TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth A. Davis A2 - Amy Stephens TI - Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades: The Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators SN - DO - 10.17226/26215 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Starting in early childhood, children are capable of learning sophisticated science and engineering concepts and engage in disciplinary practices. They are deeply curious about the world around them and eager to investigate the many questions they have about their environment. Educators can develop learning environments that support the development and demonstration of proficiencies in science and engineering, including making connections across the contexts of learning, which can help children see their ideas, interests, and practices as meaningful not just for school, but also in their lives. Unfortunately, in many preschool and elementary schools science gets relatively little attention compared to English language arts and mathematics. In addition, many early childhood and elementary teachers do not have extensive grounding in science and engineering content. Science and Engineering in Preschool through Elementary Grades provides evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction that supports the success of all students. This report evaluates the state of the evidence on learning experiences prior to school; promising instructional approaches and what is needed for implementation to include teacher professional development, curriculum, and instructional materials; and the policies and practices at all levels that constrain or facilitate efforts to enhance preschool through elementary science and engineering. Building a solid foundation in science and engineering in the elementary grades sets the stage for later success, both by sustaining and enhancing students' natural enthusiasm for science and engineering and by establishing the knowledge and skills they need to approach the more challenging topics introduced in later grades. Through evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction, this report will help teachers to support the success of all students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steven M. Teutsch A2 - Amy B. Geller A2 - Aimee M. Mead TI - Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects SN - DO - 10.17226/26421 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The early to mid-1990s saw a large surge in U.S. cigar consumption, including premium cigars. Based on recent import data, premium cigar use may be increasing, though they currently make up a small percent of the total U.S. cigar market. Premium cigars have also been the subject of legal and regulatory efforts for the past decade. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a comprehensive review of available knowledge about cigars - the only one to date. The resulting research recommendations have largely not been addressed, and many of the identified information gaps persist. Furthermore, there is no single, consistent definition of premium cigars, making research challenging. In response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee of experts to address this issue. The resulting report, Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects, includes 13 findings, 24 conclusions, and nine priority research recommendations and assesses the state of evidence on premium cigar characteristics, current patterns of use, marketing and perceptions of the product, and short- long-term health effects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Candace Huntington TI - Rebuilding Research, Education, and Innovation in Ukraine: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26795 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Pragmatic Future for NAEP: Containing Costs and Updating Technologies SN - DO - 10.17226/26427 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26427/a-pragmatic-future-for-naep-containing-costs-and-updating-technologies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) - often called "The Nation's Report Card" - is the largest nationally representative and continuing assessment of what students in public and private schools in the United States know and can do in various subjects and has provided policy makers and the public with invaluable information on U.S. students for more than 50 years. Unique in the information it provides, NAEP is the nation's only mechanism for tracking student achievement over time and comparing trends across states and districts for all students and important student groups (e.g., by race, sex, English learner status, disability status, family poverty status). While the program helps educators, policymakers, and the public understand these educational outcomes, the program has incurred substantially increased costs in recent years and now costs about $175.2 million per year. A Pragmatic Future for NAEP: Containing Costs and Updating Technologies recommends changes to bolster the future success of the program by identifying areas where federal administrators could take advantage of savings, such as new technological tools and platforms as well as efforts to use local administration and deployment for the tests. Additionally, the report recommends areas where the program should clearly communicate about spending and undertake efforts to streamline management. The report also provides recommendations to increase the visibility and coherence of NAEP's research activities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Taking Stock of Science Standards Implementation: Proceedings of a Virtual Summit SN - DO - 10.17226/26549 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26549/taking-stock-of-science-standards-implementation-proceedings-of-a-virtual PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - On October 14 and 15, and December 8, 2021, the Board on Science Education at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual Summit entitled Taking Stock of Science Standards Implementation. Participants explored the landscape of state science standards implementation, identified where there have been successes and challenges, and determined next steps and the resources needed for continuing or re-invigorating implementation efforts. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kat M. Anderson TI - COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26700 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26700/covid-19-health-equity-and-the-asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Communities of color have been among the hardest hit by the COVID virus. Less is known, however, about infection and vaccination rates in the different populations that make up the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AA/NH/PI) communities. In at least 16 states that do disaggregate their data, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have the highest mortality rates. Additionally, reports of incidents of xenophobia and violence against AANHPI community members, particularly women, became more frequent during the pandemic. Finally, there is a lack of data on AANHPI health and well-being in comparison to other groups, which will make it more difficult to correct these disparities in the future. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity planned and hosted a 2-day public workshop in December 2021 titled COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Native Hawaiian Communities. The workshop focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unique obstacles faced by the AANHPI communities in achieving health equity. This Proceedings of a Workshop-In Brief summarizes the events covered in the workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Research and Data Priorities for Improving Economic and Social Mobility: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26598 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - Since around 1980, fewer Americans than before are doing better than their parents had – that is, more are experiencing downward social and economic mobility in terms of occupational status and income. This trend in downward mobility is occurring amidst high and rising levels of inequality in income, wealth, health, and life expectancy. To better understand the factors that influence social and economic mobility, the Committee on Population and the Committee on National Statistics hosted a workshop on February 14-15, 2022. The proceedings from this workshop identify key priorities for future research and data collection to improve social and economic mobility. