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From page 23... ...
Given the evidence that links their other possible risk factors to similar outcomes, the committee developed a conceptual framework to apply narrowly to this population. It links demographic factors, premilitary factors, military-related environmental and occupational exposures, other factors during deployment, and postservice experiences to the studied health outcomes.
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is particularly relevant to the committee's task in that this is when a toxic occupational or environmental exposure could occur, possibly in combination with other exposures and factors, like combat trauma, that are relevant to ultimate mental, behavioral, and neurologic health outcomes. It is followed by the postdepolyment phase, which includes factors such as tenure in the military, any subsequent deployments either in Southwest Asia or other parts of the globe, receipt of any health care services or experiences of any additional stressors not limited to deployment (e.g., family discord, loss of comrades, or military sexual trauma)
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after accounting for differences in combat exposure (Luxton et al., 2010; PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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For example, a study of over 400,000 men and women in the Million Veteran Program found racial and ethnic differences in circulatory, musculoskeletal, mental health, infectious disease, kidney, and neurologic conditions, including more reported mental health conditions among Hispanic and Black and Other men compared to White men and more reported neurologic conditions among Hispanic compared to White men (Ward et al., 2021)
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. 1 A subsequent meta-analysis found heritability estimates of smaller magnitude, though still significant, for many of the outcomes investigated in this report, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, PTSD, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and ADHD (The Brainstorm Consortium, 2018)
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. Environmental and Occupational Exposures in Garrison Although this report focuses on military exposures incurred during deployments to the Southwest Asia Theater of Operations or Afghanistan after September 11, 2001, people may be uniquely exposed to such toxicants during military service.
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. Pain and Prescribed Opiates Pain is prevalent among service members and veterans: approximately 29% of those in the active component and 21% of those in the reserve component report bodily pain and nearly one third of all veterans over 20 report chronic pain (CDC, 2020; Meadows et al., 2021a, 2021b)
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found service members and spouses became less satisfied with their marriages across the deployment cycle, but more frequent communication during deployment was associated with spouses' greater marital satisfaction postdeployment. Service members also reported higher parenting satisfaction and better family PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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's Transition Assistance Program, developed through the National Defense Authorization Act of 1990 after the first Gulf War and mandatory reductions in force after it; it was revised in 2011 to support individuals as they were leaving the service and focused largely on finding postmilitary employment, education, and PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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. However, contradictory data exists from veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn living in Hawaii, illustrating that rural veterans were more likely to meet screening criteria for mental health conditions, including PTSD and alcohol use problems (Whealin et al., 2014)
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2019. Going it alone: Post-9/11 veteran nonuse of healthcare and social service programs during their early transition to civilian life.
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2023. The effects of adverse childhood experiences and warfare exposure on military sexual trauma among veterans.
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2006. Stress, mental health, and job performance among active duty military personnel: Findings from the 2002 Department of Defense Health-Related Behaviors Survey.
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2021b. 2018 Department of Defense PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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military service members following Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment and separation from the U.S. military.
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2014. Military sexual trauma interacts with combat exposure to increase risk for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in female Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.
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2017. Postdeployment behavioral health screens and linkage to the veterans health administration for army reserve component members.
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veterans and servicemembers following combat exposure and military sexual trauma. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 25(2)
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