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From page 307... ...
, 24-25, 29, 34 Agouron Institute, 28 adaptation, 17, 20, 43, 48, 186- agouti-related peptide (AGRP) , 187, 189, 219-220 180-181, 182 adaptor proteins, 68, 72, 73, 75, agrin, 208 77, 78-79, 153, 163, 175, Ahlquist, Raymond, 59 204, 209 AI-2 receptor, 30 Addison, Thomas, 49 AI-2 signaling molecule, 29-30, 34 307
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From page 308... ...
homeostasis and, 149-150, hydrophobic, 13 157-158, 165 neurotransmitters, 198 lymphocytes, 227, 228 oligopeptides, 26, 29, 37 mutations and, 155, 158-160 radiolabeled, 57 apoptotic protease activating factor, AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- 130 methyl-isoxazole-4- appetite, 177, 180-181, 182 propionic acid) , 198 arcuate nucleus, 182 receptors, 212, 216 Aristotle, 85 amphibians, 83, 86-87, 105-109, arsphenamine, 58 110, 111, 127, 136, 137 arteriometer, 50 amygdala, 218, 219 aspartate, 14, 16, 37 anchoring proteins, 96 AstraZeneca, 249 animal pole, 105 ATP (adeosine triphosphate)
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From page 309... ...
, microcolonies, 30-35, 38-39 145-149 pathogenic, 29, 30-31, 53, blood islands, 145 225-226 body weight, 176, 177, 179-184 pilus, 32 bone marrow, 145, 147, 227, 235
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From page 310... ...
, 214-215, 216 antagonists, 102 110, 111, calmodulin, 213 113, 131, 136, 137 Cambridge University, 53 and apoptosis, 131 cancer (see also specific sites) BMP2, 110, 131 chemotherapy innovations, BMP4, 83, 110, 118, 131, 137 247-250 BMP7, 118, 131 chemotherapy resistance, 164 and mesoderm induction, 107, domains, 70-71 109, 136 death ligands, 162-163, 164 as neuron chemoattractants, Gorlins' syndrome and , 151 204 152, 153-154 structure, 101 platform, 158, 159 Bonner, John Tyler, 3, 45, 93 polyps and, 154-155 Boron, 30 metastasis, 164 Borrelia burgdorferi, 29 mutations in signaling Boston University, 254 pathways and, 150-165 Bourne, Henry, 253-254, 256 Cannon, Walter, 140, 141, 150, 167 Bouvier, Michel, 251 CAP protein, 91, 175 brain, 117, 133, 193, 194, 209, carbon, 56 215, 238 CART, 180-181, 182 Brand, Stewart, 185-186, 220, 239 Case Western Reserve University, 63 breast cancer, 153, 164, 248, 250 caspases, 129-130, 131, 160, 163Brown, Michael, 63 164 bubonic plague, 29 castration, 49 catalytic domains, 70, 72 catecholamines, 55 C catenins, 199 C
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From page 311... ...
colorectal cancer, 154-155, 164 neurons, 51, 88, 117, 119- Com X, 26 121, 188-189 communication (see cell-to-cell pattern language, 35-39, 75, communication; receptors; 76, 187, 190 signaling pathways; specific principles of, 18 proteins and cells) radioligand binding studies, confocal scanning microscope, 33 56-60, 61, 62 consensus sequences, 69, 90 cellulose, 43 contractile cells, 102 Cerberus, 83 cooperation between organisms, cerebellum, 193 21-27, 30-35, 42-43
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From page 312... ...
J., 84, 88, 92-93 217, 220, 228-234 CREB, 215, 216 dermis, 143, 144 cretinism, 50 Desert hedgehog protein, 114 CSF, 26 determination front, 122-123 curare, 53, 54 development, 51 (see also Currie, Alistair, 129 embryonic development) cybernetics, 60 diabetes, type 1, 169, 170-171, 236 cyclic AMP (cyclic-3´,5´-adenosine diabetes, type 2 monophosphate)
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From page 313... ...
INDEX 313 cancer-causing, 70-71, 248 Ehrlich, Paul, 52-54, 58, 247 catalytic, 70, 72 electron microscope, 5 death, 163 embryonic development (see also defined, 68-69 individual structures) in embryonic development, amphibians, 83, 86-87, 105 93-94, 111, 112 109, 110, 111, 136, 137 intein, 114 anterior-posterior gradient, 94, interaction, 69-75, 78-79, 90, 98-100, 107, 111, 113, 153, 163, 187 124-125, 126 dopamine, 52, 221 apoptosis, 127-134, 163 dorsal blastopore lip, 106-108 birds, 81-82, 110, 111, 122, dorsal gene, 98 126 dorsal horn, 117 cell differentiation and Dorsal protein, 97-98, 100-101 maturation, 81-82, 83, 85, dorsal-ventral gradient, 94, 100- 86-87, 88-89, 92, 94, 104, 102, 107, 108, 111, 118, 111, 112, 118-127, 142, 125, 230 156 drugs domains in, 93-94, 111, 112 addiction, 177, 220-222 dorsal-ventral gradient, 94, adrenergic-receptor-binding, 100-102, 107, 108, 111, 58-59 118, 125 chemotherapy innovations, epidermis, 107, 110, 116-117, 247-250 118, 123 G proteincoupled receptor epigenesis, 46-47, 84-86 blockers, 250-251 equivalence groups, 121, 128, receptor affinity, 58-59 142 radiolabeled, 57, 58 fibroblast growth factors and, tissue selectivity of, 53 81-82, 83, 111, 113, 122Dustin, Michael, 232, 233 124, 125, 131-132, 134 fruit flies, 95, 96-102, 108, 113, 115, 119-120, 122, E 123, 136-137 ectopic limbs, 81-82, 124 gastrulation, 102, 104, 105 ectoderm, 86-87, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 122 106, 109-110, 111, 113, germ layers, 104, 110, 111, 116, 117, 121, 125, 136 112 effectors, 60-61, 62, 64, 66, 132, induction of mesoderm, 87-88, 163 107, 109, 111, 136
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From page 314... ...
embryonic development, 107, and, 84, 88, 93, 94-100, 110, 116-117, 118, 123 111, 112, 113, 122, 135 homeostasis, 143, 144-145 preformation, 85-86, 88-89 epigenesis, 46-47, 84-86 proximal-distal axis, 125-127 epinephrine, 58, 59 RNA transcription, 89-92, 96- epithelial cells, 93-94, 135, 154, 100, 101, 109, 112, 115, 191 118, 119, 123, 135, 136 epithelial sheets, 45-46, 102 signaling molecules and equivalence groups, 121, 128, 142 pathways, 83, 92, 94, 99- erythrocytes, 145, 146 102, 104-105, 107, 108, erythropoietin, 148-149, 178 110, 111, 112-127, 131- Escherichia coli, 48 134, 135, 136, 152 adaptation, 20, 187 stem cells, 145 chemotactic sensory apparatus, Turing's reaction-diffusion 9-10, 11, 12, 14, 15-16, 23, model, 87-88, 94-95 37-38, 244
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From page 315... ...
Fas, 163 cell differentiation, 98-102 FasL, 164 development, 95, 96-102, 108, FADD (Fas activated death 113, 115, 119-120, 122, domain) , 163-164, 234 123, 136-137, 230 Fairmount Park (Philadelphia)
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From page 316... ...
, pair-rule, 99, 100 209 proliferation, 163 galactose, 14 receptor cloning, 59 Galen, 169 genetic engineering, 83 ganglion, 134 genome, as design blueprint, 88-89, Gann, Alexander, 69-70, 136 91 gap genes, 99, 100 Gerhart, John, 76, 79 gastric bypass surgery, 180 germ cells, 2 gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 248 germ layers, 104, 110, 111, 112 gastrulation, 102, 104, 105-109, giant marine snail (Aplysia 111, 122 californica) , 213-214, 216, gene expression (see also 219 transcription factors)
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From page 317... ...
, 61- fight-or-flight response, 139 62, 64, 66, 77 141 gut lining, 142, 154 glucose, 67, 165-169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 179, 180, 184 injury repair, 144-145, 157 (see H also immune system) Haemophilus influenzae, 29 mutations and, 152, 154, 156 halteres, 100 157 Hamburger, Viktor, 133 signaling pathways, 141, 142, Hanafusa, Saburo, 71 144, 146 Harrison, Ross, 199, 200 skin, 142, 143-145 Harvard University, 22, 31, 135, 211 stomach lining, 142 Harvey, William, 84-85 stem cells and, 142, 143, 144, Hastings, John Woodland, 22 145-150 Hawaiian bobtail squid, 21-25 honeybees, 21
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From page 318... ...
genes, discovery, 170 100, 124 glucose metabolism, 168, 179, Hughson, Fred, 30 184 human genome, 4, 88-89, 91 receptors, 171-172, 173-174, Human Genome Project, 178 175, 244 humors, 48-49 resistance, 175, 179-180, 184 hunchback, 97 (see also diabetes, type 2) Hunchback, 97, 99 role of, 168, 173 Hydra, 102-103, 136 sensitivity, 179 hydrogen, 56 signaling pathway, 148, 168hydrogen sulfide, 41 169, 171-175, 176, 244 Hyman, Steven, 211, 222 integrin receptors, 202-203, 205, hyperthyroidism, 236 225, 238 hypothalamus, 180-181, 182 intein, 114 hypothyroidism, 170 interaction domains, 69-75, 78-79, 90, 153, 163, 187 interferon-gamma, 237 I interleukin-1-converting enzyme idiosyncratic drug reaction, 63 (ICE)
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From page 319... ...
, 148 leptin, 178, 179, 180-182 Johns Hopkins University School of receptors, 183 Medicine, 154, 170 resistance, 184 Joslin Diabetes Center, 146, 172 leukemia, 153 Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 133 K life ligand, 163 ligand binding, 13-14, 17 Kahn, Ronald, 172, 173, 175, 244 limb buds, 81-82, 113, 124, 126 Kandel, Eric, 213-214, 215, 216, linker proteins, 68 217, 219 lipid rafts, 175 keratin protein, 143 lipids, 114 keratinocytes, 143, 144, 224 liver cells (hepatocytes) , 62, 67, 74, Kerr, John, 129 142 kinases, 15, 16, 18, 26, 55, 67-68, Llinas, Rodolfo, 10 77, 79, 101, 213 logorrhea, 152 Kinzler, Ken, 154 Lømo, Terje, 215 Kirschner, Marc, 76, 77, 78, 93, Love, Susan, 248 98-99, 112, 113, 135 luciferase, 22 knockout mice, 83 luminescent bacteria, 21-25, 28 Kolter, Roberto, 31, 32-33, 34, 38 lung cancer, 153, 164, 249 Krebs, Edwin, 55 lupus, 236 Krieg, Mary Jane, 177 luxI, 23 LuxI, 25, 28-29 L luxR, 23 LuxR, 23, 25, 28-29 labial, 100 LuxS, 30 lac repressor, 91 Lyme disease, 29, 155 lactose, 90-91 Lymphocytes (see B lymphocytes; T Lai, Eric, 118 lymphocytes)
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From page 320... ...
132, 153, 215, 216 monoclonal antibodies, 248 MAPK, 72 Monod, Jacques, 90-91 MAPKK, 71-72 morphogens, 87-88, 94-95, 96-97, MAPKKK, 71 99, 113, 125 marine bacteria, 19-25, 28-29 motor neurons, 113, 117, 122, mass spectrometry, 30 196, 208-209 mast cells, 224, 225, 234 Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto) , 70 maternal effect genes, 99, 100, 101 mouse matrix proteins, 208 B lymphocyte, 241-242 medullablastoma, 151 hematopoietic stem cells, 146 megakaryocytes phagocytes knockout, 83 memory and learning monocyte, 241-242 and adaptation, 219-220, 221- ob/ob, 178, 179, 180 223 movement biological basis, 210-220 biased random walk, 10-12 and drug addiction, 220-222 chemical direction of (see emotional, 217-220 chemotaxis)
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From page 321... ...
213, 216 N-(3-oxohexanoyl) -homoserine myelin sheath, 194, 236-239 lactone, 22 neuromuscular junction, 207 nanos, 97 209 Nanos, 97, 99 neurotransmitters and natalizumab, 238-239 receptors, 57, 190, 197, National Cancer Institute, 243 198, 199, 207, 208, 215 National Institute of Allergy and peripheral, 133, 199-200, 238 Infectious Diseases, 243 postsynaptic density, 198, 207 National Institute of General principle of dynamic Medical Sciences, 243 polarization, 195
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From page 322... ...
, 198 electron microscope studies, receptors, 212-213, 216 196-196 Nobel laureates, 54, 55, 65, 199, 214 excitatory, 216 Nodal-related proteins, 107, 108, Golgi stain, 193-194, 200 109, 111 growth cones, 200-203, 204- Noggin, 83, 110, 113, 131, 136 205, 206 norepinephrine, 52, 59
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From page 323... ...
INDEX 323 Northeastern University, 19-20 P notch gene, 122 Notch receptor, 119-122, 133, 137, p53 protein, 159, 160, 162 146 pain, 225 notochord, 117 pair-rule genes, 99, 100 Novartis, 248 palmitate, 114, 123 nuclear magnetic resonance pancreas, 49, 51, 168, 169-170, spectrometry, 14 180, 184 nucleotides, 56, 61, 72 Pander, Christian, 104 binding sites, 62 parasegments, 98-99, 100, 113, guanine (see G protein) 123 radioactive, 57 Pastan, Ira, 57 Nusse, Roel, 123 Patched receptor, 115, 151-152, Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, 96 153 pathogens, 29, 30-31, 53, 225-226, 230 O Pawson, Tony, 70-73, 156 Pennsylvania Audubon Society, 155 ob gene, 178 peptide, 51, 52 Ob protein, 178 bonds, 13 obesity, 176, 178-180, 182, 183-184 hormones, 52, 58, 177-178 olfactory bulb, 193 receptors, 14 oligodendrocytes, 236, 238 The Pharmacological Basis of oligopeptides, 26, 29, 37 Therapeutics, 63 Oliver, George, 50 peripheral nervous system, 133, oncogenes, 153, 155, 158, 160 199-200 Opie, Eugene, 170 phagocytes, 145, 146, 224, 225, optic tectum, 205, 206 227 optic vesicles, 83, 86-87, 105, 106 phosphatidylinosotol-3-kinase, 132 organelles, 44 phospholipase C, 62 organizer, 107, 108, 109, 111, 116, phospholipids, 60 117 phosphorus, 56 organogenesis, 110, 111, 112-127, phosphorylase kinase, 55, 67, 74 136 phosphorylation, 15, 16, 26, 67, Osterfield, Miriam, 113 71, 73, 101, 148, 172, 214, ovarian cancer, 153 216 ovarian follicle, 98 phosphotyrosines, 173, 175 ovaries, 49, 51 photosynthesis, 41-42 oxygen, 14 PI3 kinase, 132, 173, 175
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From page 324... ...
radiolabeled promoter sequence, 89 amino acids, 57 proneural genes, 119-121 drugs, 57, 58 prostaglandins, 224 radioligand binding studies, 56-60, protein kinase A (PKA) , 67, 74, 61, 62 214, 215 Raff, Martin, 132 proteins (see also individual proteins RAG proteins, 226, 227, 234 and classes of proteins)
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From page 325... ...
, 54, 55, 65, 75, ribose, 14 148, 171-172 (see also RNa-binding proteins, 98 adrenergic receptors; RNA interference, 255, 256 insulin) RNA polymerase, 89, 90 isolation of, 55-56, 59 Rockefeller University, 177 light, 62, 66 Rodbell, Martin, 60-62, 63, 65 odor, 62 Roth, Robert, 57 pairbonding, 73, 172 Royal Society, 53, 195 pathogen-recognition, 224, 225, 230
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From page 326... ...
interaction in immune response, 229-231 domain, 71, 72, 73, 78, 204 insulin, 148, 168-169, 171Sharpey, William, 50 175, 176 Shaw, Andrey, 233 interactive nature of, 245-247, sheep, cyclopia in, 150-151 260 Sherrington, Charles, 192, 195 interaction domains, 69-75, Siamese twins, 83, 106-107 78-79, 90 signaling pathways (see also cell-to- intracellular, 119, 123 cell communication; in limb development, 124-125, receptors) 127 activation, 115-116 master switches, 123
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From page 327... ...
Spemann, Hans, 86-87, 104, 105, stem cell mobilization, 144- 106, 108 145, 146 spinal cord, 117, 134, 194 subversion of, 152-155 src gene, 70, 153 time delaying, 115-116 Src protein, 70-71 transcription factors and, 89- St. Mary's Hospital (Middletown, 92, 96-100, 115-116, 119, PA)
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From page 328... ...
328 THE LANGUAGEOF LIFE hematopoietic, 145-150, 154, Tap receptor, 14 178 Tessier-Lavigne, Marc, 204 and homeostasis, 142, 143, testes, 49, 51 144, 145-150 testosterone, 51, 52 lineage-restricted, 147 tetanus, 53 lymphoid progenitor, 147 threonine, 68, 101 myeloid progenitor, 147, 148 thymus, 227, 230 reservoir, 143 thyroid gland, 49, 50, 51 signaling pathways, 144-145, thyroxine, 51, 148 146, 147-148 Time-Life Nature and Science skin repair, 143-144, 152 Library, 161-162 Stock, Ann, 10, 12, 17-18, 20 tissue culture, 199-200, 209 Streptococcus species, 29 Toll-like receptors, 230 stromal cells, 147 TRADD, 163-164 Stull, Jim, 253 transcription factors, 143, 151 Sutherland, Earl, 55, 56, 57, 60, in bacteria, 25, 26, 90-91 63, 67 and embryogenesis, 89-92, 94, synapses 96-100, 101, 109, 112, adding, 215 115, 118, 119, 123, 135, excitatory, 212 136 formation, 200-210 eukaryotes, 89, 91-92 immunological, 231-234 fruit fly, 96-100, 101, 115 pruning, 212 gene regulation, 23, 25, 26, sensitization, 214-215, 216, 71, 115, 119, 148, 215 219 mutations in, 160-161 signaling, 189 as receptors, 66 synaptic cleft, 208 structure, 90 synaptic vesicles, 196, 197-198, vertebrates, 115 208-209 transforming growth factorsyncytium, 97 (TGF-) , 101, 109, 118, 144 transmembrane proteins, 115, 188 T Trg receptor, 14 T lymphocytes, 145, 146, 227, TrkA receptor, 133-134 228, 229-239 Tsr receptor, 14 Tabin, Cliff, 82, 124, 127, 134 tumor necrosis factor, 162-163, Takamine, Jokichi, 51 234, 237-238 Tar receptor, 14-15, 16 receptor, 162, 164
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From page 329... ...
Louis, University College London, 50 162, 207 University of Iowa College of WEHI-231 cell line, 253, 255 Medicine, 46 Weinberg, Robert, 156 University of Pennsylvania, 179, Weinmaster, Gerry, 119 201 Werner, Eric, 246 University of Strasburg, 170 white blood cells, 129 (see also University of Würzburg, 86 phagocytes) University of Zaragoza, 190 White, Morris, 172 U.S.
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From page 330... ...
330 THE LANGUAGEOF LIFE Wolff, Caspar Friedrich, 86 Y Wolpert, Lewis, 95, 111, 125-127 Wylie, Andrew, 129 Yersinia pestis, 29 X Z x-ray crystallography, 14, 30, 65 Zamenhof, Ludwig L., 27, 28 Xnr protein, 107, 109 zone of proliferating activity, 125, 126
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