staff, and their families and communities. Relative to the general public, moreover, incarcerated individuals have a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions such as asthma, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, making them susceptible to complications should they become infected. Indeed, cumulative COVID-19 case rates among incarcerated people and correctional staff have grown steadily higher than case rates in the general population.\nDecarcerating Correctional Facilities during COVID-19 offers guidance on efforts to decarcerate, or reduce the incarcerated population, as a response to COIVD-19 pandemic. This report examines best practices for implementing decarceration as a response to the pandemic and the conditions that support safe and successful reentry of those decarcerated.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25945/decarcerating-correctional-facilities-during-covid-19-advancing-health-equity-and", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steve Olson and Karen M. Anderson", title = "The Effects of Incarceration and Reentry on Community Health and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-49366-6", abstract = "The high rate of incarceration in the United States contributes significantly to the nation\u2019s health inequities, extending beyond those who are imprisoned to families, communities, and the entire society. Since the 1970s, there has been a seven-fold increase in incarceration. This increase and the effects of the post-incarceration reentry disproportionately affect low-income families and communities of color. It is critical to examine the criminal justice system through a new lens and explore opportunities for meaningful improvements that will promote health equity in the United States. \n\nThe National Academies convened a workshop on June 6, 2018 to investigate the connection between incarceration and health inequities to better understand the distributive impact of incarceration on low-income families and communities of color. Topics of discussion focused on the experience of incarceration and reentry, mass incarceration as a public health issue, women\u2019s health in jails and prisons, the effects of reentry on the individual and the community, and promising practices and models for reentry. The programs and models that are described in this publication are all Philadelphia-based because Philadelphia has one of the highest rates of incarceration of any major American city. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25471/the-effects-of-incarceration-and-reentry-on-community-health-and-well-being", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Countermeasures Assessment & Security Experts, LLC and Western Management and Consulting, LLC", title = "A Guide to Emergency Management at State Transportation Agencies", abstract = "State transportation agencies will always fulfill a role in the emergency-management effort - for all incidents, from the routine traffic incident through major emergencies to catastrophic events. State agency plans and procedures are expected (indeed required if the agency seeks federal compensation) to be related to state and regional emergency structures and plans. This involves multi-agency, multi\u2010jurisdictional cooperation in emergency planning and operations.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 931: A Guide to Emergency Management at State Transportation Agencies is an update to a 2010 guide that provided an approach to all\u2010hazards emergency management and documented existing practices in emergency-response planning.Significant advances in emergency management, changing operational roles at state DOTs and other transportation organizations, along with federal guidance issued since 2010, have resulted in a need to reexamine requirements for state transportation agency emergency-management functions, roles, and responsibilities.The report is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 267:Developing a Guide to Emergency Management at State Transportation Agencies and a PowerPoint presentation that offers an overview and key findings, among other information.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25557/a-guide-to-emergency-management-at-state-transportation-agencies", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Rapid Expert Consultation on Crisis Standards of Care for the COVID-19 Pandemic (March 28, 2020)", abstract = "This rapid expert consultation responds to a request from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) concerning the implementation of crisis standards of care (CSC) in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Building on a 10-year foundation of work by the Institute of Medicine, this document summarizes the broad principles and core elements of CSC planning and implementation.\nThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform OSTP on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other public health threats. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25765/rapid-expert-consultation-on-crisis-standards-of-care-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-march-28-2020", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Patricia Bye, Ernest R. Frazier, Sr., Countermeasures Assessment & Security Experts, LLC", title = "Transit Security Preparedness", abstract = "Sixty percent of the transit-industry practitioners surveyed rate their transit agency\u2019s efforts to address their major security challenges as somewhat or very successful. However, only 25 percent say they have implemented any security-risk-reduction program that they consider to be exceptional or exemplary.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 146: Transit Security Preparedness identifies current practices transit systems can use to enhance their security measures and to identify opportunities to apply security technology applications used in other industries to the transit environment.One size does not fit all in the context of transit security. However, there are common themes in all effective security preparedness approaches.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25764/transit-security-preparedness", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Linda Casola", title = "Using Research and Technology to Address Compounding Disparities: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "A multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary approach to understanding the dimensions and determinants of social disparities and their intersections is necessary to work toward equity and equality of opportunity as rapid technology innovation changes the future of work. To examine the matter, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable held a workshop at the National Academy of Sciences on October 15-16, 2019 to consider how the research community of federal and state governments, academia, companies, and other actors can take institutional and collective action to identify and address disparities at the intersections that will make interventions most effective. The workshop explored how research institutions act as anchors in their communities to reach marginalized populations and considered best practices for community engagement. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25738/using-research-and-technology-to-address-compounding-disparities-proceedings-of", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Darren L. Beckstrand and Aine E. Mines and Benjamin A. George and Brent A. Black", title = "Estimating and Contracting Rock Slope Scaling Adjacent to Highways", abstract = "Scaling loose rock from highway rock slopes is an important aspect of improving rock slope safety in mountainous areas, according to input from 42 state departments of transportation and two regional divisions of the Office of Federal Lands Highway.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 555: Estimating and Contracting Rock Slope Scaling Adjacent to Highways documents current rock slope scaling practices adjacent to highways.An appendices document is also included as part of the publication.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25824/estimating-and-contracting-rock-slope-scaling-adjacent-to-highways", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "WSP USA Solutions Deborah Matherly and Patricia Bye: Janet Benini", title = "A Pandemic Playbook for Transportation Agencies", abstract = "Understanding pandemics, their impacts to transportation, and potential effective response has become more important, not only for the response to COVID-19, but also if, as the World Health Organization warns, we are now \u201cliving in a time of viruses.\u201dTRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Program have jointly issued this pre-publication draft of NCHRP Research Report 963\/TCRP Research Report 225: A Pandemic Playbook for Transportation Agencies, which was created to improve transportation agency responses to a pandemic.The Playbook concentrates on what needs to be done, when and by whom. It briefly addresses planning for a pandemic, a topic addressed in greater depth in NCHRP Report 769: A Guide for Public Transportation Pandemic Planning and Response. It summarizes effective practices currently used by transportation agencies based on interviews with state departments of transportation and transit agency leaders and operational personnel, supplemented with national and international research results.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25993/a-pandemic-playbook-for-transportation-agencies", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Leveraging Unmanned Systems for Coast Guard Missions", abstract = "As unmanned systems (UxS) continue to develop and be used by other military services and federal agencies, the U.S. Coast Guard should proceed more aggressively and deliberately in taking advantage of UxS advancements, says a new congressionally mandated report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.The Coast Guard should also produce a high-level strategy with critical goals and actionable steps toward fully utilizing UxS technology, according to TRB Special Report 335: Leveraging Unmanned Systems for Coast Guard Missions.UxS technologies include aerial, surface, and underwater vehicles with no human occupants; vehicles that may have a crew but with some level of remote control; and systems that are not vehicles.As one of the country\u2019s six military services, the Coast Guard also serves as a first responder, law enforcement agency, maritime regulator, and member of the intelligence community. Despite multiple initiatives to explore and assess the applicability of UxS to these areas, the Coast Guard lacks a formal means for identifying, investigating, and integrating systems. Meanwhile, UxS technological advancements continue to accelerate, driven by both commercial and military demands.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25987/leveraging-unmanned-systems-for-coast-guard-missions", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Strengthening Post-Hurricane Supply Chain Resilience: Observations from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria", isbn = "978-0-309-49458-8", abstract = "Resilient supply chains are crucial to maintaining the consistent delivery of goods and services to the American people. The modern economy has made supply chains more interconnected than ever, while also expanding both their range and fragility. In the third quarter of 2017, Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria revealed some significant vulnerabilities in the national and regional supply chains of Texas, Florida, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. The broad impacts and quick succession of these three hurricanes also shed light on the effectiveness of the nation's disaster logistics efforts during response through recovery.\nDrawing on lessons learned during the 2017 hurricanes, this report explores future strategies to improve supply chain management in disaster situations. This report makes recommendations to strengthen the roles of continuity planning, partnerships between civic leaders with small businesses, and infrastructure investment to ensure that essential supply chains will remain operational in the next major disaster. Focusing on the supply chains food, fuel, water, pharmaceutical, and medical supplies, the recommendations of this report will assist the Federal Emergency Management Agency as well as state and local officials, private sector decision makers, civic leaders, and others who can help ensure that supply chains remain robust and resilient in the face of natural disasters.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25490/strengthening-post-hurricane-supply-chain-resilience-observations-from-hurricanes-harvey", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports", abstract = "The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports. The demand for commercial UAS may increase significantly once advanced UAS operations\u2014including beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, operations over people, and operations of multiple UAS by one pilot\u2014are allowed through broader regulatory frameworks. The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure\u2014Planning Guidebook provides planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment.Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations.Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided in ACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25599/airports-and-unmanned-aircraft-systems-volume-1-managing-and-engaging-stakeholders-on-uas-in-the-vicinity-of-airports", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Countermeasures Assessment & Security Experts, LLC and Western Management and Consulting, LLC", title = "Update of Security 101: A Physical Security and Cybersecurity Primer for Transportation Agencies", abstract = "Since 2009, when NCHRP's last Security 101 report was released, there have been significant advances in transportation security approaches, including new strategies, programs, and ways of doing business that have increased the security of transportation systems as well as ensured their resiliency.Hazards and threats to the system have also continued to evolve since 2009. While the incidence of large-scale terrorist attacks has remained small, transportation agencies are at increasingly greater risk from system-disrupting events due to natural causes, unintentional human intervention, and intentional criminal acts, such as active-shooter incidents. Cyber risks also are increasing and can impact not only data, but the control systems\u2014like tunnel-ventilation systems\u2014operated by transportation agencies.>The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 930: Update of Security 101: A Physical Security and Cybersecurity Primer for Transportation Agencies provides valuable information about current and accepted practices associated with both physical and cyber security and its applicability to surface transportation.The report is accompanied by a PowerPoint for the project and NCHRP Web-Only Document 266: Developing a Physical and Cyber Security Primer for Transportation Agencies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25554/update-of-security-101-a-physical-security-and-cybersecurity-primer-for-transportation-agencies", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc.", title = "Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators", abstract = "The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations. The use of UAS by airports can result in efficiency gains if implemented effectively. However, improper implementation will cause safety risks and damage effective airport operations.Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports.Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure\u2014Planning Guidebook provides planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment.Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided in ACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25607/airports-and-unmanned-aircraft-systems-volume-3-potential-use-of-uas-by-airport-operators", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Edward Samanns and Phillip Baigas and Robert Ament and Marcel P. Huijser", title = "Valuing Wildlife Crossings and Enhancements for Mitigation Credits", abstract = "There is mounting evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of wildlife overpasses and underpasses in improving motorist safety and conserving wildlife.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 280: Valuing Wildlife Crossings and Enhancements for Mitigation Credits synthesizes current practices used by state DOTs and their partners for calculating and applying mitigation credits for wildlife crossings and other connectivity enhancements that provide safe passage for wildlife across highways.Accompanying the report is a Power Point presentation entitled, \"Valuing Wildlife Crossings and Enhancements for Mitigation Credits.\" ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25731/valuing-wildlife-crossings-and-enhancements-for-mitigation-credits", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Gongkang Fu and Qing Wang and Jingya Chi and Myint Lwin and Ross Corotis", title = "AASHTO Load Rating Provisions for Implements of Husbandry", abstract = "Farm equipment, generally referred to as \u201cimplements of husbandry\u201d (IoH), has been considered to be local vehicles on farms that do not use public roads often, if at all. As a result, state and local jurisdictions vary widely in managing IoH. Apparently, the growth of IoH has far outpaced that of other legal highway vehicles, warranting concern with bridge safety.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 951: AASHTO Load Rating Provisions for Implements of Husbandry (1) proposes new IoH load-rating provisions for the AASHTO Manual for Bridge Evaluation in load factor rating and load and resistance factor rating (LRFR), along with related revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications; and (2) develops protocols to evaluate IoH with various configurations for load rating and overload permits.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26001/aashto-load-rating-provisions-for-implements-of-husbandry", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Paul Anderson, Michael J. Walk, Chris Simek, Texas A&M Transportation Institute", title = "Transit Signal Priority: Current State of the Practice", abstract = "Public transit buses face many operational challenges\u2014especially when operating on the same streets and roads as other vehicles. Buses can be slowed by traffic congestion and get repeatedly caught at traffic lights, slowing buses down and delaying both passengers on board and passengers waiting at stops farther along the route.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 149: Transit Signal Priority: Current State of the Practice documents the current practice of TSP, which is an important tool that increases bus speeds and reliability, thereby improving transit system efficiency and effectiveness.Twenty-eight (61%) of the 46 surveyed transit agencies had active TSP deployments, and 13 transit agencies (28%) either are in predeployment testing or have plans to pursue TSP in the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25816/transit-signal-priority-current-state-of-the-practice", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc.", title = "Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure— Planning Guidebook", abstract = "The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure\u2014 Planning Guidebook provides suggested planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment. This guidebook is particularly applicable to smaller airports (non-hub and general aviation) without capacity issues. The planning approach could help these airports prepare for and attract UAS operations for additional revenue in the near term.Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports.Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations.Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided inACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25606/airports-and-unmanned-aircraft-systems-volume-2-incorporating-uas-into-airport-infrastructure-planning-guidebook", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Daniel Blower and Carol Flannagan and Srinivas Geedipally and Dominique Lord and Robert Wunderlich", title = "Identification of Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traffic Fatalities in the United States from 2008 to 2012", abstract = "Between 2005 and 2011, the number of traffic fatalities in the U.S. declined by 11,031, from 43,510 in 2005 to 32,479 in 2011. This decline amounted to a reduction in traffic-related deaths of 25.4 percent, by far the greatest decline over a comparable period in the last 30 years.Historically, significant drops in traffic fatalities over a short period of time have coincided with economic recessions. Longer recessions have coincided with deeper declines in the number of traffic fatalities. This TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 928: Identification of Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traffic Fatalities in the United States from 2008 to 2012 provides an analysis that identifies the specific factors in the economic decline that affected fatal crash risk, while taking into account the long-term factors that determine the level of traffic safety.A key insight into the analysis of the factors that produced the sharp drop in traffic fatalities was that the young contributed disproportionately to the drop-off in traffic fatalities. Of the reduction in traffic fatalities from 2007 to 2011, people 25-years-old and younger accounted for nearly 48 percent of the drop, though they were only about 28 percent of total traffic fatalities prior to the decline. Traffic deaths among people 25-years-old and younger dropped substantially more than other groups. Young drivers are known to be a high-risk group and can be readily identified in the crash data. Other high-risk groups also likely contributed to the decline but they cannot be identified as well as age can.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25590/identification-of-factors-contributing-to-the-decline-of-traffic-fatalities-in-the-united-states-from-2008-to-2012", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }