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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005)

Chapter: E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998

« Previous: D Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994
Page 1028 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1028
Page 1029 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1029
Page 1030 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1030
Page 1031 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1031
Page 1032 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1032
Page 1033 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1033
Page 1034 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1034
Page 1035 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1035
Page 1036 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1036
Page 1037 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1037
Page 1038 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1038
Page 1039 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1039
Page 1040 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1040
Page 1041 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1041
Page 1042 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1042
Page 1043 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1043
Page 1044 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1044
Page 1045 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1045
Page 1046 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1046
Page 1047 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1047
Page 1048 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1048
Page 1049 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1049
Page 1050 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1050
Page 1051 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1051
Page 1052 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1052
Page 1053 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1053
Page 1054 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1054
Page 1055 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1055
Page 1056 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1056
Page 1057 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1057
Page 1058 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1058
Page 1059 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1059
Page 1060 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1060
Page 1061 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1061
Page 1062 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1062
Page 1063 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1063
Page 1064 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1064
Page 1065 Cite
Suggested Citation:"E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10490.
×
Page 1065

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E Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 1998 TABLE E-1 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Energy (kcal), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 718 351 450 508 Standard error 10 20 15 14 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 999 538 657 725 Standard error 16 24 19 17 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 1,404 730 905 999 Standard error 9 10 9 8 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 1,789 1,047 1,243 1,345 Standard error 13 21 15 15 M, 9–13 y 595 2,265 1,289 1,550 1,694 Standard error 40 63 53 48 M, 14–18 y 474 2,840 1,344 1,676 1,877 Standard error 68 82 69 64 M, 19–30 y 920 2,818 1,223 1,607 1,834 Standard error 55 56 56 56 M, 31–50 y 1,806 2,554 1,180 1,512 1,695 Standard error 34 30 23 30 M, 51–70 y 1,680 2,162 962 1,257 1,430 Standard error 29 74 27 43 M, 71+ y 722 1,821 794 1,033 1,176 Standard error 28 64 36 29 1028

1029 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 597 687 810 966 1,083 1,352 10 13 12 19 29 61 843 976 1,128 1,300 1,422 1,685 15 15 20 30 40 66 1,162 1,372 1,612 1,849 2,007 2,350 8 9 11 13 16 27 1,534 1,759 2,012 2,272 2,435 2,792 12 12 17 21 32 41 1,940 2,226 2,545 2,885 3,118 3,619 42 41 47 63 79 123 2,256 2,748 3,324 3,923 4,322 5,159 57 70 106 132 155 270 2,236 2,718 3,284 3,921 4,374 5,378 56 56 67 96 126 216 2,032 2,476 2,984 3,500 3,859 4,703 30 32 47 69 89 154 1,738 2,109 2,525 2,959 3,250 3,856 55 29 66 51 66 259 1,440 1,773 2,150 2,527 2,771 3,268 28 31 49 55 68 155 continued

1030 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-1 Continued Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n F, 9–13 y 606 1,910 1,103 1,298 1,412 Standard error 35 34 29 28 F, 14–18 y 449 1,901 1,016 1,238 1,365 Standard error 51 112 95 100 F, 19–30 y 808 1,791 896 1,115 1,242 Standard error 31 45 41 39 F, 31–50 y 1,690 1,694 809 1,040 1,171 Standard error 17 21 20 19 F, 51–70 y 1,605 1,536 755 952 1,065 Standard error 19 22 19 19 F, 71+ y 670 1,381 677 851 952 Standard error 22 49 25 29 Pregnant 81 1,986 1,173 1,401 1,525 Standard error 153 187 153 142 Lactating 44 2,138 1,126 1,346 1,479 Standard error 155 279 243 221 Pregnant/lactating 124 2,115 1,188 1,425 1,560 Standard error 65 112 102 96 All individuals 21,035 2,007 749 1,005 1,166 Standard error 14 8 7 8 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 2,009 751 1,008 1,169 Standard error 14 7 7 8 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1031 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1,619 1,877 2,164 2,452 2,637 3,015 27 32 45 63 77 109 1,594 1,872 2,177 2,473 2,661 3,034 92 55 64 72 77 193 1,473 1,757 2,073 2,384 2,582 2,979 34 30 43 56 63 89 1,396 1,659 1,953 2,262 2,471 2,910 18 17 20 25 30 48 1,266 1,507 1,772 2,040 2,218 2,587 17 18 22 31 37 49 1,134 1,356 1,602 1,842 1,994 2,298 34 23 36 33 40 118 1,736 1,978 2,227 2,458 2,599 2,869 138 155 190 230 258 312 1,733 2,066 2,463 2,887 3,174 3,796 188 170 206 306 396 632 1,799 2,088 2,402 2,706 2,897 3,274 84 69 67 90 114 176 1479 1,903 2,423 2,984 3,366 4,188 9 13 18 27 34 51 1,482 1,905 2,423 2,983 3,363 4,180 9 12 18 26 33 51 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1032 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-2 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Carbohydrate (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 85 39 49 55 Standard error 1 4 2 1 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 134 72 86 94 Standard error 2 3 2 2 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 191 93 117 131 Standard error 1 1 1 1 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 244 139 167 181 Standard error 2 3 2 2 M, 9–13 y 595 306 164 198 218 Standard error 6 9 7 7 M, 14–18 y 474 379 168 214 242 Standard error 10 10 9 8 M, 19–30 y 920 345 140 189 216 Standard error 7 7 7 6 M, 31–50 y 1,806 308 126 169 195 Standard error 5 4 4 4 M, 51–70 y 1,680 262 99 139 162 Standard error 4 4 4 4 M, 71+ y 722 230 92 123 142 Standard error 4 5 4 4 F, 9–13 y 606 263 142 171 188 Standard error 6 4 4 4 F, 14–18 y 449 259 122 154 174 Standard error 7 11 10 10 F, 19–30 y 808 234 101 133 152 Standard error 4 7 7 8 F, 31–50 y 1,690 215 87 118 137 Standard error 2 3 3 3 F, 51–70 y 1,605 195 86 112 127 Standard error 2 3 2 2 F, 71+ y 670 182 78 103 118 Standard error 3 4 3 3 Pregnant 81 277 158 188 206 Standard error 12 25 20 18 Lactating 44 294 135 171 193 Standard error 27 54 47 42 Pregnant/lactating 124 285 143 177 197 Standard error 11 20 18 17 All individuals 21,035 256 89 123 145 Standard error 2 1 1 1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 256 89 123 145 Standard error 2 1 1 1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1033 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 67 81 98 120 136 173 2 1 3 3 5 15 110 131 155 179 195 230 2 2 3 4 5 9 156 186 221 257 281 330 1 1 2 2 3 4 208 241 276 311 335 386 2 2 2 3 3 6 255 300 350 400 432 497 7 6 9 11 13 26 295 365 448 535 594 717 8 9 12 17 20 30 266 331 408 488 545 677 6 6 9 11 15 31 241 297 363 435 485 592 4 4 6 8 11 17 204 255 311 371 412 498 4 4 5 6 8 12 177 222 274 328 362 434 4 4 5 7 8 12 219 257 301 345 374 432 4 5 7 10 13 18 209 253 303 352 384 448 8 8 8 11 14 20 186 229 276 323 353 413 8 4 8 8 9 25 170 210 254 300 331 393 2 2 2 3 3 6 155 191 230 270 295 346 2 2 3 5 6 8 145 178 216 252 276 323 3 3 4 5 6 9 237 274 314 354 378 428 14 12 15 20 25 35 233 285 344 405 444 526 35 30 37 56 71 109 234 279 330 379 411 474 14 11 12 18 24 38 187 243 311 384 433 537 1 2 2 3 4 6 187 243 312 385 433 537 1 2 2 3 4 6 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1034 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-3 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Percentage of Total Energy from Carbohydrate, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 47.3 40.0 41.3 42.0 Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 54.2 41.2 44.6 46.5 Standard error 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 54.8 41.9 45.7 47.7 Standard error 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 55.0 44.5 47.6 49.3 Standard error 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 M, 9–13 y 595 54.1 45.8 48.2 49.5 Standard error 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.6 M, 14–18 y 474 53.7 43.3 46.3 47.9 Standard error 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 M, 19–30 y 920 49.8 36.9 40.8 42.9 Standard error 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.7 M, 31–50 y 1,805 49.0 34.4 38.8 41.1 Standard error 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 M, 51–70 y 1,680 49.0 31.9 37.1 39.8 Standard error 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 M, 71+ y 722 50.8 34.0 39.0 41.6 Standard error 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 F, 9–13 y 606 55.2 44.6 47.7 49.4 Standard error 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 F, 14–18 y 449 54.7 42.5 46.0 47.9 Standard error 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 F, 19–30 y 806 52.8 36.3 41.1 43.7 Standard error 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.7 F, 31–50 y 1,689 51.5 35.2 40.1 42.6 Standard error 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 F, 51–70 y 1,605 51.5 35.9 40.3 42.8 Standard error 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 F, 71+ y 669 53.1 37.5 42.0 44.5 Standard error 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 Pregnant 81 53.0 44.1 46.5 47.9 Standard error 1.3 3.8 2.9 2.5 Lactating 44 53.0 41.3 45.0 46.9 Standard error 3.2 8.9 6.0 4.7 Pregnant/lactating 124 53.5 44.4 47.1 48.5 Standard error 0.9 3.7 2.7 2.2 All individuals 21,030 51.8 36.0 40.6 43.0 Standard error 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 All individuals (+P/L) 21,154 51.8 36.0 40.6 43.1 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day. The Iowa State University (ISU) method was used to estimate individual usual intakes of energy from carbohydrate and total energy. One g of carbohydrate was assumed to provide 4 kcal of energy. A modification of the ISU method was then used to estimate the distri- bution of the nutrient density (Goyeneche JJ, Carriquiry A, Fuller WA. 1997. Estimating bivariate usual intake distributions. ASA Proceedings of the Biometrics Section. Alexandria,

