National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 7. Information Needs and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

References

Aagaard, K., and E.C. Carmack. 1989. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 94(C10):14485-14498.

Adams, T.C. 2000. Foraging differences and early maternal investment in adult female Alaskan Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, Galveston.

Alaska Department of Fish & Game and National Marine Fisheries Service, Steller Sea Lion Research Program. 2001. Satellite telemetry and Steller sea lion research. Presentation to the National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, December.

Alaska Sea Grant College Program. 1993. Is it Food?—Addressing Marine Mammal and Seabird Declines: Workshop Summary. AK-SG-93-01. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.

Alverson, D.L.1992. A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus: The conflict arena. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 63(3-4):203-256.

Alverson, D.L., A.T. Pruter, and L.L. Ronholt. 1964. A study of demersal fishes and fisheries of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Institute of Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Anderson, P.J., and J.F. Piatt. 1999. Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:117-123.

Anderson, R.M.1979. Parasite pathogenicity and the depression of host population equilibria. Nature 279(5709):150-152.

Andrews, R.D., D.G. Calkins, R.W. Davis, B.L. Norcross, K. Peijnenberg, and A.W. Trites. 2002. Foraging behavior and energetics of adult female Steller sea lions. Pp. 19-22 in Steller Sea Lion Decline: Is It Food II? D. DeMaster and S. Atkinson, eds. AK-SG-02-02. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.

Angliss, R.P., D.P. DeMaster, and A.L. Lopez. 2001. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments. 2001. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFSAFSC-124. Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Baduini, C.L., K.D. Hyrenbach, K.O. Coyle, A. Pinchuk, V. Mendenhall, and G.L. Hunt. 2001. Mass mortality of short-tailed shearwaters in the south-eastern Bering Sea during summer 1997. Fisheries Oceanography 10(1):117-130.

Bailey, K.M. 2000. Shifting control of recruitment of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma after a major climate and ecosystem shift. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198:215-224.

Barlough, J.E., E.S. Berry, E.A. Goodwin, R.F. Brown, R.L. DeLong, and A.W. Smith. 1987. Antibodies to marine calciviruses in the Steller sea lion (Eumatopias jubatus schreber). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(1):33-44.

Barrett-Lennard, L.G., K. Heise, E. Saulitis, G. Ellis, and C. Matkin. 1995. The impact of killer whale predation on Steller sea lion populations in British Columbia and Alaska. North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Available at http://www.marinemammal.org/pdfs/Barrett_etal1995-killer.pdf.

Bartholomew, G.A. 1970. A model for the evolution of pinniped polygyny. Evolution 24(3):546-559.

Beamish, R.J., and D.R. Bouillon. 1993. Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(5):1002-1016.

Beamish, R.J., D.J. Noakes, G.A. McFarlane, L. Klyashtorin, V.V. Ivanov, and V. Kurashov. 1999. The regime concept and natural trends in the production of Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56(3):516-526.

Bean, T.H. 1887. The cod fishery of Alaska. Pp. 198-226 in Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the U.S., Section 5, Vol. 2, History and Methods of the Fisheries, G.B. Goode, ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Beckmen, K.B., K.A. Burek, K.W. Pitcher, G.M. Ylitalo, and L.K. Lawrence. 2001. Organochlorine contaminants in live Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. P. 20 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, November 28-December 3, 2001, Vancouver, Canada.

Benson, A.J., and A.W. Trites. 2002. Ecological effects of regime shifts in the Bering Sea and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Fish and Fisheries 3:95-113.

Bickham, J.W., T.R. Loughlin, D.G. Calkins, J.K. Wickliffe, and J.C. Patton. 1998. Genetic variability and population decline in Steller sea lions from the Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 79(4):1390-1395.

Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Shroeder. 1948. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 1, Lancelets, Cyclostomes and Sharks. Memorial Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Blackburn, J., E. Brown, C. Brylinsky, D. Carlile, D. Chen, D. Clausen, D. Courtney, J. DiCosimo, M. Dorn, L. Fritz, J. Fujioka, S. Gaichas, M.A. Guttormsen, J. Heifetz, A. Hollowed, J. Ianelli, S. Lowe, C. Lunsford, B. Megrehy, V. O’Connell, M. Sigler, S. Stienessen, G. Thompson, B. Turnock, T. Wilderbuer, G. Williams, C. Wilson, and H. Zenger. 2001. Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, Anchorage.

Bossart, G.D., D.G. Baden, R.Y. Ewing, B. Roberts, and S.D. Wright. 1998. Brevetoxicosis in manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features. Toxicologic Pathology 26(2):276-282.

Bowen, W.D., J. Harwood, D. Goodman, and G.L. Swartzman. 2001. Review of the November 2000 Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement with Respect to the Western Stock of the Steller Sea Lion, with Comments on the Draft August 2001 Biological Opinion. Final Report. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Braham, H.W., R.D. Everitt, and D.J. Rugh. 1980. Northern sea lion decline in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Journal of Wildlife Management 44(1):25-33.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Brandon, E.A.A. 2000. Maternal investment in Steller sea lions in Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, Galveston.

Brandon, E.A.A., and R.W. Davis. 1999. Appendix B.5: Neonatal growth and condition and female attendance patterns. Pp. 20-22 in Final Report on the Steller Sea Lion Physiology Workshop, Seattle, February 8-10, 1999, A. Didier, ed. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Gladstone, Oregon.

Branson, J. 1971. Killer whales pursue sea lions in Bering Sea drama. Commercial Fisheries Review 33:39-40.

Bright, D.B. 1959. The occurrence and food of the sleeper shark, Somniosis pacificus, in a central Alaska bay. Copea 1959(1):76-77.

Brodeur, R.D., and D.M. Ware. 1992. Long-term variability in zooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Oceanography 1(1):32-38.

Brodeur, R.D., C.E. Mills, J.E. Overland, G.E. Walters, and J.D. Schumacher. 1999. Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography 8(4):296-306.

Brodeur, R.D., H. Sugisaki, and G.L. Hunt, Jr. 2002. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: Implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 233:89-103.

Brooks, J.L., and S.I. Dodson. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150:28-35.

Burek, K., R. Zarnke, T. Spraker, and A. Trites. 2001. Historical and current serology in Steller sea lions in Alaska. Pp. 35 in Proceedings of the 14th Biennual Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Vancouver, Canada.


Calkins, D.G. 1985. Steller sea lion entanglement in marine debris. Pp. 308-314 in Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, November 26-29, 1984, Honolulu, P.S. Shomura and H.O. Yoshida, eds. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-SWFC-54. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.

Calkins, D.G., and E. Goodwin. 1988. Investigation of the Declining Sea Lion Population in the Gulf of Alaska. Alaska Department Fish & Game, Anchorage, Alaska.

Calkins, D.G., and K.W. Pitcher. 1982. Population Assessment, Ecology and Trophic Relationships of Steller Sea Lions in the Gulf of Alaska.Alaska Department Fish & Game, Anchorage.

Calkins, D.G., E.F. Becker, and K.W. Pitcher. 1998. Reduced body size of female Steller sea lions from a declining population in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 14(2):232-244.

Callaway, D., K.R. Criddle, and E. Shea. 1998. Subsistence fisheries. Pp. 95-104 in Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region, G. Weller and P.A. Anderson, eds. Proceedings of a Workshop, Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell, eds. 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Castellini, M.A., and L.D. Rea. 1992. The biochemistry of natural fasting at its limits. Experientia 48(6):575-582.

Castellini, M.A., J.M. Castellini, and S.J. Trumble. 2000. Recovery of Harbor Seals. Phase II: Controlled Studies of Health and Diet. Restoration Project 01341. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Anchorage.

Castellini, M.A., D. Calkins, V. Burkanov, J.M. Castellini, S. Trumble, and T. Mau. 2001. Long-term feeding trials with harbor seals and Steller sea lions: Impact of different diets on health and nutrition. P. 40 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Vancouver, Canada.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Clark, W.G. 1991. Groundfish exploitation rates based on life history parameters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(5):734-750.

Cooper, L.W., J.M. Grebmeier, I.L. Larsen, V.G. Egorov, C. Theodorakis, H.P. Kelly, and J.R. Lovvorn. 2002. Seasonal variation in sedimentation of organic materials in the St. Lawrence Island polynya region, Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 226:13-26.

Criddle, K.R., M. Herrmann, J.A. Greenberg, and E.M. Feller. 1998. Climate fluctuations and revenue maximization in the eastern Bering Sea fishery for walleye pollock. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18:1-10.


Dailey, M.D. 2001. Parasitic diseases. Pp. 357-379 in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd ed., L.A. Dierauf and F.M.D Gulland, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

D’Arrigo, R., R. Villalba, and G. Wiles. 2001. Tree-ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability. Climate Dynamics 18(3-4):219-224.

Davis, R.W., E.A.A. Brandon, T.C. Adams, T.M Williams, M.A. Castellini, T.R. Loughlin, and D.G. Calkins. 1996. Indices of reproductive effort, body condition and pup growth for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska. Pp. 53-61 in Steller Sea Lion Recovery Investigations in Alaska, 1992-1994, K. Pitcher, ed. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Technical Bulletin, Anchorage.

DeMaster, D., and S. Atkinson, eds. 2002. Steller Sea Lion Decline: Is It Food II? University of Alaska Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks.

DeMaster, D., and L. Fritz. 2001. FY01 Steller Sea Lion—Groundfish Budget $43.15 Million. Meeting handout. National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, August, Seattle.

deSwart, R.L., P.S. Ross, L.J. Vedder, H.H. Timmerman, S.H. Heisterkamp, H. van Loveren, J.G. Vos, P.J.H. Reijnders, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus. 1994. Impairment of immunological functions in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Ambio 23(2):155-159.

DiCosimo, J. 1998. A summary of assessment information for managing Alaska groundfish stocks. Pp. 841-851 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st Century. F. Funk et al., eds. University of Alaska, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.

Dierauf, L.A., and F.M.D. Gulland, eds. 2001. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Dorn, M.W., A.B. Hollowed, E. Brown, B. Megrey, C. Wilson, and J. Blackburn. 2001. Assessment of the walleye pollock stock in the Gulf of Alaska. Pp. 1-1–1-90 in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska, J. Blackburn et al., eds. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Dragoo, E.E., G.V. Byrd, Jr., and D.B. Irons. 2000. Breeding status and population trends of seabirds in Alaska in 1999. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Dunn, J.L., J.D. Buck, and T.R. Robeck. 2001. Bacterial diseases of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Pp. 309-335 in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd ed., L.A. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.


Eberhardt, L.L. 1977. “Optimal” management policies for marine mammals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 5:162-169.

Elliott, H.W. 1887. The sea lion hunt. Pp. 467-474 in The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the U.S., Sec. 5, Vol. 2, G.B. Goode, ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Elton, C.S. 1927. Animal Ecology. Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd., London.

Emlen, J.M., and M.G.R. Emlen. 1975. Optimal choice in diet: Test of a hypothesis. American Naturalist 109(968):427-435.

Estes, J.A., and J.F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185:1058-1060.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Estes, J.A., M.T. Tinker, T.M. Williams, and D.F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking coastal and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282(5388):473-476.

Estes, J.A., K. Crooks, and R. Holt. 2001. Predators, ecological role of. Pp. 857-878 in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, S.A. Levin, ed. Academic Press, San Diego.


Ferrero, R.C., and L.W. Fritz. 2002. Steller Sea Lion Research and Coordination: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Progress. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-129. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Anchorage.

