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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page i

OUTSOURCING MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS FOR THE ACQUISITION
OF FEDERAL FACILITIES





Committee on Outsourcing Design and Construction-Related
Management Services for Federal Facilities


Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council






NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page ii

    NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
    2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
    Washington, D.C. 20418

    NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

    This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. S-FBOAD-94-C-0023 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Federal Facilities Council via the U.S. Department of State. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    International Standard Book Number 0-309-07267-0
    Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 00-110532

    Additional copies of this report are available for sale from National Academy Press , 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. , Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055 ; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); also available on line at: http://www.nap.edu

    Printed in the United States of America
    Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page iii

    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

    National Academy of Sciences
    National Academy of Engineering
    Institute of Medicine
    National Research Council


    The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

    The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

    The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

    The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page iv

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page v

    COMMITTEE ON OUTSOURCING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MANAGEMENT SERVICES FOR FEDERAL FACILITIES

    HENRY L. MICHEL, chair, Parsons Brinckerhoff, New York, New York

    JOSEPH A. AHEARN, CH2M Hill, Greenwood Village, Colorado

    A. WAYNE COLLINS, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix

    JOHN D. DONAHUE, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    LLOYD A. DUSCHA, consulting engineer, Reston, Virginia

    G. BRIAN ESTES, consulting engineer, Williamsburg, Virginia

    MARK C. FRIEDLANDER, Schiff, Harden, and Waite, Chicago, Illinois

    HENRY J. HATCH, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia

    STEPHEN C. MITCHELL, Lester B. Knight and Associates, Inc., Chicago, Illinois

    KARLA SCHIKORE, consultant, Petaluma, California

    E. SARAH SLAUGHTER, MOCA, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts

    LUIS M. TORMENTA, The LIRO Group, New York, New York

    RICHARD L. TUCKER, University of Texas at Austin

    NORBERT W. YOUNG, JR., McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, New York

    Staff

    RICHARD G. LITTLE, director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment

    LYNDA L. STANLEY, study director

    JOHN A. WALEWSKI, project officer

    LORI J. VASQUEZ, administrative associate

    NICOLE E. LONGSHORE, project assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page vi

    BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND
    THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT

    RICHARD WRIGHT, chair, National Institute of Standards and Technology (retired), Gaithersburg, Maryland

    GREGORY BAECHER, University of Maryland, College Park

    JONATHAN BARNETT, planning consultant, Washington, D.C.

    MAX BOND, Davis, Brody, Bond, LLP, New York, New York

    JACK BUFFINGTON, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

    MARY COMERIO, University of California, Berkeley

    CLAIRE FELBINGER, American University, Washington, D.C.

    PAUL GILBERT, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, and Douglas, Seattle, Washington

    AMY GLASMEIER, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

    CHRISTOPHER M. GORDON, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston

    NEIL GRIGG, Colorado State University, Fort Collins

    JEREMY ISENBERG, Weidlinger Associates, New York, New York

    MARTHA ROZELLE, The Rozelle Group, Ltd., Phoenix, Arizona

    DAVID SKIVEN, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan

    E. SARAH SLAUGHTER, MOCA, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts

    ERIC TEICHOLZ, Graphic Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

    RAE ZIMMERMAN, New York University, New York

    Staff

    RICHARD LITTLE, director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment

    LYNDA STANLEY, executive director, Federal Facilities Council

    JOHN WALEWSKI, project officer

    LORI VASQUEZ, administrative associate

    NICOLE LONGSHORE, project assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page vii

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

John Cable, University of Maryland

Frank Camm, RAND Corporation

G. Edward Gibson, University of Texas-Austin

Theodore Kennedy, BE&K, Inc.

Donald Kettl, University of Wisconsin-Madison

David Skiven, General Motors Corporation

Ralph Spillinger, Facility Management Consultant

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by RADM Donald G. Iselin, U.S. Navy (retired), appointed by the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page viii

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page ix

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1     INTRODUCTION 11
    Outsourcing and Business-Process Reengineering, 11
    Outsourcing and the Restructuring of Government Services, 13
    Making the Federal Government More Businesslike, 14
    Reengineering of Facilities Engineering Organizations, 16
    Statement of Task, 18
    Organization of This Report, 19
    References, 20

2     OUTSOURCING OF MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 21
    Brief History of Federal Facilities Acquisition, 21
    Roles of Federal Agencies in Facilities Acquisition, 24
    General Facility Acquisition Process, 24
    Contract Methods, 29
    Inherently Governmental Functions, 31
    The A-76 Process, 34
    Outsourcing of Management Functions for Federal Facility Acquisitions, 35
    Summary, 43
    Findings, 44
    References, 44
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page x

3     OWNERSHIP FUNCTIONS AND CORE COMPETENCIES 46
    Ownership and Management Functions, 47
    Characteristics of a Smart Owner, 50
    Core Competencies for Facility Acquisitions, 53
    Summary, 60
    Findings and Recommendations, 61
    References, 62

4     DECISION FRAMEWORK 64
    Legality of Outsourcing, 65
    Nature of Function, 65
    Wisdom of Outsourcing, 67
    Need for or Advantage of Outsourcing, 67
    Outsourcing Decision, 68
    Responsibilities-and-Deliverables Matrix, 71
    Performance Measures for Evaluating Outsourcing Decisions, 73
    Interagency Cooperation, 75
    Summary, 76
    Findings and Recommendations, 77
    References, 78

APPENDIXES
    A     Biographical Sketches of Committee Members, 81
    B     List of Briefings, 88
    C     Documents Related to Inherently Governmental Functions, 90
    D     Questionnaire, 117
BIBLIOGRAPHY 128
ACRONYMS 135
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Page xi

Tables and Figures

FIGURES

ES-1     Decision framework for outsourcing management functions, 5
ES-2     Example of responsibilities-and-deliverables matrix, 7
2-1     General facility acquisition process, 25
2-2     Cost-influence and cash-flow curves, 27
3-1     A four-square analysis tool to determine whether functions could be outsourced, 50
3-2     The four owner functions in successful facility acquisition, 50
4-1     Decision framework for outsourcing management functions, 66
4-2     Example of a responsibilities-and-deliverables matrix, 72
4-3     Simple measures of project performance, 74
4-4     Project performance measured against agency baselines, 75

TABLES

2-1     Important Dates in Federal Facilities Acquisition, 23
3-1     Skills Required by Successful Owner Project Personnel, 55
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Outsourcing Management Functions for the Acquisition of Federal Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10012.
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In this study outsourcing is defined as the organizational practice of contracting for services from an external entity while retaining control over assets and oversight of the services being outsourced. In the 1980s, a number of factors led to a renewed interest in outsourcing. For private sector organizations, outsourcing was identified as a strategic component of business process reengineering—an effort to streamline an organization and increase its profitability. In the public sector, growing concern about the federal budget deficit, the continuing long-term fiscal crisis of some large cities, and other factors accelerated the use of privatization measures (including outsourcing for services) as a means of increasing the efficiency of government.

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