Understanding Climatic Change A Program for Action (1975) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:

APPENDIX B SURVEY OF THE CLIMATE SIMULATION CAPABILITY OF GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS
Pages 195-239

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 195...
... A Bryson, 1972: Late- and post-glacial climatic change in the northern midwest, USA: quantitative estimates derived from fossil pollen spectra by multivariate statistical analysis, Quaternary Res., 2:70-111.
From page 196...
... Essential to both of these objectives are the dynamical models of the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. These general circulation models (or GCM's)
From page 197...
... Even these models, however, parameterize certain physical processes, in that they employ empirical or statistical representations of some of the subgrid scale processes in the surface boundary layer and in the free atmosphere and open ocean, such as the effects of diffusion and convection. Dynamical climate models also display a wide variety of parameterization with respect to time.
From page 198...
... The real breakthrough toward the global measurements necessary for numerical modeling has come from the remote-sensing capabilities of meteorological satellites; with the aid of suitable surface (ground-truth) observations, these are capable of providing the first truly worldwide observations of the air and ocean surface temperature, moisture and cloudiness, and elements of the heat and hydrologic balance.
From page 199...
... Numerical weather prediction may be considered to have begun with the first successful numerical integration of the application modeling -~ 4 Computer speed = Atmospheric model Oceanic model 2 (relative to z deve lopments developments £3 tne IBM 360-91) ee 1950 | j First numerical forecasts Wind-driven barotropic Barotropic (vorticity)
From page 200...
... Even with today's fastest computers, however, the solution of the more detailed global numerical models proceeds only at a rate between one and two orders of magnitude faster than nature itself, and our ability to perform the large number of numerical integrations required for the systematic exploration of climate and climatic change requires the continued development and dedication of new computer resources. A similar pattern of development has occurred in the numerical modeling of the oceans, except that the rate of progress has been slower due principally to a lack of suitable oceanic observations.
From page 201...
... Each of these can perhaps be most fruitfully studied with appropriate regional numerical models, in order to lay the foundation for their parameterization in three-dimensional models of the world ocean. But perhaps the most important problem of all from the viewpoint of climate is the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere; the numerical modeling of this coupled system offers our best hope of achieving a quantitative understanding of the dynamics of climatic variation.
From page 202...
... The net (diabatic) heating rate Q consists of the latent heat released during condensation, the heating due to the exchange of both long-wave and shortwave radiation, and the sensible heating of the atmosphere by turbulent heat fluxes from the underlying surface.
From page 203...
... A summary of some of the features of the better-known atmospheric general circulation models is given in Table B.1. Each of the models shown here uses generally similar procedures to determine the ground-surface temperature (from an assumed heat balance over land and ice)
From page 204...
... 6 9JBUIPIOOS [BOIIIA pue s[daa] JO JoquINN , SSID , puey »p Y1On 9 UVON q 1adod p 1449 SJOPOW UONeINIUID jeseUSy Bsaydsowzy [eqO}H JUs1IND jo SoNsaeIeYD jediIsuUd T'G FIGVL
From page 205...
... Cloudiness and Precipitation Among the more difficult climatic elements to simulate accurately in a GCM are the cloudiness and precipitation. This is doubtless due to the fact that a substantial portion of the total cloudiness and precipitation observed occurs in connection with convective-scale motions, especially
From page 207...
... sAIaSeW pues 19493MID jo Bjep uo pseseq ‘(T/61) S9}85 pue zyNYyYIS Woy Aenues peAsasqo (q)
From page 209...
... QAI@SOW PUB 1949}3NID jO ep UO paseq ‘(1/61) S285 pue ZyNYIXS wo1 paAasqo (q)
From page 210...
... MO0Z MOS1 Th ee te re es $ 06 ES 000l so a Se -- _ -- ee)
From page 213...
... "(696T) "18 39 pseefje, pues (O26)
From page 214...
... 214 NopU -- 1 -- a tr dt, tl ll fll N06
From page 215...
