@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Christopher A. Scott and Jordyn White and Heather Kreidler", title = "Avances de las alianzas binacionales para la sostenibilidad entre Estados Unidos y México", isbn = "978-0-309-27609-2", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26419/avances-de-las-alianzas-binacionales-para-la-sostenibilidad-entre-estados-unidos-y-mxico", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Barbara O. Schneeman and Ann L. Yaktine and Alice Vorosmarti", title = "Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review", isbn = "978-0-309-67545-1", abstract = "The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of evidence-based nutrient reference values for intakes that include the full range of age, gender, and life stage groups in the US and Canada. At the request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to carry out a literature search and evidence scan of the peer-reviewed published literature on indicators of nutritional requirements, toxicity, and chronic disease risk reduction for riboflavin.\nScanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review builds on the methodology for evidence scanning nutrients (which have existing DRIs) to determine whether there is new and relevant knowledge available that may merit a formal reexamination of DRIs for riboflavin. This report offers comments on the methodological approach to the evidence scan and discusses its findings and interpretation of the process to provide the study sponsors with a greater context to support their interpretation and application of the reported results.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26188/scanning-for-new-evidence-on-riboflavin-to-support-a-dietary-reference-intake-review", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Carla Alvarado and Lauren Savaglio", title = "A Population Health Perspective on Middle School Success: Activities, Programs, and Policies: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-67782-0", abstract = "On December 5, 2019, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the factors that affect the health and well-being of middle-school-aged adolescents. The workshop included presentations on the risk factors of poor physical, social, and emotional outcomes and their prevalence; the identification of resilience factors; current policies and programs designed to support middle school success and address issues of equity and financing as they apply to these; and how the health and human services sectors can support and align with the education sector to promote health and well-being in middle school. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25807/a-population-health-perspective-on-middle-school-success-activities-programs", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Erin Hammers Forstag", title = "COVID-19 and the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Seizing the Moment to Reimagine Education: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "On June 1 and 2, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop, Teaching and the Teaching Workforce Amid the Struggles of COVID-19 and for Racial Justice. The workshop was designed to revisit findings from the 2020 National Academies' report Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Experts from the original study committee, as well other leading scholars on the teacher workforce, explored how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed (or not changed), what teachers need, and where the teacher workforce is vulnerable. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26356/covid-19-and-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-seizing-the-moment-to-reimagine-education", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic", abstract = "Fundamental shifts in preparedness planning are needed to ensure health, safety, and smooth operations during emergencies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To prepare for emergency events requiring evacuation, it is necessary to revise shelter planning and mass care operations, shelter staffing, and shelter design and operations with a focus on reducing virus transmission and ensuring safety. Developing effective public messaging is also critical during the pandemic and requires advance planning and familiarity with the needs and characteristics of the communities being served.\nThis rapid expert consultation details what is known from research on evacuation behavior, social responses to disaster, and risk communication, as well as lessons learned from emergency managers, public health departments, local officials, and human service providers, as the second year of the pandemic unfolds. It includes strategies for (1) evacuation plans, (2) sheltering operations, and (3) risk communication best practices for public officials confronting hazards and disasters.\nThe Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN) is an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This project is affiliated with the National Academies' Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26084/emergency-evacuation-and-sheltering-during-the-covid-19-pandemic", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Kerry Brenner and Maria Lund Dahlberg and Joe Alper", title = "Undergraduate and Graduate STEM Students’ Experiences During COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series", isbn = "978-0-309-15181-8", abstract = "On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. From that moment, leaders of institutions of higher education have had to make quick decisions about how to provide high-quality educational experiences for their students while protecting the health of their students, faculty, and staff and maintaining the fiscal stability of their institutions. Institutions of higher learning took various approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic, which raised two questions: what factors informed decisions at these institutions, and what new initiatives or practices seem to be effective for students during the COVID-19 pandemic? To explore these questions and others regarding the effect of higher education\u2019s current COVID-19 response on students in undergraduate and graduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop consisting of four online sessions that took place between September 22 and October 6, 2020. Organized by the Board on Science Education and the Board on Higher Education and Workforce, the virtual workshops provided an opportunity for participants from a range of institutions to share strategies and lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26024/undergraduate-and-graduate-stem-students-experiences-during-covid-19-proceedings", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lida Beninson and Joe Alper", title = "Meeting Regional STEMM Workforce Needs in the Wake of COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series", isbn = "978-0-309-25628-5", abstract = "The COVID-19 pandemic is transforming the global economy and significantly shifting workforce demand, requiring quick, adaptive responses. The pandemic has revealed the vulnerabilities of many organizations and regional economies, and it has accelerated trends that could lead to significant improvements in productivity, performance, and resilience, which will enable organizations and regions to thrive in the \"next normal.