1035 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 43.3 45.1 50.1 55.0 58.7 68.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 2.2 49.9 53.9 58.2 62.3 64.8 69.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 51.0 54.7 58.4 61.8 64.0 68.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 52.0 55.0 58.1 60.8 62.5 65.7 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 51.7 54.1 56.4 58.6 59.9 62.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 50.6 53.6 56.7 59.5 61.3 64.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 46.2 49.8 53.4 56.7 58.8 63.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 44.8 48.9 53.0 57.0 59.5 64.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 44.2 49.0 53.8 58.4 61.2 66.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 46.1 50.9 55.7 59.9 62.5 67.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 52.1 55.2 58.3 61.0 62.6 65.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 51.1 54.6 58.2 61.4 63.4 67.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.4 48.0 52.8 57.6 62.0 64.6 69.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 46.8 51.3 56.0 60.4 63.2 68.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 46.8 51.5 56.1 60.4 62.9 67.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 48.6 53.1 57.6 61.6 64.0 68.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 50.2 52.9 55.7 58.4 60.0 63.2 1.8 1.3 1.8 2.7 3.4 4.8 50.0 53.2 56.2 58.7 60.1 62.7 3.2 3.3 4.5 5.9 6.6 7.9 50.9 53.5 56.2 58.6 60.0 62.7 1.5 0.9 1.1 1.8 2.2 3.1 47.1 51.7 56.3 60.5 63.1 67.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 47.1 51.7 56.4 60.5 63.1 67.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 VA: American Statistical Association). Infants and children fed human milk and five individuals who had no food intake for the day were excluded from the analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactat- ing categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1036 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-4 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Dietary Fiber (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 578 1.4 — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 5.7 0.9 1.9 2.5 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 9.5 3.5 4.8 5.6 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 12.2 6.0 7.4 8.3 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 M, 9–13 y 595 15.2 6.9 8.7 9.9 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 M, 14–18 y 474 17.7 7.6 9.8 11.1 Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 M, 19–30 y 920 18.5 5.9 8.5 10.1 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 M, 31–50 y 1,806 18.9 6.7 9.3 10.9 Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 M, 51–70 y 1,680 18.5 5.5 8.2 9.9 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 M, 71+ y 722 17.5 4.9 7.4 9.0 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 F, 9–13 y 606 12.9 6.4 7.9 8.8 Standard error 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 F, 14–18 y 449 12.8 5.9 7.6 8.6 Standard error 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 F, 19–30 y 808 12.7 4.7 6.5 7.6 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 F, 31–50 y 1,690 13.8 4.5 6.5 7.7 Standard error 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 F, 51–70 y 1,605 14.4 5.1 7.1 8.3 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 F, 71+ y 670 14.0 4.3 6.3 7.6 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Pregnant 81 16.2 7.1 9.0 10.2 Standard error 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 Lactating 44 19.3 7.0 9.5 11.0 Standard error 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 Pregnant/lactating 124 17.7 6.7 9.0 10.4 Standard error 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 All individuals 21,035 15.1 3.6 5.7 7.1 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 15.2 3.6 5.7 7.1 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.05. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1037 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th — 0.2 2.1 5.2 6.0 8.7 3.8 5.4 7.3 9.2 10.4 12.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 7.1 9.1 11.4 13.8 15.5 19.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 9.8 11.8 14.1 16.4 18.0 21.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 11.9 14.6 17.7 21.2 23.7 29.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.5 13.7 17.0 20.9 25.0 27.8 33.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.8 13.2 17.4 22.5 28.2 32.3 41.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.6 14.0 17.9 22.7 28.0 31.6 39.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 13.2 17.5 22.7 28.3 32.2 40.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.3 12.2 16.5 21.8 27.3 31.0 38.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.7 10.4 12.6 15.0 17.6 19.2 22.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.5 10.3 12.5 14.9 17.5 19.2 23.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.5 9.6 12.1 15.2 18.4 20.7 25.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.1 10.0 13.1 16.8 20.7 23.3 28.8 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.7 2.3 10.7 13.8 17.5 21.2 23.7 28.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 10.1 13.3 17.2 21.3 24.0 29.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 12.5 15.6 19.2 23.1 25.7 31.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.1 3.1 14.1 18.3 23.4 28.9 32.8 41.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.9 4.1 7.3 13.2 16.9 21.3 26.0 29.2 35.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.0 3.1 9.9 14.0 19.1 24.7 28.5 36.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 10.0 14.0 19.1 24.7 28.6 36.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1038 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-5 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Total Fat (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 34.8 15.0 21.5 24.8 Standard error 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 39.5 17.4 23.8 27.2 Standard error 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.0 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 51.0 23.3 30.1 33.8 Standard error 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 65.4 35.0 42.0 46.0 Standard error 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 M, 9–13 y 595 84.0 47.0 56.0 62.0 Standard error 1.6 2.7 2.2 2.0 M, 14–18 y 474 105.6 45.0 59.0 67.0 Standard error 2.8 3.8 5.2 5.5 M, 19–30 y 920 103.7 42.0 56.0 65.0 Standard error 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 M, 31–50 y 1,806 97.4 37.0 51.0 59.0 Standard error 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.0 M, 51–70 y 1,680 82.6 29.0 40.0 48.0 Standard error 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 M, 71+ y 722 67.9 24.0 33.0 39.0 Standard error 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 F, 9–13 y 606 69.5 37.0 45.0 49.0 Standard error 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 F, 14–18 y 449 68.7 35.0 44.0 48.0 Standard error 2.1 4.1 3.7 3.4 F, 19–30 y 808 64.6 26.0 35.0 40.0 Standard error 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 F, 31–50 y 1,690 63.3 26.0 35.0 40.0 Standard error 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 F, 51–70 y 1,605 56.5 22.0 29.0 34.0 Standard error 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 F, 71+ y 670 49.4 20.0 27.0 31.0 Standard error 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.4 Pregnant 81 75.5 43.0 52.0 56.0 Standard error 5.2 6.0 5.2 4.9 Lactating 44 74.7 38.0 47.0 52.0 Standard error 5.3 9.4 7.9 7.0 Pregnant/lactating 124 76.7 41.0 50.0 55.0 Standard error 2.9 4.3 4.0 3.8 All individuals 21,035 74.7 24.0 34.0 40.0 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 74.7 24.0 34.0 40.0 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1039 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 28.7 33.6 39.7 46.2 52.0 66.4 0.8 0.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 2.8 32.4 38.2 45.5 53.5 58.9 70.0 1.5 0.8 1.7 1.7 2.4 3.2 40.6 49.6 59.8 69.9 76.6 91.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.6 54.0 64.0 75.0 86.0 94.0 109.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.9 71.0 82.0 95.0 108.0 117.0 136.0 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.7 3.4 5.3 82.0 101.0 124.0 149.0 166.0 204.0 4.4 2.9 5.4 6.3 6.3 14.2 81.0 100.0 123.0 147.0 164.0 200.0 2.6 2.4 2.7 3.8 4.8 7.6 73.0 93.0 117.0 141.0 157.0 194.0 2.1 1.4 3.7 3.6 4.4 7.3 61.0 79.0 100.0 122.0 136.0 166.0 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.5 50.0 65.0 82.0 100.0 112.0 136.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0 4.2 57.0 68.0 80.0 92.0 100.0 116.0 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.7 3.9 57.0 68.0 79.0 91.0 98.0 112.0 2.8 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.8 50.0 63.0 77.0 92.0 101.0 121.0 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.2 2.8 4.5 50.0 61.0 75.0 89.0 98.0 119.0 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.8 43.0 55.0 68.0 81.0 90.0 108.0 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.9 38.0 48.0 59.0 70.0 77.0 92.0 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.2 5.9 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0 102.0 114.0 4.6 5.1 6.4 8.3 9.6 12.5 62.0 73.0 86.0 99.0 107.0 123.0 5.6 5.3 7.6 11.5 14.3 20.7 65.0 76.0 88.0 99.0 107.0 121.0 3.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.0 7.2 53.0 70.0 92.0 115.0 130.0 164.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 53.0 70.0 92.0 114.0 130.0 163.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1040 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-6 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Percentage of Total Energy from Fat, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 43.8 24.5 33.6 36.9 Standard error 0.3 2.1 1.6 0.8 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 35.5 21.1 26.0 28.4 Standard error 0.3 1.2 0.6 0.5 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 32.2 21.8 25.0 26.6 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 32.4 24.2 26.6 27.9 Standard error 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 M, 9–13 y 595 33.1 26.6 28.5 29.5 Standard error 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 M, 14–18 y 474 33.0 23.5 26.4 27.9 Standard error 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 M, 19–30 y 920 32.6 23.2 26.1 27.5 Standard error 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 M, 31–50 y 1,805 33.6 21.3 25.1 27.1 Standard error 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 M, 51–70 y 1,680 33.7 19.3 23.6 25.9 Standard error 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 M, 71+ y 722 33.0 19.1 23.2 25.4 Standard error 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 F, 9–13 y 606 32.4 23.7 26.3 27.7 Standard error 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 F, 14–18 y 449 32.2 22.0 25.1 26.7 Standard error 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 F, 19–30 y 806 32.1 18.8 22.8 24.9 Standard error 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 F, 31–50 y 1,689 32.8 20.2 23.9 25.9 Standard error 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 F, 51–70 y 1,605 32.2 18.4 22.5 24.6 Standard error 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 F, 71+ y 669 31.7 18.2 22.1 24.2 Standard error 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 Pregnant 81 32.9 23.0 26.1 27.7 Standard error 0.9 2.1 1.5 1.3 Lactating 44 31.5 22.5 25.2 26.7 Standard error 1.3 3.4 2.5 2.1 Pregnant/lactating 124 32.4 23.0 25.9 27.4 Standard error 0.8 1.9 1.4 1.2 All individuals 21,030 32.8 19.8 23.8 25.9 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,154 32.8 19.8 23.8 25.9 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day. The Iowa State University (ISU) method was used to estimate individual usual intakes of energy from fat and total energy. One g of fat was assumed to provide 9 kcal of energy. A modification of the ISU method was then used to estimate the distribution of the nutri- ent density (Goyeneche JJ, Carriquiry A, Fuller WA. 1997. Estimating bivariate usual intake distributions. ASA Proceedings of the Biometrics Section. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association). Infants and children fed human milk and five individuals who