... (6961) "18 39 puseljes, pue "(OZ61)
From page 216...
... Si% $ U9 mm : .
From page 217...
... (0961) UOSUaYdayS puke aYSea}{ WO1y PaAiasqo (q)
From page 218...
... As suggested by the simulations just reviewed, the specification of a fixed ocean surface temperature in atmospheric GCM's is a strong boundary condition and may mask weaknesses in the models' simulation of the heat balance. The problem of climatic variation therefore furnishes a major motivation for the accelerated development of numerical models of the oceanic general circulation.
From page 219...
... Such models will require less calculation and thereby allow more freedom to carry out the large number of numerical experiments required. General reviews of numerical modeling of the ocean circulation are given in the proceedings of a recent symposium (Ocean Affairs Board, 1974)
From page 220...
... wee 220
From page 224...
... As in the case of atmospheric models, this closure is an important problem in the formulation of oceanic models and includes the parameterization of the mesoscale oceanic eddies. Solution Methods The predictive equations for momentum, temperature, and salinity given in the previous section are generally approximated by centered differences of second-order accuracy, with care taken to conserve both linear and quadratic quantities.
From page 225...
... The February surface currents simulated by the five-level UCLA model (Takano et al., 1974) and the March 1 surface currents simulated by the two-level Rand model (Alexander, 1974)
From page 226...
... . eee ee eeeeeee ee eee eee eee ee eee eeeeee anes eee eeseseas SPP P FFA EFE PEPPER BBB CF FPPPFEPFFPFPFFEFFFFEFE EP FEFF FEF PPEHEBMED BBD OPEL SASLS, EZ Sy a Lssoblice My eA -- K< Cee / 08 en ttl leretes SSS SS SSS = Re Bb "TAA RA QI SSS CGOS SSS vrrerrertFsssest SSS wo TEN SSO SSNS SF < (7 NNN RANA SS SSPSSSS SPSS SSL SSS PPV SSS SS eee eese EV SSSSSS ee eee SSE eSB ES Sees Sees senses ea ee eannsys, SSeS Se BB ERR RRR EERE eRe KANS ee ee PSHE EERO Pee ee EEEEBR EOS 226 e+e
From page 227...
... FIGURE B.10 The an nual average ocean surface current: (a) simulated by the nine-levei GFDL oceanic model (Cox, 1974)
From page 228...
... o ocr ew ow -- ‘VV FoF oe ame ee et ate eee ee em oe oe ae ce ce Oe ee te oe om em a oe oe ot oe oe et ot ot tr ot ot !
From page 229...
... FIGURE B.11 The February ave rage ocean surface current: (a) simulated by the five-level UCLA oceanic model (Takano et al., 1974)
From page 230...
... x fp us "~ 40 VY SCRRE|ERBRREYN X 47 t h oy i ae eo.
From page 231...
... FIGURE B.12 The February -- April ocean surface currents: (a) simulated for March 1 by the Rand two-level oceanic model (Alexa nder, 1974)
From page 233...
... ‘T 1oquiAs ayy Aq pajousp uoyNquysip yoed-s;-ujew 843 YIM ‘(OL6T)
From page 234...
... 234 d3alLvindiv>
From page 235...
... @pow 74H pajdnos ayy Aq pezejnuys (2)
From page 236...
... L Mobley, 1974: Updated global monthly mean ocean surface temperatures, R-1310-ARPA, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.
From page 237...
... Cox, M D., 1974: A baroclinic numerical model of the world ocean: preliminary results, in Numerical Models of the Ocean Circulation, Proceedings of Sym posium Held at Durham, New Hampshire, October 17-20, 1972, National Acad emy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
From page 238...
... L Gates, 1971: Global climatic data for surface, 800 mb: January, R-915 -- arpa, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., 173 pp.
From page 239...
... G Thiel, 1970: Digitized global monthly mean ocean surface temperatures, Tech.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.