\" To explore how communities around the United States are addressing workforce issues laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they are taking advantage of local opportunities to expand their science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) workforces to position them for success going forward, the Board of Higher Education and Workforce of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to identify immediate and near-term regional STEMM workforce needs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.\nThe workshop planning committee identified five U.S. cities and their associated metropolitan areas - Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; Riverside, California; and Wichita, Kansas - to host workshops highlighting promising practices that communities can use to respond urgently and appropriately to their STEMM workforce needs. A sixth workshop discussed how the lessons learned during the five region-focused workshops could be applied in other communities to meet STEMM workforce needs.\nThis proceedings of a virtual workshop series summarizes the presentations and discussions from the six public workshops that made up the virtual workshop series and highlights the key points raised during the presentations, moderated panel discussions and deliberations, and open discussions among the workshop participants. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Rose Marie Martinez and Kelly McHugh", title = "Exploring the Role of Critical Health Literacy in Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "The Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop on January 27, 2021 on the role of critical health literacy in addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH), particularly among vulnerable populations. The SDOH are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.\nThe workshop examined the evolving concept of critical health literacy, which refers to health literacy skills that lead to empowerment of individuals, communities, and organizations to take action around the conditions that create or detract from health. Participants also explored how the concept of critical health literacy differs from the general concept of health literacy; how individuals and organizations use critical health literacy strategies to address the SDOH; and what research and implementation opportunities exist for critical health literacy as a tool to address the SDOH.\nThis publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26214/exploring-the-role-of-critical-health-literacy-in-addressing-the-social-determinants-of-health", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "David Keen and Janine Kyritsis and Ellen Meiser and Mara Rosales", title = "Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry", abstract = "Many transit agencies are striving to improve diversity and inclusion. They continue to initiate and sustain programs and develop more innovative strategies.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 228: Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry builds on the snapshot of transit agency diversity initiatives provided nearly 20 years ago in TCRP Synthesis 46: Diversity Training Initiatives to understand how diversity programs at transit agencies have evolved, how inclusion has been incorporated, and what policies, plans, and practices have been successfully implemented within the industry.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26230/resource-guide-for-improving-diversity-and-inclusion-programs-for-the-public-transportation-industry", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Colin Murphy and Terra Curtis and Evan Costagliola and Regina Clewlow and Stephanie Seki and Ruoying Xu", title = "Transit and Micromobility", abstract = "Micromobility refers to small, low-speed vehicles intended for personal use and includes station-based bikeshare systems, dockless bikeshare systems, electric-assist bikeshare, and electric scooters. Micromobility has the potential to increase the number of transit trips by expanding the reach of multimodal transportation, but it also could replace transit trips.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 230: Transit and Micromobility provides an analysis of the full benefits and impacts of micromobility on public transportation systems in transit-rich markets as well as in medium-sized and smaller urban areas.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26386/transit-and-micromobility", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Barbara M. Means and Amy Stephens", title = "Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing: Authentic Experiences and Design Factors", isbn = "978-0-309-68215-2", abstract = "Computing in some form touches nearly every aspect of day to day life and is reflected in the ubiquitous use of cell phones, the expansion of automation into many industries, and the vast amounts of data that are routinely gathered about people's health, education, and buying habits. Computing is now a part of nearly every occupation, not only those in the technology industry. Given the ubiquity of computing in both personal and professional life, there are increasing calls for all learners to participate in learning experiences related to computing including more formal experiences offered in schools, opportunities in youth development programs and after-school clubs, or self-initiated hands-on experiences at home. At the same time, the lack of diversity in the computing workforce and in programs that engage learners in computing is well-documented.\nIt is important to consider how to increase access and design experiences for a wide range of learners. Authentic experiences in STEM - that is, experiences that reflect professional practice and also connect learners to real-world problems that they care about - are one possible approach for reaching a broader range of learners. These experiences can be designed for learners of all ages and implemented in a wide range of settings. However, the role they play in developing youths' interests, capacities, and productive learning identities for computing is unclear. There is a need to better understand the role of authentic STEM experiences in supporting the development of interests, competencies, and skills related to computing.\nCultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing examines the evidence on learning and teaching using authentic, open-ended pedagogical approaches and learning experiences for children and youth in grades K-12 in both formal and informal settings. This report gives particular attention to approaches and experiences that promote the success of children and youth from groups that are typically underrepresented in computing fields. Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing provides guidance for educators and facilitators, program designers, and other key stakeholders on how to support learners as they engage in authentic learning experiences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25912/cultivating-interest-and-competencies-in-computing-authentic-experiences-and-design", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Laura Aiuppa Denning and Megan Snair and Ruth Cooper", title = "Exploring the State of the Science of Solid Organ Transplantation and Disability: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-68336-4", abstract = "Transplantation of a solid organ, such as a kidney, heart, or liver, is a lifesaving procedure and is sometimes the only viable treatment for patients experiencing end-stage organ failure as a result of illness or injury. A growing prevalence of solid organ diseases in the United States is contributing to more people needing a transplant and longer wait times on the national transplant waiting list. While transplantation can lengthen a person's life, the road to recovery is difficult and complex. Transplant recipients commonly experience considerable impairments related to health factors, medication side effects, organ rejection, or other setbacks that can cause functional limitations. A spectrum of services and supports can be beneficial to patient functioning and quality of life, but patient access is variable due to individual, system, and social factors.\nTo gain an understanding of current scientific findings in the field of solid organ transplantation, the U.S. Social Security Administration asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Health Care Services to organize a virtual public workshop to examine disability associated with organ transplantation. The workshop, held March 22-23, 2021, focused on kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplantation, and to a lesser extent intestine transplantation. Subject-matter experts presented on clinical aspects of post-transplantation recovery and described the implications for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning in adults and children. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26213/exploring-the-state-of-the-science-of-solid-organ-transplantation-and-disability", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Eric B. Larson and Clare Stroud", title = "Meeting the Challenge of Caring for Persons Living with Dementia and Their Care Partners and Caregivers: A Way Forward", isbn = "978-0-309-15429-1", abstract = "Millions of people are living with dementia in the United States and globally. To live well with dementia, people need care, services, and supports that reflect their values and preferences, build on their strengths and abilities, promote well-being, and address needs that evolve as cognitive impairment deepens.\nPersons living with dementia co-manage their care with or rely on the support of a wide range of care partners and caregivers, including spouses, other family members and friends, and direct care workers in homes or residential care settings. While dementia care has improved since the 1970s, many individuals still lack access to high-quality care and are not living as well as they might. Disadvantaged groups, especially racial and ethnic minorities, still face challenges in access to care, services, and supports, due to deep and persistent inequities.\nMeeting the Challenge of Caring for Persons Living with Dementia and Their Care Partners and Caregivers: A Way Forward examines the complex body of evidence on dementia care and informs decision making about which interventions are ready to be broadly disseminated and implemented. It also offers a blueprint to guide future research using rigorous, cutting-edge methods that are inclusive, equitable, and yield critical information for real-world implementation, toward the ultimate goal of better supporting persons living with dementia and their care partners and caregivers in living as well as possible.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26026/meeting-the-challenge-of-caring-for-persons-living-with-dementia-and-their-care-partners-and-caregivers", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Linda McCauley and Robert L. Phillips, Jr. and Marc Meisnere and Sarah K. Robinson", title = "Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care", isbn = "978-0-309-68510-8", abstract = "High-quality primary care is the foundation of the health care system. It provides continuous, person-centered, relationship-based care that considers the needs and preferences of individuals, families, and communities. Without access to high-quality primary care, minor health problems can spiral into chronic disease, chronic disease management becomes difficult and uncoordinated, visits to emergency departments increase, preventive care lags, and health care spending soars to unsustainable levels.\nUnequal access to primary care remains a concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic amplified pervasive economic, mental health, and social health disparities that ubiquitous, high-quality primary care might have reduced. Primary care is the only health care component where an increased supply is associated with better population health and more equitable outcomes. For this reason, primary care is a common good, which makes the strength and quality of the country's primary care services a public concern.\nImplementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care puts forth an evidence-based plan with actionable objectives and recommendations for implementing high-quality primary care in the United States. The implementation plan of this report balances national needs for scalable solutions while allowing for adaptations to meet local needs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25983/implementing-high-quality-primary-care-rebuilding-the-foundation-of-health", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Patricia Ryan, Komal Sood, IOS Partners, Inc. and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Bijan Vasigh and Jessica L. Wildman, Institute for Cross Cultural Management, Florida Institute of Technology and Lise D’Andrea, Customer Experience Experts", title = "Evaluating the Traveler's Perspective to Improve the Airport Customer Experience", abstract = "Today\u2019s airports have become much more than transportation hubs. They are increasingly becoming places where people dine, shop, relax, work, and interact. This expanded role comes with challenges as airports try to understand and address the needs of their diverse customer base.