1041 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 41.2 45.5 47.3 48.7 49.4 50.2 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 32.2 35.9 39.2 42.0 43.6 46.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 29.3 32.2 35.1 37.7 39.3 42.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 30.0 32.4 34.7 36.8 38.1 40.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 31.2 33.1 35.0 36.6 37.6 39.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 30.4 33.1 35.7 38.0 39.3 41.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 29.9 32.6 35.3 37.5 38.9 41.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 30.3 33.7 37.0 39.9 41.8 45.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 29.6 33.7 37.7 41.3 43.4 47.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 29.0 33.0 36.9 40.4 42.5 46.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 30.0 32.5 34.9 37.1 38.4 40.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 29.4 32.3 35.1 37.6 39.1 41.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 28.4 32.1 35.9 39.3 41.5 45.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.3 29.2 32.8 36.4 39.6 41.6 45.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 28.2 32.2 36.3 39.9 42.1 46.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 27.7 31.6 35.6 39.3 41.4 45.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 30.2 33.0 35.7 37.9 39.3 41.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 29.1 31.6 34.1 36.3 37.5 39.8 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.7 3.5 29.9 32.5 35.0 37.2 38.5 40.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 29.2 32.9 36.4 39.7 41.6 45.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 29.2 32.9 36.4 39.7 41.6 45.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 had no food intake for the day were excluded from the analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating catego- ries. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1042 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-7 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 13.9 5.4 8.1 9.5 Standard error 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 15.9 6.2 8.9 10.4 Standard error 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 20.2 8.7 11.4 13.0 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 24.3 12.4 15.2 16.8 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 M, 9–13 y 595 30.3 17.5 20.8 22.6 Standard error 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 M, 14–18 y 474 37.4 14.8 19.8 22.8 Standard error 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 M, 19–30 y 920 35.7 13.6 18.7 21.7 Standard error 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 M, 31–50 y 1,806 33.1 11.4 16.0 18.7 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 M, 51–70 y 1,680 27.0 8.3 12.1 14.5 Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 M, 71+ y 722 22.6 7.0 10.0 12.0 Standard error 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 F, 9–13 y 606 25.4 12.8 15.7 17.5 Standard error 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 F, 14–18 y 449 23.8 10.9 14.1 16.0 Standard error 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 F, 19–30 y 808 21.8 7.7 10.7 12.5 Standard error 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 F, 31–50 y 1,690 21.1 7.8 10.8 12.6 Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 F, 51–70 y 1,605 18.2 6.3 8.7 10.3 Standard error 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 F, 71+ y 670 16.1 5.8 8.0 9.4 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Pregnant 81 27.6 14.0 17.4 19.4 Standard error 1.4 2.2 1.9 1.7 Lactating 44 26.5 11.5 15.1 17.2 Standard error 2.1 4.3 3.4 2.8 Pregnant/lactating 124 27.5 13.3 16.8 18.8 Standard error 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 All individuals 21,035 25.6 7.7 11.2 13.4 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 25.6 7.8 11.2 13.5 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1043 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 11.2 13.3 16.0 18.9 21.5 27.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.2 12.6 15.2 18.7 22.5 25.0 29.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.3 15.9 19.6 23.9 28.2 31.1 37.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 19.9 23.7 28.1 32.6 35.5 41.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 25.8 29.7 34.1 38.5 41.5 47.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.5 28.4 35.6 44.4 54.2 61.2 76.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.4 3.2 5.1 27.3 34.2 42.5 51.4 57.6 71.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.9 3.2 24.0 31.4 40.3 49.4 55.8 70.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.9 3.4 19.2 25.6 33.3 41.5 47.0 58.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.7 15.9 21.3 27.8 34.8 39.5 49.7 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.5 2.3 20.7 24.7 29.4 34.1 37.1 43.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.6 19.3 23.2 27.6 32.2 35.4 42.1 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 3.5 16.1 20.9 26.4 32.1 35.9 43.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.7 16.0 20.3 25.4 30.7 34.4 42.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.6 13.3 17.3 22.1 27.1 30.5 37.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 12.0 15.4 19.5 23.7 26.4 32.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 22.9 27.1 31.8 36.3 39.2 44.8 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.8 3.5 5.1 21.1 25.9 31.3 36.6 40.0 46.8 1.9 1.9 3.5 5.6 7.1 10.1 22.5 27.0 31.9 36.8 39.8 45.9 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.7 3.9 17.9 24.0 31.6 39.9 45.5 57.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 17.9 24.0 31.6 39.8 45.5 57.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1044 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-8 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 12.1 3.7 5.9 7.3 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 13.8 5.1 7.3 8.6 Standard error 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 18.8 8.2 10.7 12.1 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 24.9 12.7 15.6 17.3 Standard error 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 M, 9–13 y 595 32.5 17.5 21.3 23.4 Standard error 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 M, 14–18 y 474 41.5 17.9 23.2 26.3 Standard error 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 M, 19–30 y 920 40.2 15.8 21.5 24.9 Standard error 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 M, 31–50 y 1,806 37.6 14.0 19.3 22.5 Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 M, 51–70 y 1,680 31.8 10.7 15.1 17.9 Standard error 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 M, 71+ y 722 26.1 8.7 12.4 14.7 Standard error 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 F, 9–13 y 606 26.8 13.9 16.9 18.7 Standard error 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 F, 14–18 y 449 26.6 13.5 16.7 18.6 Standard error 0.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 F, 19–30 y 808 24.8 9.5 12.9 15.0 Standard error 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 F, 31–50 y 1,690 24.0 9.2 12.7 14.7 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 F, 51–70 y 1,605 21.3 7.6 10.6 12.5 Standard error 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 F, 71+ y 670 18.9 7.3 9.9 11.4 Standard error 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Pregnant 81 27.2 17.4 20.0 21.5 Standard error 1.8 2.3 1.8 1.6 Lactating 44 27.0 16.3 19.0 20.6 Standard error 1.9 4.3 3.5 3.0 Pregnant/lactating 124 27.8 16.0 19.0 20.8 Standard error 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 All individuals 21,035 28.7 8.4 12.3 14.9 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 28.6 8.5 12.4 14.9 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human

