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From page 47... ...
Regulations on occupational exposures are set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and assessments are more common. Military exposures are special circumstances, as they combine environmental and occupational exposures because deployed service members are working and living in the same locations or in close proximity.
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From page 48... ...
. Burn pits and resulting inhalable emissions represent potential environmental and occupational exposures, and service members could have been exposed by living or working near them or on bases with them or through occupations involved in waste management, such as tending burn pits.
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Service members may be exposed via accidental spills or through occupations that transport, store, and maintain jet fuel; operate fuel generators; are in close proximity to burn pits; or are on military bases with aircraft or on military aircraft carriers (VA, 2023)
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It is an inhalable potential source of environmental or occupational exposure, sources of military exposure include occupations that transport, store, and maintain jet fuel; operate fuel generators; tend to burn pits; or are on military bases with aircraft or on military aircraft carriers (NASEM, 2020)
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Metals can be environmental or occupational exposures; uses include construction, transportation, electronics, and domestic goods. Aluminum Production/Smelting Aluminum metal is a naturally occurring element with applications ranging from construction to food and pharmaceutical uses.
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Service members can be exposed through welding occupations such as those related to vehicle or aircraft maintenance or construction. Depleted Uranium Depleted uranium is a weakly radioactive by-product, created when a radioactive isotope is removed from uranium, the naturally occurring element, during nuclear fuel production (Health.mil, 2024; VA, 2025a)
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From page 53... ...
. SOLVENTS Solvents are a large, diverse group of chemicals that can dissolve other chemicals and are occupational exposures.
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From page 54... ...
Researchers have also found distribution of depleted uranium from the respiratory tract of rats to secondary organs, including the brain, following exposure to repeated inhalation; this includes intranasal transport from the nasal mucosa to olfactory axons, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier. Affected brain areas include the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and frontal cortex (Ibanez et al., 2014; Monleau et al., 2005; Pellmar et al., 1999; Petitot et al., 2013)
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. Lead is a well-recognized neurotoxicant experienced via several routes, including industrial pollution, consumer products, and occupational exposures.
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This raises the possibility that assessments of associations of individual chemical exposures with mental, behavioral, or neurologic health outcomes may be null, whereas assessments of cumulative exposures could reveal different consequences. SUMMARY This chapter discusses the military-related environmental and occupational exposures available in the data provided to the committee and chosen for its analyses of possible relationships among the mental, behavioral, and neurologic outcomes of interest and such exposures: burn pits; dust and particulates (road dust, desert dust, PM10, PM2.5)
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2005. Effects of short-term and long-term depleted uranium exposure on open field behavior and brain lipid oxidation in rats.
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2008. Gulf War and health: Updated literature review of depleted uranium.
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2005. Bioaccumulation and behavioural effects of depleted uranium in rats exposed to repeated inhalations.
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2025a. Depleted Uranium.
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From page 61... ...
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 244:113993 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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