%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Microphysiological Systems: Bridging Human and Animal Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 10 %X Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex, multi-cellular in vitro systems that commonly include three-dimensional aspects, fluid flow, changing pressure or stretch, and multi-organ interactions. These systems are being developed to better mimic some aspects of specific organ systems or combinations of organ systems to improve upon standard two-dimensional cell systems, with the goal of eventually replacing animal models being used for hazard identification, risk assessment, and disease modeling, among other uses. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a workshop to discuss current progress in developing MPS that realistically model in vivo animal and human physiology and to strategize about the potential to establish sustainable human and animal MPS banks. Speakers discussed how MPS fit within the portfolio of tools used in their fields of expertise, the limitations and areas of needed improvement for MPS, and how MPS may be used in the future as the technology develops. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Airborne Platforms to Advance NASA Earth System Science Priorities: Assessing the Future Need for a Large Aircraft %@ 978-0-309-30603-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26079/airborne-platforms-to-advance-nasa-earth-system-science-priorities-assessing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26079/airborne-platforms-to-advance-nasa-earth-system-science-priorities-assessing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Earth Sciences %P 228 %X The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other U.S. science research agencies operate a fleet of research aircraft and other airborne platforms that offer diverse capabilities. To inform NASA's future investments in airborne platforms, this study examines whether a large aircraft that would replace the current NASA DC-8 is needed to address Earth system science questions, and the role of other airborne platforms for achieving future Earth system science research goals. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 116 %X The Space Studies Board (SSB) is a unit of the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. SSB provides an independent, authoritative forum for information and advice on all aspects of space science and applications and serves as the focal point within the National Academies for activities on space research. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 describes the projects and activities of SSB; explains the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units; and assures the quality of the SSB reports. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E ElBatanouny, Mohamed K. %E Hawkins, Kathleen A. %E Krauss, Paul D. %T Practices for Bridge Approach Systems %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26196/practices-for-bridge-approach-systems %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26196/practices-for-bridge-approach-systems %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 212 %X Bridge approach systems are used by state departments of transportation (DOTs) to form a smooth transition between the roadway and bridges. Adequate performance of bridge approaches is of extreme importance to transportation agencies as they affect both safety and the public perception of ride quality if the transition is not smooth.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 566: Practices for Bridge Approach Systems documents the current state of the practice at state DOTs related to the design, construction, and maintenance of bridge approach systems. State DOT design guides and standard specifications were reviewed as part of the information-gathering process. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Critical Findings on COVID-19: Select Publications from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26100/critical-findings-on-covid-19-select-publications-from-the-national %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26100/critical-findings-on-covid-19-select-publications-from-the-national %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 286 %X For more than 150 years, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine have issued reports detailing leading research on public health and infectious disease. In response to the global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the National Academies has continued this work by issuing publications related to disease transmission, preventative measures, vaccinations, and more that can inform the public response to the pandemic. Critical Findings on COVID-19 includes summaries and highlights of many of our key publications on COVID-19, including consensus study reports, workshop and webinar proceedings, and rapid expert consultations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies %@ 978-0-309-44791-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26121/radioactive-sources-applications-and-alternative-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26121/radioactive-sources-applications-and-alternative-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 194 %X Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies assesses the status of medical, research, sterilization, and other commercial applications of radioactive sources and alternative (nonradioisotopic) technologies in the United States and internationally. Focusing on Category 1, 2, and 3 sources, this report reviews the current state of these sources by application and reviews the current state of existing technologies on the market or under development that are or could be used to replace radioisotopic technologies in those applications. Radioactive Sources will support existing and future activities under the National Nuclear Security Administration Office of Radiological Security program to reduce the use of high-risk radiological materials in commercial applications. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Plasma Science: Enabling Technology, Sustainability, Security, and Exploration %@ 978-0-309-67760-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25802/plasma-science-enabling-technology-sustainability-security-and-exploration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25802/plasma-science-enabling-technology-sustainability-security-and-exploration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Space and Aeronautics %P 432 %X Plasma Science and Engineering transforms fundamental scientific research into powerful societal applications, from materials processing and healthcare to forecasting space weather. Plasma Science: Enabling Technology, Sustainability, Security and Exploration discusses the importance of plasma research, identifies important grand challenges for the next decade, and makes recommendations on funding and workforce. This publication will help federal agencies, policymakers, and academic leadership understand the importance of plasma research and make informed decisions about plasma science funding, workforce, and research directions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Harris, Kathleen Mullan %E Majmundar, Malay K. %E Becker, Tara %T High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults %@ 978-0-309-68473-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25976/high-and-rising-mortality-rates-among-working-age-adults %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25976/high-and-rising-mortality-rates-among-working-age-adults %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 596 %X The past century has witnessed remarkable advances in life expectancy in the United States and throughout the world. In 2010, however, progress in life expectancy in the United States began to stall, despite continuing to increase in other high-income countries. Alarmingly, U.S. life expectancy fell between 2014 and 2015 and continued to decline through 2017, the longest sustained decline in life expectancy in a century (since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919). The recent decline in U.S. life expectancy appears to have been the product of two trends: (1) an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults, defined as those aged 25-64 years (i.e., "working age"), which began in the 1990s for several specific causes of death (e.g., drug- and alcohol-related causes and suicide); and (2) a slowing of declines in working-age mortality due to other causes of death (mainly cardiovascular diseases) after 2010. High and Rising Mortality Rates among Working Age Adults highlights the crisis of rising premature mortality that threatens the future of the nation's families, communities, and national wellbeing. This report identifies the key drivers of increasing death rates and disparities in working-age mortality over the period 1990 to 2017; elucidates modifiable risk factors that could alleviate poor health in the working-age population, as well as widening health inequalities; identifies key knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research and data collection to fill those gaps; and explores potential policy implications. After a comprehensive analysis of the trends in working-age mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geography using the most up-to-date data, this report then looks upstream to the macrostructural factors (e.g., public policies, macroeconomic trends, social and economic inequality, technology) and social determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status, environment, social networks) that may affect the health of working-age Americans in multiple ways and through multiple pathways. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Ensuring an Effective Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise %@ 978-0-309-27148-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26373/ensuring-an-effective-public-health-emergency-medical-countermeasures-enterprise %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26373/ensuring-an-effective-public-health-emergency-medical-countermeasures-enterprise %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 138 %X The U.S. medical countermeasures (MCMs) enterprise is interconnected, complex, and dynamic. It includes public and private entities that develop and manufacture new and existing MCMs, ensure procurement, storage, and distribution of MCMs, and administer, monitor, and evaluate MCMs. The interagency group known as the Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) is the nation's sole coordinating body, responsible for ensuring end-to-end MCM preparedness and response. Ensuring an Effective Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise provides recommendations from an expert committee for a re-envisioned PHEMCE. Four priority areas of improvement emerged from committee deliberations: (1) articulating PHEMCE's mission and role and explicating the principles guiding PHEMCE's operating principles and processes, (2) revising PHEMCE operations and processes, (3) collaborating more effectively with external public and private partners, and (4) navigating legal and policy issues.