1045 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 9.6 11.7 14.2 17.4 19.8 25.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 10.8 13.4 16.3 19.6 21.9 26.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 14.7 18.2 22.2 26.2 28.8 34.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 20.5 24.3 28.8 33.3 36.2 42.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 27.2 31.8 37.1 42.6 46.3 54.2 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.5 32.4 40.2 49.2 58.5 64.7 77.5 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 3.4 31.1 38.7 47.7 57.4 64.0 78.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 3.2 28.4 36.0 45.0 54.7 61.3 75.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.5 23.3 30.4 38.7 47.4 53.1 65.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 19.1 25.0 31.8 38.8 43.5 53.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.7 22.0 26.2 30.9 35.7 38.9 45.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 22.0 26.2 30.8 35.3 38.1 43.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.8 18.9 24.0 29.7 35.5 39.3 47.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 18.5 23.2 28.6 34.4 38.2 46.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 16.0 20.5 25.8 31.3 34.9 42.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 14.3 18.2 22.6 27.2 30.2 36.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 24.1 27.1 30.2 33.1 34.8 38.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 3.3 3.8 5.0 23.3 26.6 30.2 33.7 36.0 40.4 2.3 1.9 2.8 4.2 5.3 7.6 23.8 27.5 31.4 35.2 37.5 42.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 3.1 19.9 26.9 35.4 44.7 51.1 64.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 19.9 26.9 35.4 44.7 51.0 64.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1046 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-9 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Linoleic acid (n-6 18:2) (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 6.7 3.5 4.4 4.8 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 6.9 2.8 3.8 4.4 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 7.3 2.6 3.6 4.2 0b Standard error 0.1 — 0.1 0.1 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 10.1 4.4 5.7 6.4 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 M, 9–13 y 595 13.4 5.0 6.6 7.6 Standard error 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 M, 14–18 y 474 16.6 6.4 8.5 9.8 Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 M, 19–30 y 920 17.6 6.0 8.4 9.9 Standard error 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 M, 31–50 y 1,806 17.0 6.2 8.4 9.8 Standard error 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 M, 51–70 y 1,680 15.3 5.4 7.4 8.7 Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 M, 71+ y 722 12.2 4.3 5.9 6.9 Standard error 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 F, 9–13 y 606 11.0 4.4 5.8 6.6 Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 F, 14–18 y 449 11.7 4.7 6.2 7.1 Standard error 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 F, 19–30 y 808 11.8 4.5 6.0 6.9 Standard error 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 F, 31–50 y 1,690 11.7 4.6 6.2 7.1 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 F, 51–70 y 1,605 11.0 4.2 5.6 6.5 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 F, 71+ y 670 9.3 3.6 4.8 5.5 Standard error 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Pregnant 81 13.9 5.7 7.5 8.6 Standard error 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.8 Lactating 44 13.5 5.7 7.3 8.2 Standard error 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 Pregnant/lactating 124 13.7 5.7 7.4 8.5 Standard error 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 All individuals 21,035 13.0 3.9 5.6 6.7 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 13.0 3.9 5.6 6.7 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.05. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1047 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 5.6 6.5 7.6 8.8 9.7 11.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 5.5 6.7 8.1 9.5 10.5 12.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 5.3 6.9 8.7 10.8 12.3 15.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 7.8 9.7 11.9 14.3 15.9 19.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 9.7 12.5 16.2 20.2 23.0 29.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.1 2.0 12.4 15.8 20.0 24.5 27.5 34.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.5 12.8 16.7 21.4 26.4 29.7 36.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 12.5 16.1 20.5 25.2 28.4 35.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 11.2 14.5 18.6 22.9 25.8 31.9 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 8.9 11.6 14.9 18.3 20.7 25.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 8.3 10.5 13.2 16.0 18.0 22.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 8.9 11.2 14.0 16.8 18.7 22.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 8.7 11.2 14.3 17.5 19.7 24.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.4 8.8 11.1 13.9 16.9 18.9 23.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 8.2 10.5 13.2 16.1 18.1 22.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 7.0 8.9 11.2 13.7 15.4 19.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 10.7 13.4 16.5 19.8 22.0 26.5 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 10.1 12.7 16.0 19.6 22.1 27.9 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.1 4.9 10.5 13.1 16.2 19.5 21.7 26.2 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.1 8.9 12.0 16.0 20.6 23.9 31.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 8.9 12.0 16.0 20.6 23.9 31.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1048 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-10 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Total n-3 Fatty Acids (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 0.72 0.38 0.46 0.51 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 0.78 0.40 0.48 0.53 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 0.81 0.37 0.47 0.53 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 1.03 0.48 0.61 0.68 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 M, 9–13 y 595 1.32 0.56 0.71 0.81 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 M, 14–18 y 474 1.74 0.72 0.92 1.05 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 M, 19–30 y 920 1.77 0.70 0.93 1.07 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 M, 31–50 y 1,806 1.86 0.73 0.97 1.11 Standard error 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 M, 51–70 y 1,680 1.71 0.67 0.89 1.02 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 M, 71+ y 722 1.41 0.54 0.71 0.82 Standard error 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 9–13 y 606 1.08 0.48 0.60 0.68 Standard error 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 14–18 y 449 1.22 0.52 0.68 0.78 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 F, 19–30 y 808 1.26 0.51 0.66 0.76 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 F, 31–50 y 1,690 1.28 0.54 0.70 0.80 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 51–70 y 1,605 1.25 0.52 0.67 0.77 Standard error 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 F, 71+ y 670 1.07 0.45 0.58 0.66 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 Pregnant 81 1.49 0.67 0.85 0.95 Standard error 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.08 Lactating 44 1.50 0.66 0.81 0.91 Standard error 0.29 0.08 0.10 0.12 Pregnant/lactating 124 1.47 0.65 0.82 0.92 Standard error 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.07 All individuals 21,035 1.40 0.46 0.63 0.75 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 1.40 0.46 0.64 0.75 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: n-3 Fatty acids represent the daily intake of 18:3 (n-3 and n-6) + n-3 20:5 + n-3 22:5 + n-3 22:6 fatty acids per individual; estimates therefore may overestimate intake of total n-3 fatty acids. Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jack- knife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children

1049 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0.58 0.69 0.82 0.98 1.11 1.43 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.62 0.74 0.89 1.06 1.18 1.49 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.63 0.78 0.94 1.13 1.25 1.53 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.81 0.99 1.20 1.43 1.58 1.92 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.99 1.25 1.56 1.91 2.15 2.67 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.16 1.31 1.65 2.08 2.54 2.86 3.56 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14 1.33 1.69 2.12 2.57 2.87 3.51 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.12 1.39 1.77 2.24 2.74 3.08 3.84 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14 1.28 1.63 2.05 2.51 2.83 3.54 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.15 1.04 1.33 1.69 2.09 2.37 2.97 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.83 1.03 1.28 1.55 1.74 2.14 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.95 1.17 1.43 1.72 1.92 2.37 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.95 1.20 1.51 1.85 2.10 2.65 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.98 1.22 1.52 1.85 2.08 2.57 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.95 1.19 1.49 1.82 2.04 2.53 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.81 1.02 1.27 1.55 1.74 2.16 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 1.16 1.43 1.76 2.09 2.32 2.79 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.27 1.10 1.39 1.78 2.24 2.58 3.39 0.16 0.24 0.36 0.54 0.68 1.07 1.13 1.40 1.74 2.11 2.37 2.93 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.25 0.36 0.97 1.30 1.71 2.18 2.51 3.25 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.98 1.30 1.71 2.18 2.51 3.25 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactat- ing and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1050 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-11 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Linolenic Acid (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 0.72 0.38 0.46 0.50 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 0.77 0.39 0.48 0.53 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 0.77 0.35 0.45 0.50 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 0.97 0.46 0.58 0.65 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 M, 9–13 y 595 1.26 0.53 0.69 0.78 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 M, 14–18 y 474 1.65 0.65 0.85 0.98 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 M, 19–30 y 920 1.66 0.62 0.84 0.98 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 M, 31–50 y 1,806 1.73 0.65 0.87 1.01 Standard error 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 M, 51–70 y 1,680 1.55 0.58 0.77 0.90 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 M, 71+ y 722 1.26 0.48 0.63 0.73 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 9–13 y 606 1.03 0.46 0.58 0.65 Standard error 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 14–18 y 449 1.13 0.47 0.61 0.70 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 F, 19–30 y 808 1.18 0.46 0.60 0.70 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 31–50 y 1,690 1.19 0.48 0.63 0.72 Standard error 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 F, 51–70 y 1,605 1.13 0.46 0.60 0.68 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 F, 71+ y 670 0.97 0.40 0.51 0.59 Standard error 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 Pregnant 81 1.42 0.62 0.79 0.89 Standard error 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.07 Lactating 44 1.42 0.61 0.75 0.84 Standard error 0.27 0.06 0.08 0.10 Pregnant/lactating 124 1.40 0.60 0.76 0.86 Standard error 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.06 All individuals 21,035 1.30 0.43 0.59 0.69 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 1.30 0.43 0.59 0.69 Standard error 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Linolenic acid includes both n-3 and n-6 forms. Estimates are based on respon- dents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State Univer- sity method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C-Side. Stan- dard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One

1051 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0.58 0.69 0.82 0.98 1.11 1.43 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.61 0.73 0.88 1.05 1.17 1.47 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.60 0.74 0.90 1.08 1.20 1.46 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.78 0.94 1.13 1.34 1.48 1.79 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.96 1.19 1.48 1.81 2.05 2.61 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.20 1.22 1.56 1.98 2.44 2.76 3.47 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15 1.24 1.59 2.01 2.44 2.74 3.36 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.11 1.27 1.63 2.08 2.57 2.90 3.64 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.16 1.14 1.47 1.87 2.30 2.59 3.23 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.93 1.19 1.52 1.88 2.13 2.67 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.79 0.99 1.22 1.47 1.64 2.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.87 1.09 1.35 1.63 1.81 2.20 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.87 1.11 1.41 1.75 1.98 2.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.19 0.90 1.13 1.41 1.72 1.94 2.41 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.85 1.08 1.36 1.66 1.86 2.31 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.73 0.91 1.15 1.41 1.60 2.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.24 1.09 1.36 1.68 2.02 2.24 2.72 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.22 1.03 1.31 1.69 2.14 2.48 3.28 0.14 0.22 0.35 0.54 0.70 1.12 1.06 1.33 1.67 2.03 2.29 2.86 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.37 0.90 1.20 1.59 2.02 2.32 3.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.91 1.21 1.59 2.02 2.32 3.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactat- ing categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1052 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-12 Mean and Percentiles for Average Daily Intake of n-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5) Fatty Acids (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 578 — — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 487 0.002 — — — Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,777 0.008 — — — Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,769 0.012 — — — M, 9–13 y 569 0.016 — — — M, 14–18 y 446 0.018 — — — M, 19–30 y 854 0.030 — — — M, 31–50 y 1,684 0.038 — — — M, 51–70 y 1,606 0.046 — — — M, 71+ y 674 0.049 — — — F, 9–13 y 580 0.012 — — — F, 14–18 y 436 0.016 — — — F, 19–30 y 760 0.024 — — — F, 31–50 y 1,614 0.027 — — — F, 51–70 y 1,539 0.035 — — — F, 71+ y 623 0.029 — — — Pregnant 71 0.017 — — — Lactating 42 0.026 — — — Pregnant/lactating 112 0.020 — — — All individuals 19,996 0.028 — — — All individuals (+P/L) 20,108 0.028 — — — a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.0005. NOTE: Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the 2-day average intake reported per individual. Estimates were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. In- fants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating catego-

