%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E LLC, Malcolm H. Ray, Christine E. Carrigan, Roadsafe %T Roadside Hardware Replacement Analysis: User Guide %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26075/roadside-hardware-replacement-analysis-user-guide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26075/roadside-hardware-replacement-analysis-user-guide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 30 %X Highway agencies can use a method to assess roadside hardware and establish priorities on how upgrades of hardware should occur for individual projects or establish policy guidelines on roadside hardware assessments.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 292: Roadside Hardware Replacement Analysis: User Guide presents how to implement and plan for assessing roadside hardware.Supplemental to the document are an Assessment Worksheet and Project Summary Slides. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Jenior, Pete %E Bonneson, James %E Zhao, Laura %E Kittelson, Wayne %E Donnell, Eric %E Gayah, Vikash %T Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 1: Informational Guide and Safety Evaluation Guidelines %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26394/safety-performance-of-part-time-shoulder-use-on-freeways-volume-1-informational-guide-and-safety-evaluation-guidelines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26394/safety-performance-of-part-time-shoulder-use-on-freeways-volume-1-informational-guide-and-safety-evaluation-guidelines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 120 %X Left or right shoulders can be strategically opened as travel lanes, and "part-time shoulder use" is defined as using a shoulder "some, but not all, hours of the day.”The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 309: Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 1: Informational Guide and Safety Evaluation Guidelines provides an overview of part-time shoulder use, presents the results of past operational studies, and presents the results of safety research conducted through NCHRP's Safety Performance of Part-time Shoulder Use on Freeways project.Supplemental to the document is a Freeway Analysis Tool, which includes BOS data, S D PTSU Data, and a Prediction Tool, as well as NCHRP Web-Only Document 309: Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 2: Conduct of Research Report. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bonneson, James A. %E Geedipally, Srinivas %E Pratt, Michael P. %E Lord, Dominique %T Safety Prediction Methodology and Analysis Tool for Freeways and Interchanges %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26367/safety-prediction-methodology-and-analysis-tool-for-freeways-and-interchanges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26367/safety-prediction-methodology-and-analysis-tool-for-freeways-and-interchanges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 765 %X Prior to this research project, state highway agencies did not have tools for reflecting safety in their decisions concerning freeway and interchange projects.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 306: Safety Prediction Methodology and Analysis Tool for Freeways and Interchanges documents a safety prediction method for freeways that is suitable for incorporation in the Highway Safety Manual. Within the document are Appendices A through F: Practitioner Interviews, Database Enhancement, Proposed HSM Freeways Chapter, Proposed HSM Ramps Chapter, Proposed HSM Appendix B for Part C, and Algorithm Description. Supplemental to the document are an Enhanced Safety Analysis Tool, a User Manual for the Tool, a Workshop Agenda, an Instructor Guide, and a PowerPoint Presentation. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Gross, Frank %E Le, Thanh %E Kersavage, Kristin %E Chestnutt, Catherine %E Persaud, Bhagwant %E Lyon, Craig %E Gluck, Jerome %T Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 1: Practitioner's Guide %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26161/application-of-crash-modification-factors-for-access-management-volume-1-practitioners-guide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26161/application-of-crash-modification-factors-for-access-management-volume-1-practitioners-guide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 390 %X While research and empirical evidence have shown positive safety and operational benefits associated with good access management practices, it can be challenging for transportation agencies to implement access management strategies on the basis of safety performance without methods and tools to quantify the safety performance of alternatives.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 1: Practitioner’s Guide presents methods to help transportation planners, designers, and traffic engineers quantify the safety impacts of access management strategies and make more informed access-related decisions on urban and suburban arterials.NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 2: Research Overview documents the research process related to access management features. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Harris, Kathleen Mullan %E Majmundar, Malay K. %E Becker, Tara %T High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults %@ 978-0-309-68473-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25976/high-and-rising-mortality-rates-among-working-age-adults %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25976/high-and-rising-mortality-rates-among-working-age-adults %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 596 %X The past century has witnessed remarkable advances in life expectancy in the United States and throughout the world. In 2010, however, progress in life expectancy in the United States began to stall, despite continuing to increase in other high-income countries. Alarmingly, U.S. life expectancy fell between 2014 and 2015 and continued to decline through 2017, the longest sustained decline in life expectancy in a century (since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919). The recent decline in U.S. life expectancy appears to have been the product of two trends: (1) an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults, defined as those aged 25-64 years (i.e., "working age"), which began in the 1990s for several specific causes of death (e.g., drug- and alcohol-related causes and suicide); and (2) a slowing of declines in working-age mortality due to other causes of death (mainly cardiovascular diseases) after 2010. High and Rising Mortality Rates among Working Age Adults highlights the crisis of rising premature mortality that threatens the future of the nation's families, communities, and national wellbeing. This report identifies the key drivers of increasing death rates and disparities in working-age mortality over the period 1990 to 2017; elucidates modifiable risk factors that could alleviate poor health in the working-age population, as well as widening health inequalities; identifies key knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research and data collection to fill those gaps; and explores potential policy implications. After a comprehensive analysis of the trends in working-age mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geography using the most up-to-date data, this report then looks upstream to the macrostructural factors (e.g., public policies, macroeconomic trends, social and economic inequality, technology) and social determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status, environment, social networks) that may affect the health of working-age Americans in multiple ways and through multiple pathways. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Flannagan, Carol A. %E Rupp, Jonathan D. %E Mann, N. Clay %T Development of a Comprehensive Approach for Serious Traffic Crash Injury Measurement and Reporting Systems %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26305/development-of-a-comprehensive-approach-for-serious-traffic-crash-injury-measurement-and-reporting-systems %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26305/development-of-a-comprehensive-approach-for-serious-traffic-crash-injury-measurement-and-reporting-systems %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 80 %X The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) requires a set of performance metrics to include assessment of serious injuries in crashes.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 302: Development of a Comprehensive Approach for Serious Traffic Crash Injury Measurement and Reporting Systems presents a roadmap for states to develop comprehensive crash-related data linkage systems, with special attention to measuring serious injuries in crashes. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26127/guidelines-for-cost-effective-safety-treatments-of-roadside-ditches %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26127/guidelines-for-cost-effective-safety-treatments-of-roadside-ditches %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X Run-off-road traffic crashes account for almost one-third of the deaths and serious injuries each year on U.S. highways.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 296: Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches provides new proposed design guidance for the configuration of ditches adjacent to the roadway.A supplemental PowerPoint Summary is available. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ray, Malcolm H. %E Carrigan, Christine E. %T Recommended Guidelines for the Selection of Test Levels 2 Through 5 Bridge Railings %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26344/recommended-guidelines-for-the-selection-of-test-levels-2-through-5-bridge-railings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26344/recommended-guidelines-for-the-selection-of-test-levels-2-through-5-bridge-railings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 214 %X Since bridges cross over large spans of space they often cross significant features such as busy transportation corridors. In addition, bridges carry heavy vehicles sometimes with dangerous cargos, such as fuel and hazardous chemicals.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 307: Recommended Guidelines for the Selection of Test Levels 2 Through 5 Bridge Railings proposes selection guidelines to assist bridge engineers and highway designers in selecting an appropriate test level for bridge railings based on specific site and traffic conditions. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Jenior, Pete %E Bonneson, James %E Zhao, Laura %E Kittelson, Wayne %E Donnell, Eric %E Gayah, Vikash %T Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 2: Conduct of Research Report %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26393/safety-performance-of-part-time-shoulder-use-on-freeways-volume-2-conduct-of-research-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26393/safety-performance-of-part-time-shoulder-use-on-freeways-volume-2-conduct-of-research-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 286 %X Part-time shoulder use is a congestion relief strategy that allows use of the left or right shoulders as travel lanes during some, but not all, hours of the day.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 309: Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 2: Conduct of Research Report describes the development of crash prediction models for freeways with PTSU operation.Supplemental to the document is a Freeway Analysis Tool, which includes BOS Data, S D PTSU Data, and a Prediction Tool, as well as NCHRP Web-Only Document 309: Safety Performance of Part-Time Shoulder Use on Freeways, Volume 1: Informational Guide and Safety Evaluation Guidelines. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E MRIGlobal, Douglas W. Harwood, Daniel J. Cook %E Hill, Richard C. Coakley, Chad Polk, CH2M %T Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25206/guidelines-for-integrating-safety-and-cost-effectiveness-into-resurfacing-restoration-and-rehabilitation-3r-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25206/guidelines-for-integrating-safety-and-cost-effectiveness-into-resurfacing-restoration-and-rehabilitation-3r-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 234 %X Prior to 1976, federal highway funds could only be used for the construction of new highways or the reconstruction of existing highways. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976 allowed the use of federal aid for resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation (3R) projects on federal-aid highways. However, in 1976 there were no standards for 3R improvements.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 876: Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects presents a rational approach for estimating the cost-effectiveness of including safety and operational improvements in a resurfacing, restoration, or rehabilitation (3R) project.The approach uses the performance of the existing road in estimating the benefits and cost-effectiveness of proposed design improvements. These guidelines are intended to replace TRB Special Report 214: Designing Safer Roads: Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation.Supplemental materials include NCHRP Web-Only Document 244: Developing Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Two spreadsheet tools for benefit–cost analysis in support of design decisions for 3R projects also accompany the report. Spreadsheet Tool 1 is a tool for analysis of a single design alternative or combination of alternatives. Spreadsheet Tool 2 is a tool for comparison of several design alternatives or combinations of alternatives. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Harwood, Douglas W. %E Cook, Daniel J. %E Coakley, Richard %E Polk, Chad %T Developing Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26199/developing-guidelines-for-integrating-safety-and-cost-effectiveness-into-resurfacing-restoration-and-rehabilitation-3r-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26199/developing-guidelines-for-integrating-safety-and-cost-effectiveness-into-resurfacing-restoration-and-rehabilitation-3r-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 166 %X The aging U.S. highway system, coupled with fiscal constraints, is placing increased pressures on highway agencies to maintain the highway system in a cost-effective manner and is, thus, creating greater needs for 3R projects.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 244: Developing Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects presents the results of research to develop improved design guidelines for 3R projects. The guidelines were developed to replace the older guidance presented in TRB Special Report 214: Designing Safer Roads: Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation.Supplementary to the Document is NCHRP Research Report 876: Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Two spreadsheet tools for benefit–cost analysis in support of design decisions for 3R projects also accompany the report. Spreadsheet Tool 1 is a tool for analysis of a single design alternative or combination of alternatives. Spreadsheet Tool 2 is a tool for comparison of several design alternatives or combinations of alternatives. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Gross, Frank %E Le, Thanh %E Kersavage, Kristin %E Chestnutt, Catherine %E Persaud, Bhagwant %E Lyon, Craig %E Gluck, Jerome %T Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 2: Research Overview %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26162/application-of-crash-modification-factors-for-access-management-volume-2-research-overview %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26162/application-of-crash-modification-factors-for-access-management-volume-2-research-overview %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 390 %X The 1st Edition, in 2010, of the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual revolutionized highway engineering practice by providing crash modification factors and functions, along with methods that use safety performance functions for estimating the number of crashes within a corridor, subsequent to implementing safety countermeasures.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 2: Research Overview documents the research process related to access management features. The research project is also summarized in this presentation.NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 1: Practitioner’s Guide presents methods to help transportation practitioners quantify the safety impacts of access management strategies and make more informed access-related decisions on urban and suburban arterials. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Fitzpatrick, Kay %E Das, Subasish %E Pratt, Michael P. %E Dixon, Karen %E Gates, Tim %T Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26200/development-of-a-posted-speed-limit-setting-procedure-and-tool %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26200/development-of-a-posted-speed-limit-setting-procedure-and-tool %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 190 %X Several types of speed limits exist, including statutory speed limit, posted speed limit, school zone speed limit, work zone speed limit, variable speed limit, and advisory speed.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool documents the research efforts and findings from an NCHRP Project 17-76 to identify factors that influence a driver’s operating speed and the development of a Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool.The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 966: Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool: User Guide. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks %@ 978-0-309-47966-0 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26155/space-radiation-and-astronaut-health-managing-and-communicating-cancer-risks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26155/space-radiation-and-astronaut-health-managing-and-communicating-cancer-risks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X Astronauts face unique health-related risks during crewed space missions, and longer-duration missions that extend to greater distances in our solar system (including to the Moon and Mars) will likely increase those risks. Cancer risks due to ionizing radiation exposure are one of these health-related risks. Assessing, managing, and communicating radiation-induced cancer risks associated with spaceflight are challenging because of incomplete knowledge of the radiation environment in space, limited data on radiation-induced cellular damage mechanisms, lack of direct observations from epidemiological studies, and the complexities of understanding radiation risk. At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), an ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened to provide advice on NASA's proposed updates to their space radiation health standard, which sets the allowable limit of space radiation exposure throughout the course of an astronaut's career. Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks provides the committee's recommendations and conclusions regarding the updated space radiation health standard, NASA's radiation risk communication strategies, and a process for developing an ethics-informed waiver protocol for long-duration spaceflight missions. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T COVID-19 Addendum to Critical Issues in Transportation %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26047/covid-19-addendum-to-critical-issues-in-transportation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26047/covid-19-addendum-to-critical-issues-in-transportation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 20 %X The year 2020’s raging coronavirus pandemic and reckoning with long-standing racial injustice led to widespread disruption and suffering, social unrest, and renewed calls for an accounting of our fragmented public health system and troubled history of racial inequity.The crises of 2020 transcend transportation yet also raise fundamental questions for it along with other sectors of our society and economy. In this addendum to Critical Issues in Transportation 2019, the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Executive Committee updates all of the critical issue topic areas to address the short-term and potential long-term effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on transportation.An additional addendum will be issued later in 2021 that delves much more deeply into the equity issue to probe and question transportation’s role in contributing to and redressing racial injustice. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies %@ 978-0-309-44791-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26121/radioactive-sources-applications-and-alternative-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26121/radioactive-sources-applications-and-alternative-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 194 %X Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies assesses the status of medical, research, sterilization, and other commercial applications of radioactive sources and alternative (nonradioisotopic) technologies in the United States and internationally. Focusing on Category 1, 2, and 3 sources, this report reviews the current state of these sources by application and reviews the current state of existing technologies on the market or under development that are or could be used to replace radioisotopic technologies in those applications. Radioactive Sources will support existing and future activities under the National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security program to reduce the use of high-risk radiological materials in commercial applications. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors, Volume 1: Research Overview %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26389/initiating-the-systems-engineering-process-for-rural-connected-vehicle-corridors-volume-1-research-overview %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26389/initiating-the-systems-engineering-process-for-rural-connected-vehicle-corridors-volume-1-research-overview %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 290 %X Connected vehicle technology has garnered substantial consideration and analysis in urban areas but less in rural settings due to infrastructure constraints.The National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 978: Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors, Volume 1: Research Overview identifies good starting points for these projects and also develops a model concept of operations (Volume 2), a model system requirements specification (Volume 3), and a PowerPoint presentation of context diagrams. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Olson, Steve %T Engineering for Pandemics: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery: Proceedings of a Forum %@ 978-0-309-15046-0 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26093/engineering-for-pandemics-preparedness-response-and-recovery-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26093/engineering-for-pandemics-preparedness-response-and-recovery-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 48 %X The 2020 Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Engineering took place under the most unusual circumstances in the Academy's 56-year history. In January 2020 the first few cases of a respiratory illness caused by a newly identified coronavirus were reported in the United States. By March, COVID-19 had become a global pandemic. As soon as the first few cases were reported, engineers began working wiith scientists, medical professionals, and others in the public and private sector to address needs generated by the pandemic. They brought automation, process control, and artificial intelligence to the production of protective equipment, diagnostics, and therapeutics. They established robust supply chains of critical materials. They strengthened the communication technologies and platforms that allowed people to telework and keep in touch with friends and family members. The 2020 annual meeting was held virtually. The two main plenary presentations, delivered by David Walt, the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard Medical School, and Pam Cheng, executive vice president of global operations and information technology for AstraZeneca, focused on the critical role of engineers in responding to the epidemic. Similarly, the annual forum, held the next day and organized by NAE executive officer Al Romig, Jr., and a distinguished organizing committee, was entitled "Engineering for Pandemics: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery". The plenary and forum presentations, which are summarized in this volume, abundantly demonstrate the essential functions that engineers have performed in responding to the virus. They also reveal the lessons derived from engineering that must be absorbed to prepare effectively for future pandemics and for other disasters, expected and unexpected, that will certainly occur in the future. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E McHugh, Kelly %T Exploring the Role of Critical Health Literacy in Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26214/exploring-the-role-of-critical-health-literacy-in-addressing-the-social-determinants-of-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26214/exploring-the-role-of-critical-health-literacy-in-addressing-the-social-determinants-of-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 13 %X The Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop on January 27, 2021 on the role of critical health literacy in addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH), particularly among vulnerable populations. The SDOH are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. The workshop examined the evolving concept of critical health literacy, which refers to health literacy skills that lead to empowerment of individuals, communities, and organizations to take action around the conditions that create or detract from health. Participants also explored how the concept of critical health literacy differs from the general concept of health literacy; how individuals and organizations use critical health literacy strategies to address the SDOH; and what research and implementation opportunities exist for critical health literacy as a tool to address the SDOH. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Microphysiological Systems: Bridging Human and Animal Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 10 %X Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex, multi-cellular in vitro systems that commonly include three-dimensional aspects, fluid flow, changing pressure or stretch, and multi-organ interactions. These systems are being developed to better mimic some aspects of specific organ systems or combinations of organ systems to improve upon standard two-dimensional cell systems, with the goal of eventually replacing animal models being used for hazard identification, risk assessment, and disease modeling, among other uses. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a workshop to discuss current progress in developing MPS that realistically model in vivo animal and human physiology and to strategize about the potential to establish sustainable human and animal MPS banks. Speakers discussed how MPS fit within the portfolio of tools used in their fields of expertise, the limitations and areas of needed improvement for MPS, and how MPS may be used in the future as the technology develops. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.