Frontiers of Engineered Coherent Matter and Systems Proceedings of a Workshop (2025) / Chapter Skim
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Chapter 3 is focused on solid-state platforms, including the use of arrays of superconducting qubits for quantum emulation, work with nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond anvil cells, and quantum states in semiconductors. Chapter 4 examines a variety of other platforms beyond solid-state platforms, including opti cal cavities, photonic networks, and ultra-cold atoms.
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A BIG PICTURE OVERVIEW Planning committee member Nadya Mason, dean of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago, began by providing what she called a "big picture overview" of how the workshop was conceived and created. The germ of the idea for the workshop came, she said, from workshop chair Charles Marcus, University of Washington, who noted that a number of people in the condensed matter physics community were working on different aspects of coherent quantum networks and suggested that perhaps there might be some interesting ideas that would arise from getting people together to talk about their research.
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In explaining what topics the workshop would cover, Mason began by defin ing the terms in the workshop title Frontiers of Engineered Coherent Matter and Systems. Coherent matter and systems, she said, are systems of interacting quantum elements that are coherent -- that is, that do not lose energy to the environment at some longer time scale.
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Liljeroth, 2017, "Topological States in Engineered Atomic Lattices," Nature Physics 13(7) :668–671, https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4080, Springer Nature; (bottom left)
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The second was coherent quantum networks created from inter connections of active quantum devices that form nodes that are replicated to form a network at a large scale -- spanning large distances that could cover a metropolitan area. Such large-scale networks could then again be replicated to form a network of-networks easily spanning continental landmasses.
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To that end, there would be three sessions -- on solid-state platforms, on atoms and platforms, and quantum information dynamics: natural and synthetic. The session on solid-state platforms would include talks on superconducting qubits and quantum simulation, nitrogen–vacancy centers, and defect candidates.
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The difficult issues in quantum mechanics arise not so much from the interfer ence between quantum waves, which is a well understood phenomenon, Marcus said, but from the superposition of two or more quantum states. Even Bohr and Einstein, two of the early giants of quantum physics, were puzzled by how to think about superposition, Marcus noted.
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The three winners, he noted, were Giorgio Parisi, who wrote down the mathematics of how to deal with the sorts of valleys inside of valleys inside of valleys that appear in the complex landscapes when dealing with such problems as spin glasses, and two scientists, Syukuro Manabe and Klaus H asselmann, who worked on predicting climate change. The complexity of the environment does not necessarily involve quantum mechanics, he said, "but the complexity of the environment and the complexity of a simple system of spins pointing in different directions are two nice examples of the complexity of our world." Transitioning to networks, Marcus said that there are many different kinds of networks, each with its own flavor.
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"And from the 1980s until the 2000s," he con tinued, "that became a more complicated and beautiful problem: where does the vortex live? " Recent work has shown that the patterns of vortices in the array of Josephson junctions will vary according to the applied magnetic field -- specifically,
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"And now that there's a way to quantify the non-classical computability of a system, we can now watch that quantity spread inside of an entangled network, and we can see what happens when the system is measured or communicated or spread." He ended by saying that life is getting very interesting now that information theory, materials science, solid-state physics, and quantum physics are all being merged into a challenge for this generation. QUANTUM NETWORKS Vedika Khemani of Stanford University offered yet another overview talk, this one focused on quantum networks and why they represent a new frontier for condensed matter physics.
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And what they have come to appreciate, she said, is that graphical representations from quantum information theory, either unitary circuits or tensor networks, are very powerful for thinking about and understand ing how entanglement is organized and how different phases can be distinguished by their entanglement structure. From this perspective, a quantum network can be thought of as a system of many strongly interacting quantum elements organized by the structure of quantum information.
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Fourth, How should a quantum network's capacity to retain coherent quantum information be characterized? This may require moving beyond the usual types of order parameters thought about in condensed matter physics and bringing in con cepts from quantum information theory.
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