1053 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th — — — — — 0.003 — — 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.038 — 0.002 0.006 0.018 0.035 0.118 — 0.002 0.007 0.023 0.051 0.208 — 0.002 0.009 0.039 0.075 0.231 — 0.003 0.010 0.032 0.093 0.270 0.001 0.007 0.019 0.058 0.135 0.469 0.001 0.007 0.022 0.112 0.206 0.442 0.002 0.007 0.033 0.122 0.219 0.550 0.001 0.005 0.022 0.166 0.310 0.662 — 0.002 0.007 0.030 0.061 0.220 — 0.004 0.009 0.029 0.066 0.365 — 0.004 0.012 0.046 0.128 0.314 0.001 0.005 0.015 0.068 0.136 0.367 0.001 0.005 0.018 0.088 0.172 0.461 0.001 0.004 0.014 0.071 0.163 0.374 — 0.004 0.016 0.031 0.086 0.133 0.001 0.006 0.017 0.088 0.147 0.367 0.001 0.005 0.017 0.053 0.133 0.319 0.001 0.004 0.014 0.066 0.141 0.392 0.001 0.004 0.014 0.066 0.141 0.392 ries. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of 2-day average intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1054 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-13 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5) (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 578 — — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 487 0.001 — — — Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,777 0.005 — — — Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,769 0.007 — — — M, 9–13 y 569 0.009 — — — M, 14–18 y 446 0.012 — — — M, 19–30 y 854 0.016 — — — M, 31–50 y 1,684 0.018 — — — M, 51–70 y 1,606 0.019 — — — M, 71+ y 674 0.015 — — — F, 9–13 y 580 0.007 — — — F, 14–18 y 436 0.009 — — — F, 19–30 y 760 0.011 — — — F, 31–50 y 1,614 0.013 — — — F, 51–70 y 1,539 0.013 — — — F, 71+ y 623 0.011 — — — Pregnant 71 0.007 — — — Lactating 42 0.012 — — — Pregnant/lactating 112 0.009 — — — All individuals 19,996 0.013 — — — All individuals (+P/L) 20,108 0.013 — — — a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.0005. NOTE: Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the 2-day average intake reported per individual. Estimates were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. In- fants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating catego-