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kelly McHugh A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Joe Alper TI - Adoption of Health Literacy Best Practices to Enhance Clinical Research and Community Participation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26506 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26506/adoption-of-health-literacy-best-practices-to-enhance-clinical-research-and-community-participation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Clinical research is critical to developing new treatments and therapies for patients. To maximize societal benefit and health equity, it is important that clinical research information be accessible and inclusive, and participants should be representative of the patient population. To explore the role that patient comprehension of clinical research can have in delivering high-quality clinical care and in increasing the diversity of the populations enrolled in clinical research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy held a virtual public workshop on October 28, 2021. Workshop attendees discussed current and promising resources and approaches for ensuring that the public receives clinical research information in accessible language that promotes health literacy. They also discussed strategies for integrating clinical research information into various care and community settings to improve research awareness and engagement. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Shana Johnson A2 - Sofie Rhoads A2 - Rebecca Slocum A2 - Trey Miller A2 - Laura Duke TI - Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns DO - 10.17226/26487 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26487/assessing-equity-and-identifying-impacts-associated-with-bus-network-redesigns PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Numerous transit agencies, of all sizes, have undertaken bus network redesigns across the United States and Canada over the past decade. The importance of incorporating equity considerations in the planning process is an emerging topic that is rapidly evolving, especially since 2020.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 159: Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns documents the current practice of how transit providers are defining, assessing, and addressing the equity impacts of bus network redesigns, including and beyond the Federal Transit Administration’s Title VI regulatory requirements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Olujimi Ajijola A2 - Charles R. Bridges, Jr. A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Educational Pathways for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26391 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26391/educational-pathways-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Academic preparation is critical to increase Black representation in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, but so, too, are such interrelated factors as providing mentoring and role models in sufficient numbers, adequately funding school and community support services, and analyzing the intentional and unintentional consequences of a range of policies and practices. To address these issues, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on September 2 and 3, 2020. Titled "Educational Pathways for Blacks in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions," the workshop provided a platform to explore challenges and opportunities, beginning in the earliest years of life through K-12 schooling, undergraduate and postgraduate education, and into the workforce. Presenters throughout the workshop provided perspectives from research and from their own experiences to discuss the need for systemic solutions inside and outside of formal education institutions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Liza Hamilton TI - Anticipating Rare Events of Major Significance: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26698 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26698/anticipating-rare-events-of-major-significance-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Intelligence Community Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day virtual workshop on December 17 and 21, 2021, to explore insights from world-class experts and technologists familiar with the extensive range of issues associated with anticipating rare events—those characterized by a very low probability of occurring—of major significance. Over the course of the 2-day workshop, the speakers discussed analytical methods, computational advances, data sources, and risk assessment approaches for anticipating rare events, including natural disasters, pandemics, anthropogenic threats, and widespread technological change. This proceedings is a factual summary of the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Kelly McHugh A2 - Joe Alper TI - Providing Health Literate Virtual Health Services: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26490 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26490/providing-health-literate-virtual-health-services-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in health services being conducted by telephone or video. While this change may have important benefits to patients, such as increasing access to care, it may also pose challenges for those with low health literacy. To explore these challenges, as well as opportunities for increasing access to care, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy held a virtual public workshop on September 23, 2021. The workshop examined the experiences that individuals with low health literacy have with using virtual or telehealth services; best practices for ensuring that individuals with low health literacy are able to obtain, process, understand, and act upon health information and services provided virtually or through telehealth; and health system and provider strategies for ensuring the delivery of health literate virtual health services that benefit patients and practitioners alike. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop SN - DO - 10.17226/26532 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26532/automated-research-workflows-for-accelerated-discovery-closing-the-knowledge-discovery PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The needs and demands placed on science to address a range of urgent problems are growing. The world is faced with complex, interrelated challenges in which the way forward lies hidden or dispersed across disciplines and organizations. For centuries, scientific research has progressed through iteration of a workflow built on experimentation or observation and analysis of the resulting data. While computers and automation technologies have played a central role in research workflows for decades to acquire, process, and analyze data, these same computing and automation technologies can now also control the acquisition of data, for example, through the design of new experiments or decision making about new observations. The term automated research workflow (ARW) describes scientific research processes that are emerging across a variety of disciplines and fields. ARWs integrate computation, laboratory automation, and tools from artificial intelligence in the performance of tasks that make up the research process, such as designing experiments, observations, and simulations; collecting and analyzing data; and learning from the results to inform further experiments, observations, and simulations. The common goal of researchers implementing ARWs is to accelerate scientific knowledge generation, potentially by orders of magnitude, while achieving greater control and reproducibility in the scientific process. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop examines current efforts to develop advanced and automated workflows to accelerate research progress, including wider use of artificial intelligence. This report identifies research needs and priorities in the use of advanced and automated workflows for scientific research. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery is intended to create awareness, momentum, and synergies to realize the potential of ARWs in scholarly discovery. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Shauna Hallmark A2 - Nicole Oneyear A2 - John Shaw A2 - John Gaspar A2 - Cher Carney A2 - Chris Schwarz TI - Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving DO - 10.17226/26550 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26550/influence-of-infrastructure-design-on-distracted-driving PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - While many studies have focused on driver distractions such as cell-phone use, the impact of infrastructure elements on distraction and the extent to which they may cause distraction has not been well studied. Examples include objects that are unusual (such as aesthetic bridges) or confusing (signage or markings) or that require an unusual amount of time to locate (like a specific wayfinding sign among multiple roadside objects).The TRB Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program's BTSCRP Web-Only Document 1: Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving provides an opportunity to develop a better understanding of the interaction between the built environment and driver distraction. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Susan Chrysler A2 - Kay Fitzpatrick A2 - LuAnn Theiss A2 - Chuck Fuhs TI - Application of Dynamic Lane-Use Control: Proposed Practices DO - 10.17226/26810 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26810/application-of-dynamic-lane-use-control-proposed-practices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Dynamic lane-use control has been in use for over 50 years on arterial streets, freeways, toll plazas, bridges, and tunnels. One could say lane-use control signals were the first form of active traffic management. And yet, they are one of the least-researched traffic control devices in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1021: Application of Dynamic Lane-Use Control: Proposed Practices presents a comprehensive, human factor study of dynamic lane-use control signal applications to provide advanced warning of closures in arterial and freeway operations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Richard Rosenfeld A2 - Amanda Grigg TI - The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison SN - DO - 10.17226/26459 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Nearly 600,000 people are released from state and federal prisons annually. Whether these individuals will successfully reintegrate into their communities has been identified as a critical measure of the effectiveness of the criminal legal system. However, evaluating the successful reentry of individuals released from prison is a challenging process, particularly given limitations of currently available data and the complex set of factors that shape reentry experiences. The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison finds that the current measures of success for individuals released from prison are inadequate. The use of recidivism rates to evaluate post-release success ignores significant research on how and why individuals cease to commit crimes, as well as the important role of structural factors in shaping post-release outcomes. The emphasis on recidivism as the primary metric to evaluate post-release success also ignores progress in other domains essential to the success of individuals returning to communities, including education, health, family, and employment. In addition, the report highlights the unique and essential insights held by those who have experienced incarceration and proposes that the development and implementation of new measures of post-release success would significantly benefit from active engagement with individuals with this lived experience. Despite significant challenges, the report outlines numerous opportunities to improve the measurement of success among individuals released from prison and the report’s recommendations, if implemented, will contribute to policies that increase the health, safety, and security of formerly incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Selected Immune Disorders and Disability SN - DO - 10.17226/26595 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26595/selected-immune-disorders-and-disability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers the Social Security Disability Insurance program and the Supplemental Security Income program. As part of their process, immune system disorders are evaluated under Listing of Impairments 14.00 for adults and 114.00 for children. At the request of the SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled a committee to review selected conditions related to the immune system. In particular, the SSA was interested in the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of immune system disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome/disease, and inflammatory arthritis. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these immune system disorders in the U.S. population and the relative levels of functional limitation typically associated with them, common treatments, and other considerations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alexandra Andrada A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Joe Alper TI - Strategies and Interventions to Reduce Suicide: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26471 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26471/strategies-and-interventions-to-reduce-suicide-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The persistent trends in suicide necessitate action among mental health care providers and payers, researchers, and community leaders. Health care settings provide an important opportunity for suicide intervention and prevention, but they cannot yet fully manage suicide risk because of a lack of training, knowledge gaps, and reimbursement challenges. School, workplace, and community-based interventions can help reduce the incidence of suicidal behavior, as can better access to care and reduced access to lethal means of suicide. To better understand the strategies to improve access to effective interventions to prevent suicide, the Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a two-part virtual public workshop, Strategies and Interventions to Reduce Suicide, on June 22, 2021, and July 28, 2021. The first webinar examined the scope of the public health problem, discussed implementation of effective approaches for suicide prevention care, and addressed known barriers to health care access. The second webinar focused on building 9-8-8, the new nationwide emergency number designated to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Participants discussed current crisis systems, gaps, challenges, and needs for marginalized populations. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Candace Brakewood TI - Considering the Unbanked in Cashless Fare Payment at Point of Service for Bus/Demand-Response Services DO - 10.17226/26589 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26589/considering-the-unbanked-in-cashless-fare-payment-at-point-of-service-for-busdemand-response-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - In recent years, many transit systems have been considering the benefits and challenges of moving to completely cashless fare payments and trying to find innovative solutions to help all their customers.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 163: Considering the Unbanked in Cashless Fare Payment at Point of Service for Bus/Demand-Response Services is designed to help inform transit systems of the impacts of going cashless. Several emerging trends are identified, including that transit agencies are seeking to understand how many riders are unbanked and how to meet their needs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - April Melvin TI - Wildland Fires: Toward Improved Understanding and Forecasting of Air Quality Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26465 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26465/wildland-fires-toward-improved-understanding-and-forecasting-of-air-quality-impacts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Wildland fires pose a growing threat to air quality and human health. Fire is a natural part of many landscapes, but the extent of area burned and the severity of fires have been increasing, concurrent with human movement into previously uninhabited fire-prone areas and forest management practices that have increased fuel loads. These changes heighten the risk of exposure to fire itself and emissions (smoke), which can travel thousands of miles and affect millions of people, creating local, regional, and national air quality and health concerns. To address this growing threat, the National Academies brought together atmospheric chemistry and health research communities, natural resource managers, and decision makers to discuss current knowledge and needs surrounding how wildland fire emissions affect air quality and human health. Participants also explored opportunities to better bridge these communities to advance science and improve the production and exchange of information. This publication summarizes the workshop discussions and themes that emerged throughout the meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Frances Johnson TI - Materials Science and Engineering in a Post-Pandemic World: A DoD Perspective: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26226 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26226/materials-science-and-engineering-in-a-post-pandemic-world-a-dod-perspective PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Advances in materials science and engineering play a crucial role in supporting the U.S. economy and national security. To maintain its leading edge in the field, the United States relies on a rich and diverse innovation ecosystem encompassing industry, academic institutions, and government laboratories. While this ecosystem has generated numerous gains for defense agencies, the technology sector, consumers, and the country as a whole over many decades, recent years have brought new challenges and a shifting global dynamic in the field. The United States, long a global magnet for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and expertise, has seen its competitive edge slip as other countries in Europe and Asia have increased their investments in cultivating science and engineering talent and innovation. In 2020, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused far-reaching disruptions for both education and supply chains across the world, compounding many of the dynamics that were already affecting materials science and engineering in the United States. To explore these issues, the Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering in a Post-Pandemic World was organized as part of a workshop series on Defense Materials Manufacturing and Its Infrastructure. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the virtual event brought together approximately 30 speakers and attendees representing materials science, engineering, and manufacturing experts from industry, academia, and government agencies. The 3-day workshop explored education and workforce trends across the nation and the globe, with particular focus on the U.S. Department of Defense and university-government collaborations. Participants discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected science and engineering education, opportunities to reimagine traditional education for the field, and the imperative to develop a more diverse workforce. Several speakers presented their views on what the post-pandemic future may hold, and many offered perspectives on key concerns and priorities for the field moving forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - Approaches to Assessing Intake of Food and Dietary Supplements in Pregnant Women and Children 2 to 11 Years of Age: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26374 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26374/approaches-to-assessing-intake-of-food-and-dietary-supplements-in-pregnant-women-and-children-2-to-11-years-of-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - A virtual workshop series titled Approaches to Assessing Intake of Food and Dietary Supplements in Pregnant Women and Children 2 to 11 Years of Age was convened in May, 2021 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The four-day workshop series explored the evidence on methodological approaches to assessing intake of food and dietary supplements in pregnant women and children 2 to 11 years of age. Obtaining reliable and valid dietary intake information for these population groups is particularly difficult - in pregnancy, rapid changes in nutrient needs and dietary intakes occur, and in young children, much of dietary intake is consumed outside the home and is often misreported by the children or their proxy reporters. To advance the quality of the science in these areas, the workshop had four goals: identify the suite of current methods used in dietary assessments, including food and dietary supplements, in pregnant women and children 2 to 11 years of age; identify the methodological challenges and opportunities in improving current methods; explore methodologies in other disciplines and their application in dietary assessments in those populations; and discuss factors to consider when implementing dietary assessment tools in those populations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Wolfgram A2 - Cyndy Pollan A2 - Kirstie Hostetter A2 - Amy Martin A2 - Tina Spencer A2 - Scott Rodda A2 - Andrew Amey TI - Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion DO - 10.17226/26514 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26514/measuring-and-managing-fare-evasion PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Fare evasion is generally defined as a passenger using public transit without paying the required fare or possessing the required fare media or valid proof of fare payment. Fare evasion has significant implications for the financial sustainability of transit systems and must be replaced by another stable source of funding.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program TCRP Research Report 234: Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion explores in detail the recent past and emerging future of fare enforcement on transit systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer TI - Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) SN - DO - 10.17226/26281 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Kelly McHugh TI - Optimizing Care Systems for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26624 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26624/optimizing-care-systems-for-people-with-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Approximately 7.4 million people in the United States live with an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD), defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as "a group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas. These conditions begin during the developmental period, may impact day-to-day functioning, and usually last throughout a person’s lifetime." Individuals with IDD and their caretakers face exceptional barriers to staying healthy and accessing appropriate health services. Among these barriers are difficulty finding care providers that are adequately trained in meeting their specialized needs, unwieldy payment structures, and a lack of coordination between the various systems of care with which patients with IDD may interact (e.g., education, social work, various segments of the health care system). The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to discuss promising innovations in (1) workforce development, (2) financing and payment, and (3) care coordination; and to share visions for improved systems of care. Participants noted that while many existing approaches could serve as models for improving care, large changes will need to be made in these 3 facets of the care system in order to make them accessible to all IDD patients. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Aiuppa Denning A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Long COVID: Examining Long-Term Health Effects of COVID-19 and Implications for the Social Security Administration: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26619 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26619/long-covid-examining-long-term-health-effects-of-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - 'Long COVID' refers to the wide range of long-lasting symptoms experienced by some patients after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms include fatigue, headache, brain fog, shortness of breath, hair loss, and pain. At this time, there are many knowledge gaps related to Long COVID, including the prevalence of the condition, the impact of the symptoms on survivors' ability to function, and the long-term course of the condition. While many individuals with Long COVID recover within one year, others experience little or no decrease in symptom severity over time. Long COVID symptoms can affect a person's ability to work and otherwise function in daily life, so people with the condition may need to utilize programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and the Supplemental Security Income Program (SSI). The Social Security Administration (SSA), which administers both of these programs, requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine host a public workshop to discuss research into the long-term health effects of COVID-19, their impacts on individuals and populations, and how the SSDI and SSI programs can support individuals who suffer disability as a result of Long COVID. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jonathan Samet A2 - Autumn Downey A2 - Olivia C. Yost TI - Frameworks for Protecting Workers and the Public from Inhalation Hazards SN - DO - 10.17226/26372 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26372/frameworks-for-protecting-workers-and-the-public-from-inhalation-hazards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Individuals in the United States and Americans abroad are exposed to inhalation hazards from a variety of sources, and these hazards can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on health. For example, exposure to wildfire smoke, which contains particulate matter and toxic chemicals, can lead to respiratory problems, increased risk for heart attacks, and other adverse health outcomes. Individuals also may be exposed to airborne infectious agents through aerosol or droplet transmission, and as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the individual and public health consequences of these exposures can be severe. Storms, floods, and hurricanes can increase exposure to moisture-driven hazards, such as mold, and to accidental releases from production facilities or transport vehicles that may result in chemical exposures. The current regulatory system is focused primarily on ensuring access to respiratory protection in occupational settings characterized by well-defined hazards and employer-employee relationships. With this narrow regulatory focus, the respiratory protection needs of the public and many workers are not being met. As climate change increases the incidence and severity of wildfires, hurricanes, floods, infectious disease outbreaks, and other phenomena that impact air quality and human health, it is imperative that the United States ensure that the respiratory protection needs of the public and all workers are met. Recognizing the urgent need to address the gaps in the nation's ability to meet the respiratory protection needs of the public and workers without workplace respiratory protection programs, this report makes recommendations for a framework of responsibilities and authorities that would provide a unified and authoritative source of information and effective oversight for the development, approval, and use of respiratory protection. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The National Imperative to Improve Nursing Home Quality: Honoring Our Commitment to Residents, Families, and Staff SN - DO - 10.17226/26526 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26526/the-national-imperative-to-improve-nursing-home-quality-honoring-our PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nursing homes play a unique dual role in the long-term care continuum, serving as a place where people receive needed health care and a place they call home. Ineffective responses to the complex challenges of nursing home care have resulted in a system that often fails to ensure the well-being and safety of nursing home residents. The devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing home residents and staff has renewed attention to the long-standing weaknesses that impede the provision of high-quality nursing home care. With support from a coalition of sponsors, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formed the Committee on the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes to examine how the United States delivers, finances, regulates, and measures the quality of nursing home care. The National Imperative to Improve Nursing Home Quality: Honoring Our Commitment to Residents, Families, and Staff identifies seven broad goals and supporting recommendations which provide the overarching framework for a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of care in nursing homes. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Robert M. Kaplan A2 - Alexandra S. Beatty TI - Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge SN - DO - 10.17226/26464 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26464/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - New research in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and other fields is published every day, but the gap between what is known and the capacity to act on that knowledge has never been larger. Scholars and nonscholars alike face the problem of how to organize knowledge and to integrate new observations with what is already known. Ontologies - formal, explicit specifications of the meaning of the concepts and entities that scientists study - provide a way to address these and other challenges, and thus to accelerate progress in behavioral research and its application. Ontologies help researchers precisely define behavioral phenomena and how they relate to each other and reliably classify them. They help researchers identify the inconsistent use of definitions, labels, and measures and provide the basis for sharing knowledge across diverse approaches and methodologies. Although ontologies are an ancient idea, modern researchers rely on them to codify research terms and findings in computer-readable formats and work with large datasets and computer-based analytic techniques. Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge describes how ontologies support science and its application to real-world problems. This report details how ontologies function, how they can be engineered to better support the behavioral sciences, and the resources needed to sustain their development and use to help ensure the maximum benefit from investment in behavioral science research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Cryptography and the Intelligence Community: The Future of Encryption SN - DO - 10.17226/26168 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26168/cryptography-and-the-intelligence-community-the-future-of-encryption PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Encryption is a process for making information unreadable by an adversary who does not possess a specific key that is required to make the encrypted information readable. The inverse process, making information that has been encrypted readable, is referred to as decryption. Cryptography has become widespread and is used by private as well as governmental actors. It also enables authentication and underlies the safe use of the Internet and computer systems by individuals and organizations worldwide. Emerging cryptographic technologies offer capabilities such as the ability to process encrypted information without first decrypting it. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, this report identifies potential scenarios that would describe the balance between encryption and decryption over the next 10 to 20 years and assesses the national security and intelligence implications of each scenario. For each of these scenarios, Cryptography and the Intelligence Community identifies risks, opportunities, and actions. Attention to the findings should enable the Intelligence Community to prepare for the future and to recognize emerging trends and developments and respond appropriately. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo A2 - Alex Helman TI - Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups SN - DO - 10.17226/26479 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paul A. Volberding A2 - Carol Mason Spicer A2 - Tom Cartaxo A2 - Roberta A. Wedge TI - Selected Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue and Disability SN - DO - 10.17226/26431 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26431/selected-heritable-disorders-of-connective-tissue-and-disability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCTs) are a diverse group of inherited genetic disorders and subtypes. Because connective tissue is found throughout the body, the impairments associated with HDCTs manifest in multiple body systems and may change or vary in severity throughout an affected individual's lifetime. In some cases, these impairments may be severe enough to qualify an eligible child or adult for monetary benefits through the U.S. Social Security Administration's (SSA's) Social Security Disability Insurance or Supplemental Security Income program. SSA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee that would provide current information regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of selected HDCTs, including Marfan syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, and the effect of the disorders and their treatment on functioning. The resulting report, Selected Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue and Disability, presents the committee's findings and conclusions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Ester Sztein TI - International Perspectives in U.S. Psychological Science Journals: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26742 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26742/international-perspectives-in-us-psychological-science-journals-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Most empirical research in psychology historically has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, despite the importance placed on culture in theoretical models. The consequence of conducting basic science only in high-income, Western countries is that psychological science is defined by the experiences of individuals in those countries. Collecting data in a wide range of countries, establishing international collaborations, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to the effort to expand cultural context. Publishing the research in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals is also critical. To discuss the challenges of publishing high quality international work in U.S. journals and suggest solutions to incorporate international perspectives into U.S. psychological journals, the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine invited journal editors, society representatives, and publishers to a virtual workshop on June 28 and 29, 2021. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up SN - DO - 10.17226/26156 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26156/guidance-on-pfas-exposure-testing-and-clinical-follow-up PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - In thousands of communities across the United States, drinking water is contaminated with chemicals known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS are used in a wide range of products, such as non-stick cookware, water and stain repellent fabrics, and fire-fighting foam, because they have properties that repel oil and water, reduce friction, and resist temperature changes. PFAS can leak into the environment where they are made, used, disposed of, or spilled. PFAS exposure has been linked to a number of adverse health effects including certain cancers, thyroid dysfunction, changes in cholesterol, and small reductions in birth weight. This report recommends that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update its clinical guidance to advise clinicians to offer PFAS blood testing to patients who are likely to have a history of elevated exposure, such as those with occupational exposures or those who live in areas known to be contaminated. If testing reveals PFAS levels associated with an increased risk of adverse effects, patients should receive regular screenings and monitoring for these and other health impacts. Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up recommends that the CDC, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and public health departments support clinicians by creating educational materials on PFAS exposure, potential health effects, the limitations of testing, and the benefits and harms of testing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Adam Gamoran A2 - Kenne Dibner TI - The Future of Education Research at IES: Advancing an Equity-Oriented Science SN - DO - 10.17226/26428 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26428/the-future-of-education-research-at-ies-advancing-an-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In 2002 Congress passed the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA), authorizing the creation of the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) as the research, evaluation, statistics, and assessment arm of the Department of Education, and crystallizing the federal government's commitment to providing national leadership in expanding fundamental knowledge and understanding of education from early childhood through postsecondary study. IES shares information on the condition and progress of education in the United States, including early childhood education and special education; educational practices that support learning and improve academic achievement and access to educational opportunities for all students; and the effectiveness of federal and other education programs. In response to a request from the Institute of Education Sciences, this report provides guidance on the future of education research at the National Center for Education Research and the National Center for Special Education Research, two centers directed by IES. This report identifies critical problems and issues, new methods and approaches, and new and different kinds of research training investments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Nancy Bates A2 - Marshall Chin A2 - Tara Becker TI - Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation SN - DO - 10.17226/26424 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26424/measuring-sex-gender-identity-and-sexual-orientation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are key indicators of the demographic diversity in the United States. Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. This is turn affects sexual orientation, because it is defined on the basis of the relationship between a person's own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are core aspects of identity that shape opportunities, experiences with discrimination, and outcomes through the life course; therefore, it is crucial that measures of these concepts accurately capture their complexity. Recognition of the diversity within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender minorities - the LGBTQI+ population - has also led to a reexamination of how the concepts of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are measured. Better measurement will improve the ability to identify sexual and gender minority populations and understand the challenges they face. LGBTQI+ people continue to experience disparate and inequitable treatment, including harassment, discrimination, and violence, which in turn affects outcomes in many areas of everyday life, including health and access to health care services, economic and educational attainment, and family and social support. Though knowledge of these disparities has increased significantly over the past decade, glaring gaps remain, often driven by a lack of reliable data. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation recommends that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopt new practices for collecting data on sex, gender, and sexual orientation - including collecting gender data by default, and not conflating gender with sex as a biological variable. The report recommends standardized language to be used in survey questions that ask about a respondent's sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Better measurements will improve data quality, as well as the NIH's ability to identify LGBTQI+ populations and understand the challenges they face. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26690 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kenneth P. Neubauer A2 - Edward Shea A2 - Stephen Rice A2 - Nathan Polsgrove A2 - Dave Fleet TI - Airside Operations Safety: Understanding the Effects of Human Factors DO - 10.17226/26779 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26779/airside-operations-safety-understanding-the-effects-of-human-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Despite dedicated efforts involving changes in technologies and procedures, the number of annual runway incursions in the United States has shown little to no improvement. The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 246: Airside Operations Safety: Understanding the Effects of Human Factors provides a review of the current state of human factors research and the related resources that are available to U.S. airport operations personnel. Supplemental to the report are an Executive Summary (to be released soon) and a White Paper. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lauren Savaglio A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Harnessing the Value of Co-Creating and Stewarding Places for Health, Equity, and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26212 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26212/harnessing-the-value-of-co-creating-and-stewarding-places-for-health-equity-and-well-being PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop at Hunter College in New York City, New York on February 6, 2020, to explore the value of co-creating and keeping inclusive healthy spaces. The workshop was designed to understand and highlight the economics of inclusive placemaking and to explore its value in improving health, equity, and well-being. Placemaking (the work of creating livable, vibrant, or quality places, especially public places) draws on various traditions of community development, arts and culture, regional planning, and civic engagement, combining different disciplinary perspectives into a creative way of shaping public spaces, land use, commerce, transportation, housing, and social fabric. The workshop (1) examined the economics of this work, (2) described how inclusive placemakers gather resources to do their work, and (3) explored the social and economic value they are able to generate when places are designed with health, equity, and well-being in mind. This publication is a summary of the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Larry Hedges A2 - Melissa Chiu A2 - Celeste Stone A2 - Bradford Chaney A2 - Nancy Kirkendall TI - A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics SN - DO - 10.17226/26392 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26392/a-vision-and-roadmap-for-education-statistics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - The education landscape in the United States has been changing rapidly in recent decades: student populations have become more diverse; there has been an explosion of data sources; there is an intensified focus on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; educators and policy makers at all levels want more and better data for evidence-based decision making; and the role of technology in education has increased dramatically. With awareness of this changed landscape the Institute of Education Sciences at the U.S. Department of Education asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide a vision for the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)—the nation's premier statistical agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics at all levels of education. A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics (2022) reviews developments in using alternative data sources, considers recent trends and future priorities, and suggests changes to NCES's programs and operations, with a focus on NCES's statistical programs. The report reimagines NCES as a leader in the 21st century education data ecosystem, where it can meet the growing demands for policy-relevant statistical analyses and data to more effectively and efficiently achieve its mission, especially in light of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 and the 2021 Presidential Executive Order on advancing racial equity. The report provides strategic advice for NCES in all aspects of the agency's work including modernization, stakeholder engagement, and the resources necessary to complete its mission and meet the current and future challenges in education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Eva M. Shipp A2 - Dennis Perkinson A2 - Amber B. Trueblood A2 - Stephanie C. Payne A2 - Winfred Arthur Jr. A2 - Laura Higgins A2 - Nolan J. Miller A2 - Julia Hong A2 - Casey Greger A2 - Jennifer Miller A2 - Katie Womack TI - Developing Employer-Based Behavioral Traffic Safety Programs for Drivers in the Workplace DO - 10.17226/26812 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26812/developing-employer-based-behavioral-traffic-safety-programs-for-drivers-in-the-workplace PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Work-related traffic crashes remain particularly challenging to address. However, recent research and practice have shown that instilling an awareness of safety and fostering a corporate safety culture supportive of safety may prevent traffic crashes, reduce their frequency, and reduce their severity. The TRB Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program’s BTSCRP Web-Only Document 3: Developing Employer-Based Behavioral Traffic Safety Programs for Drivers in the Workplace reports on a study that reviewed the research literature on employer-based behavioral traffic safety programs, gathered information on existing employer-based behavioral traffic safety programs, identified the relevant behavioral change theories and critical components of existing safety programs, and summarized and analyzed measures of safety program effectiveness. Associated with the document is a summary of measures of effectiveness and a website, BTSCRP WebResource 1: Employer-Based Driver Safety Programs, which provides guidance for planning, implementing, and evaluating employer-based behavioral traffic safety programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine TI - Global Roadmap for Healthy Longevity SN - DO - 10.17226/26144 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26144/global-roadmap-for-healthy-longevity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - With unprecedented global aging, societies must undertake all-of-society efforts to maximize the benefits and minimize the burdens of aging populations. The Global Roadmap for Healthy Longevity (Global Roadmap) describes a realistic vision of healthy longevity that could be achieved by 2050. The vision includes full inclusion of people of all ages, regardless of health or functional status, in all aspects of society and societies characterized by social cohesion and equity. To achieve the vision, Global Roadmap recommends changes that need to be made to health systems, social infrastructure, physical environments, education, work, and retirement. In some cases, the recommended changes benefit older people most directly, but when older people thrive, people of all ages benefit. If taken up, the recommendations of this report can support individuals of all ages in all corners of the globe to live long, meaningful, and purpose-driven lives by 2050. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Reassessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry SN - DO - 10.17226/26729 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26729/reassessment-of-the-department-of-veterans-affairs-airborne-hazards-and-open-burn-pit-registry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Beginning with the 1990–1991 Gulf War, more than 3.7 million U.S. service members have been deployed to Southwest Asia, where they have been exposed to a number of airborne hazards, including oil-well fire smoke, emissions from open burn pits, dust and sand, diesel exhaust, and poor-quality ambient air. Many service members, particularly those who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, have reported health problems they attribute to their exposure to emissions from open-air burn pits on military installations. In 2013, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish and maintain the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit (AH&OBP) Registry to "ascertain and monitor" the health effects of such exposures. This report serves as a follow-up to an initial assessment of the AH&OBP Registry completed by an independent committee of the National Academies in 2017. This reassessment does not include any strength-of-the-evidence assessments of potential relationships between exposures to burn pits or airborne hazards and health effects. Rather, this report assesses the ability of the registry to fulfill the intended purposes that Congress and VA have specified for it. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Susan T. Fiske A2 - Tara Becker TI - Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda SN - DO - 10.17226/26173 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26173/understanding-the-aging-workforce-defining-a-research-agenda PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The aging population of the United States has significant implications for the workforce - challenging what it means to work and to retire in the U.S. In fact, by 2030, one-fifth of the population will be over age 65. This shift has significant repercussions for the economy and key social programs. Due to medical advancements and public health improvements, recent cohorts of older adults have experienced better health and increasing longevity compared to earlier cohorts. These improvements in health enable many older adults to extend their working lives. While higher labor market participation from this older workforce could soften the potential negative impacts of the aging population over the long term on economic growth and the funding of Social Security and other social programs, these trends have also occurred amidst a complicating backdrop of widening economic and social inequality that has meant that the gains in health, improvements in mortality, and access to later-life employment have been distributed unequally. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda offers a multidisciplinary framework for conceptualizing pathways between work and nonwork at older ages. This report outlines a research agenda that highlights the need for a better understanding of the relationship between employers and older employees; how work and resource inequalities in later adulthood shape opportunities in later life; and the interface between work, health, and caregiving. The research agenda also identifies the need for research that addresses the role of workplaces in shaping work at older ages, including the role of workplace policies and practices and age discrimination in enabling or discouraging older workers to continue working or retire. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Howard Markel A2 - David Rosner A2 - Rosemary Stevens A2 - Laura Harbold DeStefano A2 - Andrea Schultz A2 - Edward Berkowitz TI - A History of the National Academy of Medicine: 50 Years of Transformational Leadership SN - DO - 10.17226/26708 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Commissioned to mark the 50th anniversary of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine [IOM]), this volume describes the circumstances that led to the IOM's founding in 1970, the members and leaders who built and sustained the organization, and the process by which the IOM became the NAM in 2015. The volume also details a selection of the IOM/NAM's most influential contributions to biomedical science, U.S. health care, and population health and concludes with the story of how the organization navigated unprecedented national and global crises between 2015 and 2021. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Chemistry of Fires at the Wildland-Urban Interface SN - DO - 10.17226/26460 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26460/the-chemistry-of-fires-at-the-wildland-urban-interface PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Wildfires in America are becoming larger, more frequent, and more destructive, driven by climate change and existing land management practices. Many of these fires occur at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), areas where development and wildland areas overlap and which are increasingly at risk of devastating fires as communities continue to expand into previously undeveloped areas. Unlike conventional wildfires, WUI fires are driven in part by burning of homes, cars, and other human-made structures, and in part by burning vegetation. The interaction of these two types of fires can lead to public health effects that are unique to WUI fires. This report evaluates existing and needed chemistry information that decision-makers can use to mitigate WUI fires and their potential health impacts. It describes key fuels of concern in WUI fires, especially household components like siding, insulation, and plastic, examines key pathways for exposure, including inhalation and ingestion, and identifies communities vulnerable to exposures. The report recommends a research agenda to inform response to and prevention of WUI fires, outlining needs in characterizing fuels, and predicting emissions and toxicants. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Valerie Taylor A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech SN - DO - 10.17226/26345 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Why Indoor Chemistry Matters SN - DO - 10.17226/26228 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26228/why-indoor-chemistry-matters PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - People spend the vast majority of their time inside their homes and other indoor environments where they are exposed to a wide range of chemicals from building materials, furnishings, occupants, cooking, consumer products, and other sources. Despite research to date, very little is known about how exposures to indoor chemicals across complex chemical phases and pathways affect human health. The COVID-19 pandemic has only increased public awareness of indoor environments and shed light on the many outstanding questions about how best to manage chemicals indoors. This report identifies gaps in current research and understanding of indoor chemistry and new approaches that can be applied to measure, manage, and limit chemical exposures. Why Indoor Chemistry Matters calls for further research about the chemical transformations that can occur indoors, pathways and timing of indoor chemical exposure, and the cumulative and long-term impacts of exposure on human health. Research priorities should consider factors that contribute to measurable environmental health disparities that affect vulnerable populations, such as the age, location, and condition of buildings that can alter exposures to indoor chemicals. ER -