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 231: Evaluating the Traveler's Perspective to Improve the Airport Customer Experience presents information and tools to better understand the traveler\u2019s perspective of the airport journey and how airports might respond to the evolving needs of their travelers.Supplemental materials to the report include an executive summary, a multimedia tool that provides visuals to support the findings, and Appendices C through F (which include a social media and media analysis toolkit, a review of creative benchmarking, a sample data summary table for creative benchmarking, and a listing of social media and media analysis resources and guides).In July 2021, an errata was issued for ACRP Research Report 231.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26222/evaluating-the-travelers-perspective-to-improve-the-airport-customer-experience", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jeffrey Newman and Kevin Johns and Thomas Murphy and Maria Lopez and Zolan Prucz and Lance Borden and Jim Phillips and Alec Noble and Paul Skelton and Andrzej Nowak and Ian Buckle", title = "Updating the AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications", abstract = "There are approximately 1,000 movable highway bridges in the U.S. inventory.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 314: Updating the AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications allows bridge owners the option of employing site-specific conditions to develop the design wind speed and provides other general updates to previous research from 2000 that reflects changes in design practice and other standards.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26395/updating-the-aashto-lrfd-movable-highway-bridge-design-specifications", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants", isbn = "978-0-309-26454-9", abstract = "The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers programs that provide disability benefits. Once SSA establishes the presence of a severe impairment, it determines whether the impairment meets the criteria in the Listing of Impairments (Listings) that qualify a candidate for disability benefits.\nThe current Listings that address hearing loss treated with cochlear implantation contain criteria that evaluate hearing ability through a speech recognition test called the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Since its development in 1994, the HINT has been widely used to measure cochlear implant candidacy and postoperative outcomes. However, the test characteristics, the state of cochlear implant technology, and the environment that made the HINT a common choice of assessment in 1994 are different in 2021. The HINT has several limitations in its characteristics and deviation from its intended use.\nAt the request of SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a consensus study committee to identify and recommend generalized testing procedures and criteria for evaluating the level of functional hearing ability needed to make a disability determination in adults and children after cochlear implantation. The committee's report, Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants, details and supports its findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on published evidence and professional judgment.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26057/evaluating-hearing-loss-for-individuals-with-cochlear-implants", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Theresa M. Wizemann", title = "Faith–Health Collaboration to Improve Community and Population Health: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-48933-1", abstract = "On March 22, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the collaboration between the faith and health sectors, and to highlight the unique opportunities these collaborations offer to help improve population health outcomes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25375/faith-health-collaboration-to-improve-community-and-population-health-proceedings", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Rapid Expert Consultation on Allocating COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapies and Other Novel Therapeutics (January 29, 2021)", abstract = "This rapid expert consultation focuses on monoclonal antibody (mAbs) therapies authorized for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This consultation describes the approaches taken in different jurisdictions at the federal, state, and local\/institutional levels to ensure an effective, equitable, and fair allocation of mAbs and points to challenges in reaching underserved patients.\nThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform the Office of Science and Technology Policy on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other public health threats. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26063/rapid-expert-consultation-on-allocating-covid-19-monoclonal-antibody-therapies-and-other-novel-therapeutics-january-29-2021", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Edward H. Shortliffe and Francis K. Amankwah and Tracy A. Lustig and Sharyl J. Nass", title = "Medications in Single-Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs", isbn = "978-0-309-68207-7", abstract = "Every year, significant amounts of expensive drugs are discarded. This is due in part to the growing number of prescription drugs that are administered in variable doses (rather than fixed or flat doses) based on a patient's weight or body size. Strict regulations and guidance generally prohibit or severely restrict the acceptable time frame for sharing medication from single-dose vials among patients, and so the unused amount will typically be discarded. Due to the current system for producing, administering, and paying for drugs in the United States, significant - but indeterminate - amounts of expensive prescription drugs are discarded each year.\nAt the request of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medications in Single Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs explores the federal health care costs, safety, and quality concerns associated with discarded drugs that result from the weight-based dosing of medicines contained in single-dose vials.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25911/medications-in-single-dose-vials-implications-of-discarded-drugs", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }