Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Background Information on Neuroethics
Pages 182-191

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From page 182...
... The 1993 CIOMS guidelines provided a concise and clear overview of the existing ethical guidance for human-subjects research (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, 2002) : The first international instrument on the ethics of medical research, the N ­ uremberg Code, was promulgated in 1947 as a consequence of the trial of physicians (the Doctors' Trial)
From page 183...
... It is through this statement that society expresses the fundamental human value that is held to govern all research involving ­human subjects -- the protection of the rights and welfare of all human subjects of sci entific experimentation. The Declaration of Helsinki, issued by the World Medical Association in 1964, is the fundamental document in the field of ethics in biomedical research and has influenced the formulation of international, regional and national legis­ lation and codes of conduct.
From page 184...
... , which, particularly in its science provisions, was highly influenced by the Nuremberg Code; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (United Nations, 1966a) ; and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (United Nations, 1966b)
From page 185...
... Covert or classified military research findings will probably not be submitted for publication in the international literature, so they will escape the attention of publishers and peer reviewers. Thus, human-subjects protection in this sector of biomedical research cannot be guaranteed or assessed.
From page 186...
... However, the Iranian record of questionable treatment of (assumed) homosexuals, women, and secular scholars does not bolster confidence that both international and Iranian bioethics guidelines will always be complied with by Iranian government biomedical researchers.
From page 187...
... . In May 2007, Qiu Renzong, honorary director of the Centre for Applied Ethics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, wrote in a Web publication about the proposed new ethics regulations to govern biomedical research (Renzong, 2007)
From page 188...
... Those are promising, yet early, developments in the protection and safety of human participants of biomedical research, especially in a country that has a questionable record of abuse of prisoners for medical purposes, such as organ transplantation. It should also be noted that the formal document with the bio­ ethics regulations discussed by Renzong was not available at the official Web site of the Chinese government as of September 2007.
From page 189...
... Although the paper does not directly mention specific details as to what technologies and science are to be used, it would not be too great a leap to suggest that the Chinese government is probably pursuing capability in cognitive neurosciences to enhance its national defense. Several internationally accepted documents guide the ethical treatment of human participants in biomedical research.
From page 190...
... China also claims to comply with the international instruments guiding research ethics. Although there has been considerable discussion in China about improved and more comprehensive guidelines for biomedical research with human subjects, no new documents have been ratified recently by the government.
From page 191...
... 1964. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.


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