1055 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th — — — — 0.001 0.004 — — 0.001 0.005 0.007 0.014 — 0.001 0.006 0.012 0.019 0.041 — 0.002 0.007 0.017 0.027 0.065 — 0.003 0.011 0.025 0.040 0.074 — 0.005 0.015 0.033 0.052 0.098 — 0.007 0.021 0.040 0.050 0.120 — 0.009 0.022 0.044 0.067 0.188 — 0.008 0.022 0.048 0.087 0.174 — 0.005 0.016 0.042 0.070 0.130 — 0.003 0.009 0.018 0.025 0.055 — 0.005 0.013 0.020 0.032 0.065 — 0.005 0.012 0.026 0.039 0.111 — 0.006 0.015 0.029 0.047 0.107 — 0.006 0.015 0.030 0.051 0.134 — 0.005 0.013 0.029 0.043 0.093 — 0.003 0.010 0.024 0.029 0.042 — 0.009 0.016 0.029 0.040 0.093 — 0.004 0.013 0.025 0.034 0.062 — 0.005 0.015 0.032 0.050 0.118 — 0.005 0.015 0.031 0.050 0.118 ries. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of 2-day average intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1056 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-14 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of n-3 Docosahexaneoic Acid (22:6) (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 — — — Standard error 0.001 — — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 0.030 — 0.001 0.001 Standard error 0.008 — — — Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 0.032 0.003 0.005 0.007 Standard error 0.001 — — — Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 0.050 0.003 0.007 0.010 Standard error 0.005 — 0.001 0.001 M, 9–13 y 595 0.063 0.003 0.007 0.011 Standard error 0.010 — 0.001 0.001 M, 14–18 y 474 0.072 0.009 0.016 0.022 Standard error 0.012 0.001 0.002 0.003 M, 19–30 y 920 0.079 0.013 0.021 0.028 Standard error 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.002 M, 31–50 y 1,806 0.094 0.017 0.028 0.035 Standard error 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.002 M, 51–70 y 1,680 0.111 0.019 0.031 0.040 Standard error 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.003 M, 71+ y 722 0.128 0.012 0.022 0.030 Standard error 0.019 0.001 0.002 0.003 F, 9–13 y 606 0.055 0.002 0.005 0.008 Standard error 0.009 — 0.001 0.001 F, 14–18 y 449 0.062 0.008 0.014 0.019 Standard error 0.009 0.001 0.002 0.003 F, 19–30 y 808 0.067 0.008 0.014 0.019 Standard error 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.002 F, 31–50 y 1,690 0.071 0.011 0.019 0.024 Standard error 0.009 0.001 0.001 0.002 F, 51–70 y 1,605 0.089 0.011 0.020 0.026 Standard error 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.002 F, 71+ y 670 0.077 0.010 0.018 0.024 Standard error 0.010 0.001 0.002 0.002 Pregnant 81 0.051 0.009 0.015 0.019 Standard error 0.014 0.002 0.004 0.005 Lactating 44 0.053 0.010 0.016 0.021 Standard error 0.019 0.003 0.005 0.006 Pregnant/lactating 124 0.052 0.009 0.015 0.019 Standard error 0.012 0.002 0.003 0.004 All individuals 21,035 0.057 0.007 0.013 0.017 Standard error 0.019 0.001 0.003 0.004 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 0.057 0.007 0.013 0.017 Standard error 0.018 0.001 0.003 0.004 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.0005. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1057 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th — — — 0.001 0.001 0.003 — — — 0.001 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.008 0.024 0.065 0.119 0.370 — 0.001 0.005 0.016 0.032 0.118 0.013 0.023 0.041 0.066 0.088 0.148 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.018 0.035 0.063 0.107 0.144 0.251 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.011 0.015 0.028 0.021 0.041 0.079 0.138 0.191 0.344 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.023 0.033 0.065 0.034 0.057 0.092 0.141 0.180 0.284 0.005 0.009 0.016 0.026 0.034 0.058 0.042 0.066 0.101 0.146 0.181 0.269 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.012 0.015 0.023 0.052 0.079 0.120 0.171 0.211 0.311 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.023 0.060 0.093 0.142 0.205 0.255 0.380 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.014 0.019 0.031 0.050 0.089 0.159 0.266 0.363 0.651 0.006 0.011 0.023 0.043 0.063 0.127 0.017 0.034 0.068 0.123 0.174 0.325 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.020 0.028 0.054 0.030 0.049 0.080 0.121 0.155 0.242 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.040 0.031 0.052 0.086 0.132 0.170 0.271 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.014 0.019 0.032 0.037 0.058 0.090 0.133 0.167 0.253 0.003 0.006 0.011 0.019 0.025 0.042 0.042 0.069 0.113 0.173 0.222 0.350 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.014 0.019 0.035 0.037 0.061 0.098 0.149 0.190 0.297 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.020 0.027 0.045 0.028 0.043 0.066 0.094 0.115 0.167 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.028 0.036 0.055 0.030 0.046 0.068 0.095 0.116 0.168 0.009 0.015 0.024 0.036 0.046 0.071 0.029 0.044 0.066 0.094 0.115 0.168 0.006 0.009 0.015 0.023 0.029 0.045 0.028 0.046 0.074 0.111 0.139 0.209 0.007 0.014 0.024 0.039 0.052 0.083 0.028 0.046 0.074 0.111 0.139 0.209 0.007 0.013 0.024 0.039 0.051 0.082 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1058 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-15 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Cholesterol (mg), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Category a Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 13 — 1 Standard error 1 — — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 74 3 7 12 Standard error 5 1 1 1 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 189 64 89 104 Standard error 2 2 2 2 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 206 81 106 122 Standard error 3 2 2 2 M, 9–13 y 595 259 135 163 179 Standard error 13 12 11 11 M, 14–18 y 474 319 135 174 198 Standard error 11 14 13 12 M, 19–30 y 920 345 120 166 193 Standard error 12 12 11 12 M, 31–50 y 1,806 345 118 165 193 Standard error 5 6 5 5 M, 51–70 y 1,680 317 107 150 176 Standard error 9 7 7 7 M, 71+ y 722 267 83 119 142 Standard error 7 5 5 5 F, 9–13 y 606 205 89 114 129 Standard error 7 6 6 7 F, 14–18 y 449 222 99 127 143 Standard error 10 16 15 14 F, 19–30 y 808 210 76 104 121 Standard error 6 8 8 7 F, 31–50 y 1,690 219 78 107 125 Standard error 4 4 4 4 F, 51–70 y 1,605 208 71 99 116 Standard error 5 4 4 4 F, 71+ y 670 189 64 89 105 Standard error 5 5 5 5 Pregnant 81 280 129 164 185 Standard error 22 22 21 20 Lactating 44 246 169 187 198 Standard error 27 56 45 39 Pregnant/lactating 124 271 121 154 174 Standard error 17 17 16 16 All individuals 21,035 256 52 85 108 Standard error 2 1 1 1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 257 53 86 109 Standard error 2 1 1 1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.5. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1059 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 3 7 17 32 45 79 — — 1 3 5 11 24 47 98 174 227 348 2 3 8 13 17 26 134 175 229 292 336 430 2 2 3 5 6 9 152 194 246 304 344 431 2 2 4 7 9 15 210 250 299 350 385 460 14 16 15 15 19 32 245 306 379 455 507 616 11 11 14 21 27 41 246 323 420 527 601 766 12 12 20 25 30 51 248 324 419 525 598 753 5 5 7 11 15 24 226 295 386 486 554 697 8 9 11 14 17 25 186 248 329 417 476 598 6 7 10 14 18 27 158 195 241 292 329 410 7 7 9 12 14 22 174 214 260 310 343 416 13 11 10 13 17 29 154 199 253 313 355 448 6 6 6 10 13 22 160 206 265 330 374 471 3 4 5 8 10 16 149 195 253 318 362 455 4 5 7 9 11 16 136 178 229 286 326 412 5 6 7 9 12 18 224 273 328 383 418 489 19 21 27 38 47 68 218 243 270 297 315 352 29 26 39 62 79 117 213 262 320 379 418 499 16 16 20 28 34 49 157 230 327 439 519 698 2 2 3 5 6 10 158 230 327 438 518 696 2 2 3 5 6 9 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1060 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-16 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of Protein (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 15.9 7.4 9.6 10.9 Standard error 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 28.3 11.1 14.4 16.5 Standard error 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 50.9 24.4 31.3 34.9 Standard error 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 62.5 33.8 40.8 44.7 Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 M, 9–13 y 595 79.1 46.0 54.0 59.0 Standard error 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 M, 14–18 y 474 99.0 51.0 62.0 69.0 Standard error 2.3 4.0 3.6 3.3 M, 19–30 y 920 104.0 49.0 62.0 70.0 Standard error 2.0 2.7 2.5 2.5 M, 31–50 y 1,806 99.4 49.0 61.0 67.0 Standard error 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.2 M, 51–70 y 1,680 86.8 41.0 53.0 59.0 Standard error 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 M, 71+ y 722 72.5 32.0 42.0 48.0 Standard error 1.2 3.0 1.7 1.8 F, 9–13 y 606 65.3 37.1 44.4 48.5 Standard error 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 F, 14–18 y 449 66.5 36.4 44.4 48.8 Standard error 2.0 3.9 3.5 3.7 F, 19–30 y 808 63.3 33.0 40.0 44.0 Standard error 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.7 F, 31–50 y 1,690 64.9 32.0 41.0 46.0 Standard error 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 F, 51–70 y 1,605 61.7 32.4 40.0 44.3 Standard error 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.0 F, 71+ y 670 56.4 26.8 34.0 38.2 Standard error 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 Pregnant 81 78.2 45.0 54.0 60.0 Standard error 2.6 9.2 7.0 5.6 Lactating 44 79.7 48.2 55.8 60.3 Standard error 4.7 6.4 5.5 5.2 Pregnant/lactating 124 79.7 43.0 53.0 58.0 Standard error 2.5 3.5 3.1 3.0 All individuals 21,035 75.2 26.0 36.0 42.0 Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 All individuals (+P/L) 21,159 75.3 26.0 36.0 42.0 Standard error 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day and were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percen- tiles were obtained using C-Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk were excluded from all analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was

1061 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 12.9 15.1 18.1 21.9 24.7 31.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.3 20.6 26.5 34.0 42.5 48.5 62.0 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.6 2.1 3.5 41.3 49.8 59.1 68.4 74.7 88.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.3 52.1 61.2 71.5 81.9 88.7 103.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.7 68.0 78.0 89.0 101.0 108.0 125.0 1.6 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.6 4.0 81.0 97.0 114.0 132.0 144.0 168.0 2.7 2.3 3.0 4.6 5.9 9.1 83.0 101.0 121.0 142.0 157.0 190.0 2.1 2.2 2.5 3.4 4.6 8.9 80.0 97.0 115.0 135.0 147.0 174.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.6 2.9 4.3 71.0 85.0 100.0 117.0 128.0 152.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.8 58.0 71.0 85.0 99.0 108.0 125.0 1.8 1.3 2.4 2.2 2.4 7.0 55.6 64.0 73.6 83.6 90.5 105.4 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.3 2.9 4.4 56.5 65.4 75.3 85.3 92.1 106.1 3.3 2.0 1.6 2.3 3.5 8.9 52.0 62.0 73.0 84.0 91.0 107.0 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.8 4.1 54.0 64.0 75.0 86.0 93.0 109.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.4 2.2 51.8 60.8 70.6 80.4 86.8 99.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 2.0 45.8 55.2 65.7 76.0 82.6 95.7 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.9 68.0 78.0 88.0 97.0 103.0 113.0 3.6 2.7 4.3 6.9 8.5 11.9 68.4 78.4 89.6 100.8 108.1 122.9 4.9 5.0 5.6 6.9 8.1 11.5 68.0 79.0 91.0 102.0 109.0 122.0 2.7 2.6 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.2 54.0 71.0 92.0 114.0 129.0 160.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.8 55.0 71.0 92.0 114.0 129.0 160.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.7 included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Preg- nant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distri- butions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1062 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-17 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Percentage of Total Energy from Protein, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n Both sexes, 0–6 mo 596 8.9 7.3 7.7 7.8 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Both sexes, 7–12 mo 530 11.1 6.6 7.6 8.2 Standard error 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,949 14.6 10.1 11.4 12.0 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,935 14.1 10.4 11.4 11.9 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 M, 9–13 y 595 14.2 10.9 11.8 12.3 Standard error 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 M, 14–18 y 474 14.3 11.4 12.3 12.7 Standard error 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 M, 19–30 y 920 15.2 10.3 11.6 12.3 Standard error 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 M, 31–50 y 1,805 16.0 11.1 12.3 13.0 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 M, 51–70 y 1,680 16.5 11.2 12.5 13.3 Standard error 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 M, 71+ y 722 16.4 11.1 12.5 13.2 Standard error 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 F, 9–13 y 606 13.9 10.2 11.2 11.7 Standard error 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 F, 14–18 y 449 14.3 10.2 11.3 11.9 Standard error 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 F, 19–30 y 806 14.6 9.0 10.5 11.3 Standard error 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 F, 31–50 y 1,689 15.8 10.3 11.8 12.5 Standard error 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 F, 51–70 y 1,605 16.6 11.3 12.7 13.5 Standard error 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 F, 71+ y 669 16.7 11.4 12.7 13.5 Standard error 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Pregnant 81 15.6 10.8 12.1 12.8 Standard error 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Lactating 44 15.5 12.2 13.1 13.6 Standard error 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 Pregnant/lactating 124 15.6 13.8 14.3 14.6 Standard error 0.4 2.2 1.6 1.3 All individuals 21,030 15.4 9.6 11.0 11.8 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 All individuals (+P/L) 21,154 15.4 9.6 11.0 11.9 Standard error 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. NOTE: Estimates are based on respondents’ intakes on the first surveyed day. The Iowa State University (ISU) method was used to estimate individual usual intakes of energy from protein and total energy. One g of protein was assumed to provide 4 kcal of energy. A modification of the ISU method was then used to estimate the distribution of the nutrient density (Goyeneche JJ, Carriquiry A, Fuller WA. 1997. Estimating bivariate usual intake distributions. ASA Proceedings of the Biometrics Section. Alexandria, VA: Ameri- can Statistical Association). Infants and children fed human milk and five individuals

1063 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 8.2 8.8 9.5 10.3 10.9 11.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 9.1 10.4 12.6 15.0 16.4 19.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 13.2 14.5 16.0 17.3 18.1 19.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 12.9 14.0 15.2 16.3 17.0 18.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 13.1 14.1 15.2 16.2 16.9 18.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 13.4 14.3 15.1 16.0 16.5 17.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 13.6 15.1 16.7 18.3 19.4 21.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 14.3 15.8 17.5 19.1 20.1 22.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 14.6 16.3 18.1 19.9 21.0 23.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 14.6 16.2 18.0 19.8 20.9 23.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 12.7 13.8 15.0 16.2 16.9 18.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 12.9 14.2 15.5 16.8 17.5 19.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 12.7 14.4 16.2 18.0 19.2 21.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 13.9 15.6 17.4 19.2 20.4 22.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 14.8 16.4 18.2 20.0 21.1 23.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 14.8 16.5 18.3 20.1 21.3 23.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 14.1 15.5 17.0 18.5 19.4 21.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.3 19.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.6 16.9 17.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.8 2.6 13.3 15.1 17.1 19.1 20.4 22.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 13.3 15.1 17.1 19.1 20.4 22.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 who had no food intake for the day were excluded from the analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included in both the Pregnant and Lactating catego- ries. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

1064 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE E-18 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Percentage of Total Energy from Alcohol, United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998) Percentile Sex/Age Categorya Mean 1st 5th 10th n —b Both sexes, 0–6 mo 578 — — — Both sexes, 7–12 mo 487 — — — — Both sexes, 1–3 y 3,777 — — — — Both sexes, 4–8 y 3,769 — — — — M, 9–13 y 569 — — — — M, 14–18 y 446 0.2 — — — M, 19–30 y 854 3.1 — — — M, 31–50 y 1,683 2.4 — — — M, 51–70 y 1,606 2.1 — — — M, 71+ y 674 1.6 — — — F, 9–13 y 580 — — — — F, 14–18 y 436 0.1 — — — F, 19–30 y 758 1.5 — — — F, 31–50 y 1,613 1.3 — — — F, 51–70 y 1,539 1.3 — — — F, 71+ y 622 0.5 — — — Pregnant 71 — — — — Lactating 42 0.2 — — — Pregnant/lactating 112 0.1 — — — All individuals 19,991 1.3 — — — All individuals (+P/L) 20,103 1.3 — — — a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and/or lactating. b Value is less than 0.05 NOTE: Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the 2-day average percentage of kcal from alcohol calculated per individual. One g of alcohol was assumed to provide 7 kcal of energy. Estimates were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. Infants and children fed human milk and five individuals who had no food intake for the day were excluded from the analyses. One female was pregnant and lactating and was included

1065 A PPENDIX E 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.1 — — — — — 0.1 — — — — — 0.1 — — — — — 4.3 — — 3.4 11.0 17.0 31.2 — — 2.5 8.5 12.8 23.3 — — 1.9 7.5 11.4 22.3 — — — 5.1 12.5 20.8 — — — — — 0.1 — — — — 0.1 2.6 — — — 5.8 9.9 20.1 — — — 5.1 9.5 18.3 — — — 5.1 9.4 18.2 — — — 0.1 4.2 11.7 — — — — 0.2 0.7 — — — — — 4.8 — — — — 0.2 4.8 — — — 4.6 9.3 19.8 — — — 4.5 9.2 19.7 in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small, so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. DATA SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2001.

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Get This Book
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Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Institute of Medicine has developed a new approach to establish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and other nutrient reference values. The new title for these values Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), is the inclusive name being given to this new approach. These are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. This new book is part of a series of books presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients. It establishes recommendations for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. This book presents new approaches and findings which include the following:

  • The establishment of Estimated Energy Requirements at four levels of energy expenditure
  • Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease risk of chronic disease
  • The establishment of RDAs for dietary carbohydrate and protein
  • The development of the definitions of Dietary Fiber, Functional Fiber, and Total Fiber
  • The establishment of Adequate Intakes (AI) for Total Fiber
  • The establishment of AIs for linolenic and a-linolenic acids
  • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges as a percent of energy intake for fat, carbohydrate, linolenic and a-linolenic acids, and protein
  • Research recommendations for information needed to advance understanding of macronutrient requirements and the adverse effects associated with intake of higher amounts

Also detailed are recommendations for both physical activity and energy expenditure to maintain health and decrease the risk of disease.

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