TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Attributes of a First-in-Class Environmental Program: A Letter Report Prepared for the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management SN - DO - 10.17226/26368 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26368/attributes-of-a-first-in-class-environmental-program-a-letter PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Earth Sciences AB - The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) manages the energy and mineral resources on the outer continental shelf. BOEM's environmental program, by producing environmental studies and conducting environmental assessments, ensures that environmental protection is a critical element of BOEM's decision making. This report addresses BOEM's aspirations to conduct a first-in-class science program within their Environmental Studies Program (ESP). This report describes attributes identified by the committee of a first-in-class, use-inspired, management-oriented science program (in this case, BOEM's ESP and its connection to the broader BOEM environmental program). The report recommends that BOEM develop procedures and conduct regular evaluations to assess whether and how well its environmental program meets the attributes of a first-in-class program and identify areas for improvement. It also outlines a framework for conducting such an evaluation. The report contains guidance and examples drawn from a workshop series with BOEM's peer agencies and other science programs, as well as other information gathering efforts. The guidance contained in this report is offered to BOEM as a starting point for developing more detailed processes for evaluating and improving its program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Lessons Learned in the Implementation of NASA's Earth Venture Class SN - DO - 10.17226/26499 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26499/lessons-learned-in-the-implementation-of-nasas-earth-venture-class PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The NASA Science Mission Directorate/Earth Science Division's (SMD/ESD's) Earth Venture (EV) is a program element within the Earth System Science Pathfinder Program. At the request of NASA, this report examines the Earth Venture Instrument (EV-I) and Earth Venture Mission (EV-M) elements of Earth Ventures and explores lessons learned in the more than 10 years since selection of the first EV mission, including a review of the foundational principles and approaches underlying the program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - H. David Jeong A2 - Kunhee Choi A2 - Chau Le A2 - MengWai Yaw A2 - Yangtian Yin A2 - Douglas D. Gransberg A2 - Ali Touran A2 - Nan Gao A2 - Michael Rahgozar TI - Developing a Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time DO - 10.17226/26536 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26536/developing-a-systematic-approach-for-determining-construction-contract-time PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Excessive contract time is costly because it extends a construction crew’s exposure to traffic, prolongs the inconvenience to the public, and subjects motorists to less than desirable safety conditions for longer periods.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 298: Developing a Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Timeseeks to provide a systematic approach for determining construction contract time for a wide spectrum of highway projects.The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 979:Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time: A Guidebook. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Liza Hamilton TI - Anticipating Rare Events of Major Significance: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26698 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26698/anticipating-rare-events-of-major-significance-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Intelligence Community Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day virtual workshop on December 17 and 21, 2021, to explore insights from world-class experts and technologists familiar with the extensive range of issues associated with anticipating rare events—those characterized by a very low probability of occurring—of major significance. Over the course of the 2-day workshop, the speakers discussed analytical methods, computational advances, data sources, and risk assessment approaches for anticipating rare events, including natural disasters, pandemics, anthropogenic threats, and widespread technological change. This proceedings is a factual summary of the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Research and Data Priorities for Improving Economic and Social Mobility: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26598 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - Since around 1980, fewer Americans than before are doing better than their parents had – that is, more are experiencing downward social and economic mobility in terms of occupational status and income. This trend in downward mobility is occurring amidst high and rising levels of inequality in income, wealth, health, and life expectancy. To better understand the factors that influence social and economic mobility, the Committee on Population and the Committee on National Statistics hosted a workshop on February 14-15, 2022. The proceedings from this workshop identify key priorities for future research and data collection to improve social and economic mobility. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Brian L. Ray A2 - Hermanus J. Steyn A2 - Julia K. Knudsen A2 - Jennifer R. Musselman A2 - Nikiforos Stamatiadis A2 - Adam J. Kirk TI - Aligning Geometric Design with Roadway Context DO - 10.17226/26535 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26535/aligning-geometric-design-with-roadway-context PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Since 1984, AASHTO’s “Green Book” and other roadway design criteria have been primarily based on a functional classification system of a hierarchical network composed of arterials, collector, and local roads. However, this hierarchical functional classification system is in lack of flexibility in design, especially for a modern multimodal roadway system.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 320: Aligning Geometric Design with Roadway Context drafts the Facility Design in Context portion of a proposed Green Book 8, using a consistent structure for the context chapters and drawing content from the Green Book and research-based sources to support a flexible, multimodal, performance-based, and context-sensitive design process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Report of the Treasurer for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 DO - 10.17226/26628 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26628/report-of-the-treasurer-for-the-year-ended-december-31-2021 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This Report of the Treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences presents the financial position and results of operations as well as a review of the endowment and other long-term investments portfolio activities of our Academy for the year ended December 31, 2021. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Karen Dixon A2 - Kay Fitzpatrick A2 - Dominique Lord A2 - Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny A2 - Raul Avelar A2 - Bahar Dadashova A2 - Fred Mannering A2 - Nawaf Alnawmasi A2 - Jennifer Atkinson A2 - Joseph Jones A2 - Adil Cheema A2 - K.C. Matthews TI - Safety Effects of Raising Speed Limits to 75 mph and Higher DO - 10.17226/26770 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26770/safety-effects-of-raising-speed-limits-to-75-mph-and-higher PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Across the United States, maximum speed limit laws vary dramatically. In the mid-1990s, many states increased speed limits to 75 mph on select roads. More recently, some states have established speed limits greater than 75 mph. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 328: Safety Effects of Raising Speed Limits to 75 mph and Higher is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1006: Guide to Understanding Effects of Raising Speed Limits. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kari Watkins A2 - Simon Berrebi A2 - Gregory Erhardt A2 - Jawad Hoque A2 - Vedant Goyal A2 - Candace Brakewood A2 - Abubakr Ziedan A2 - Wesley Darling A2 - Brendon Hemily A2 - Josephine Kressner TI - Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses DO - 10.17226/26320 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26320/recent-decline-in-public-transportation-ridership-analysis-causes-and-responses PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Rethinking mission and service delivery, rethinking fare policy, giving transit priority, careful partnering with shared-use mobility providers, and encouraging transit-oriented density are among the strategies transit agencies can employ to increase ridership and mitigate or stem declines in ridership that started years before the COVID-19 pandemic.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 231: Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses provides a deep-dive exploration of the ridership losses already being experienced by transit systems prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and explores strategies that appear to be key as we move to the new normal of a post-pandemic world.Supplemental to the report are TCRP Web-Only Document 74: Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Hypotheses, Methodologies, and Detailed City-by-City Results and an overview presentation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paul Ryus A2 - Anusha Musunuru A2 - Kelly Laustsen A2 - James Bonneson A2 - Sirisha Kothuri A2 - Christopher Monsere A2 - Nathan McNeil A2 - Krista Nordback A2 - Seth LaJeunesse A2 - Wesley Kumfer A2 - Libby Thomas A2 - S. Ilgin Guler TI - Enhancing Pedestrian Volume Estimation and Developing HCM Pedestrian Methodologies for Safe and Sustainable Communities DO - 10.17226/26508 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26508/enhancing-pedestrian-volume-estimation-and-developing-hcm-pedestrian-methodologies-for-safe-and-sustainable-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Despite widespread use of walking as a transportation mode, walking has received far less attention than the motor vehicle mode in terms of national guidance and methods to support planning, designing, and operating safe, functional, and comfortable facilities.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 312: Enhancing Pedestrian Volume Estimation and Developing HCM Pedestrian Methodologies for Safe and Sustainable Communities is a supplement to NCHRP Research Report 992: Guide to Pedestrian Analysis. It provides a practitioner-friendly introduction to pedestrian analysis.Supplemental to the document are Proposed Highway Capacity Manual Chapters. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Richard Rosenfeld A2 - Amanda Grigg TI - The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison SN - DO - 10.17226/26459 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Nearly 600,000 people are released from state and federal prisons annually. Whether these individuals will successfully reintegrate into their communities has been identified as a critical measure of the effectiveness of the criminal legal system. However, evaluating the successful reentry of individuals released from prison is a challenging process, particularly given limitations of currently available data and the complex set of factors that shape reentry experiences. The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison finds that the current measures of success for individuals released from prison are inadequate. The use of recidivism rates to evaluate post-release success ignores significant research on how and why individuals cease to commit crimes, as well as the important role of structural factors in shaping post-release outcomes. The emphasis on recidivism as the primary metric to evaluate post-release success also ignores progress in other domains essential to the success of individuals returning to communities, including education, health, family, and employment. In addition, the report highlights the unique and essential insights held by those who have experienced incarceration and proposes that the development and implementation of new measures of post-release success would significantly benefit from active engagement with individuals with this lived experience. Despite significant challenges, the report outlines numerous opportunities to improve the measurement of success among individuals released from prison and the report’s recommendations, if implemented, will contribute to policies that increase the health, safety, and security of formerly incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Selected Immune Disorders and Disability SN - DO - 10.17226/26595 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26595/selected-immune-disorders-and-disability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers the Social Security Disability Insurance program and the Supplemental Security Income program. As part of their process, immune system disorders are evaluated under Listing of Impairments 14.00 for adults and 114.00 for children. At the request of the SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled a committee to review selected conditions related to the immune system. In particular, the SSA was interested in the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of immune system disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome/disease, and inflammatory arthritis. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these immune system disorders in the U.S. population and the relative levels of functional limitation typically associated with them, common treatments, and other considerations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Karen Dixon A2 - Kay Fitzpatrick A2 - Dominique Lord A2 - Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny A2 - Raul Avelar A2 - Bahar Dadashova A2 - Fred Mannering A2 - Nawaf Alnawmasi A2 - Jennifer Atkinson A2 - Joseph Jones A2 - Adil Cheema A2 - K.C. Matthews TI - Guide to Understanding Effects of Raising Speed Limits DO - 10.17226/26769 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26769/guide-to-understanding-effects-of-raising-speed-limits PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Over the past decade, there has been a trend toward higher speed limits, especially on rural interstates and freeways. Eleven states have increased speed limits to 75 mph, with some of them raising the limit as high as 85 mph on freeways and 75 mph on other roads. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1006: Guide to Understanding Effects of Raising Speed Limits provides a better understanding of the expected safety implications of increasing speed limits to 75 mph or higher. Supplemental to the report are a presentation and NCHRP Web-Only Document 328: Safety Effects of Raising Speed Limits to 75 mph and Higher. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth A. Davis A2 - Amy Stephens TI - Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades: The Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators SN - DO - 10.17226/26215 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Starting in early childhood, children are capable of learning sophisticated science and engineering concepts and engage in disciplinary practices. They are deeply curious about the world around them and eager to investigate the many questions they have about their environment. Educators can develop learning environments that support the development and demonstration of proficiencies in science and engineering, including making connections across the contexts of learning, which can help children see their ideas, interests, and practices as meaningful not just for school, but also in their lives. Unfortunately, in many preschool and elementary schools science gets relatively little attention compared to English language arts and mathematics. In addition, many early childhood and elementary teachers do not have extensive grounding in science and engineering content. Science and Engineering in Preschool through Elementary Grades provides evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction that supports the success of all students. This report evaluates the state of the evidence on learning experiences prior to school; promising instructional approaches and what is needed for implementation to include teacher professional development, curriculum, and instructional materials; and the policies and practices at all levels that constrain or facilitate efforts to enhance preschool through elementary science and engineering. Building a solid foundation in science and engineering in the elementary grades sets the stage for later success, both by sustaining and enhancing students' natural enthusiasm for science and engineering and by establishing the knowledge and skills they need to approach the more challenging topics introduced in later grades. Through evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction, this report will help teachers to support the success of all students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - April Melvin TI - Wildland Fires: Toward Improved Understanding and Forecasting of Air Quality Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26465 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26465/wildland-fires-toward-improved-understanding-and-forecasting-of-air-quality-impacts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Wildland fires pose a growing threat to air quality and human health. Fire is a natural part of many landscapes, but the extent of area burned and the severity of fires have been increasing, concurrent with human movement into previously uninhabited fire-prone areas and forest management practices that have increased fuel loads. These changes heighten the risk of exposure to fire itself and emissions (smoke), which can travel thousands of miles and affect millions of people, creating local, regional, and national air quality and health concerns. To address this growing threat, the National Academies brought together atmospheric chemistry and health research communities, natural resource managers, and decision makers to discuss current knowledge and needs surrounding how wildland fire emissions affect air quality and human health. Participants also explored opportunities to better bridge these communities to advance science and improve the production and exchange of information. This publication summarizes the workshop discussions and themes that emerged throughout the meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Vaishali Shah A2 - Greg Hatcher A2 - Elizabeth Greer A2 - Janet Fraser A2 - Mark Franz A2 - Kaveh Sadabadi TI - Guidelines for Quantifying Benefits of Traffic Incident Management Strategies DO - 10.17226/26486 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26486/guidelines-for-quantifying-benefits-of-traffic-incident-management-strategies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Ensuring a coordinated response to highway crashes and other incidents is vital to protecting public safety, keeping traffic moving, and reducing environmental impacts.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 981: Guidelines for Quantifying Benefits of Traffic Incident Management Strategies aims to offer guidance on Traffic Incident Management (TIM) programs, which can vary widely and may have different goals, guidelines, and methods applicable under a variety of data scenarios.Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 301: Development of Guidelines on Quantifying Benefits of Traffic Incident Management Strategies, an Implementation Plan, and a Summary Presentation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carol Berkower A2 - Abigail Ulman A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26435 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events. On October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christian Valdes A2 - Vincent Mestre A2 - Alan Hass A2 - Sarah Farsalas A2 - Bernard Barry TI - Primer and Framework for Considering an Airport Noise and Operations Monitoring System DO - 10.17226/26527 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26527/primer-and-framework-for-considering-an-airport-noise-and-operations-monitoring-system PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Airports use Noise and Operations Monitoring Systems (NOMSs) to collect, manage, analyze, and communicate data such as flight tracks and procedures, aircraft identification, noise measurements, noise abatement program performance, and weather. NOMSs are also used to respond to community noise complaints and provide stakeholders with information about aircraft activity and noise, thus fostering trust and transparency.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 237: Primer and Framework for Considering an Airport Noise and Operations Monitoring System is a comprehensive resource to help airport industry practitioners assess the potential benefits and costs of acquiring, maintaining, and updating a NOMS or flight tracking tools without permanent noise monitors.Supplemental to the report are Appendices A though K. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Nikiforos Stamatiadis A2 - Adam Kirk A2 - Laura Wright A2 - Hermanus Steyn A2 - Mary Raulerson A2 - Jennifer Musselman TI - Context Classification Application: A Guide DO - 10.17226/26819 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26819/context-classification-application-a-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - At many transportation agencies, context classification plays a significant role in the planning and design of roadway facilities. The purpose of context classification is to characterize roadways based on land-use data and define how users expect to move in and around an area.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1022: Context Classification Application: A Guide presents a guide to assist state, regional, and local planners in identifying the appropriate context classification or classifications for an area or a transportation project.Supplemental to the report is the Contractors Final Report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Modernizing the Consumer Price Index for the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/26485 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26485/modernizing-the-consumer-price-index-for-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The Consumer Price Index (CPI), produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is the most widely used measure of inflation in the U.S. It is used to determine cost-of-living allowances and, among many other important private- and public-sector applications, influences monetary policy. The CPI has traditionally relied on field-generated data, such as prices observed in person at grocery stores or retailers. However, as these data have become more challenging and expensive to collect in a way that reflects an increasingly dynamic marketplace, statistical agencies and researchers have begun turning to opportunities created by the vast digital sources of consumer price data that have emerged. The enormous economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, including major shifts in consumers' shopping patterns, presents a perfect case study for the need to rapidly employ new data sources for the CPI. Modernizing the Consumer Price Index presents guidance to BLS as the agency embarks on a strategy of accelerating and enhancing the use of scanner, web-scraped, and digital data directly from retailers in compiling the CPI. The report also recommends strategies for BLS to more accurately estimate the composition of households' expenditures - or market basket shares - by updating this information more frequently and using innovative survey techniques and alternative data sources where possible. The report provides targeted guidance for integrating new data sources to improve the CPI's estimation of changes in the prices of housing and medical care, two consumer expenditure categories that are traditionally difficult to measure. Because of the urgency of issues related to income and wealth inequality, the report also recommends that BLS identify data sources that would allow it to estimate price indexes defined by income quintile or decile. ER -