Ferrero, R.C., D.P. DeMaster, P.S. Hill, M.M. Muto, and A.L. Lopez. 2000. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments, 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-119. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Anchorage.

Finney, B.P., I. Gregory-Eaves, J. Sweetman, M.S.V. Douglas, and J.P. Smol. 2000. Impacts of climate change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years. Science 290:795-799.

Fiscus, C.H., and G.A. Baines. 1966. Food and feeding behavior of Steller and California sea lions. Journal of Mammalogy 42(2):195-200.

Fletcher, D., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, L.J. Lowenstine, and M. Dailey. 1998. Nematode-associated gastrointestinal perforations in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Pp. 59-60 in Proceedings of the 29th International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Conference, San Diego. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Moscow.

Ford, J.K.B., and G.M. Ellis. 1999. Transients: Mammal-Hunting Killer Whales of British Columbia, Washington, and Southeastern Alaska. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Ford, J.K.B., G.M. Ellis, L.G. Barrett-Lennard, A.B. Morton, R.S. Palm, and K.C. Balcom III. 1998. Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1456-1471.

Francis, R.C., and S.R. Hare. 1994. Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystem of the North-east Pacific: A case of historical science. Fisheries Oceanography 3(4):279-291.

Francis, R.C., S.R. Hare, A.B. Hollowed, and W.S. Wooster. 1998. Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacific. Fisheries Oceanography 7(1):1-21.

Fritz, L.W. 1993. Trawl Locations of Walleye Pollock and Atka Mackerel Fisheries in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska From 1977-92. AFSC Processed Report 93-08. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle.

Fritz, L.W. 1999. Do trawl fisheries off Alaska create localized depletions of atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius)? Appendix 1 in Environmental Assessment/Regulatory Impact Review and Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for a Regulatory Amendment to Reapportion Total Allowable Catch of Atka Mackerel and Reduce Effects on Steller Sea Lions. National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau.

Fritz, L. 2001. North Pacific groundfish, groundfish fisheries, and Steller sea lions. Presentation to the National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, Seattle, December.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Fritz, L.W., A. Greig, and R. Reuter. 1998. Catch-Per-Unit-Effort, Length, and Depth Distributions of Major Groundfish and Bycatch Species in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska Regions Based on Groundfish Fishery Observer Data. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-88. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle.

Fritz, L.W., S.F. McDermott, and S.A. Lowe. 2001. Efficacy of trawl fishery exclusion zones in maintaining prey availability for Steller sea lions: Description of Atka mackerel tagging project in Seguam Pass, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in 1999 and 2000. Pp. 75-87 in Steller Sea Lion Investigations, B.S. Fadely, ed. AFSC Processed Report 2001-05, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fishery Science Center, Seattle.

Funk, F., and K.A. Rowell. 1995. Population model suggests new threshold for managing Alaska’s Togiak fishery for Pacific herring in Bristol Bay. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 2(2):125-126.


Gedalof, Z., and D.J. Smith. 2001. Interdecadal climate variability and regime-scale shifts in Pacific North America. Geophysical Research Letters 28(8):1515-1518.

Gentry, R.L. 2002. Eared seals. Pp. 348-351 in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, W.F. Perrin, B.G. Würsig, and J.G.M. Thewissen, eds. Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerber, L.R., and G.R. VanBlaricom. 2001. Implications of three viability models for the conservation status of the western population of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Biological Conservation 102(3):261-269.

Grebmeier, J.M. 1993. Studies on pelagic benthic coupling extended onto the Russian continental shelf in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Continental Shelf Research 13(5-6):653-668.

Grebmeier, J.M., and L.W. Cooper. 2002. Benthic processes in the Bering Strait region of the Arctic: Temporal/spatial variability and global change. Ocean Sciences Meeting Supplement, Abstract OS32M-01. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 83(4):268.

Grebmeier, J.M., and K.H. Dunton. 2000. Benthic processes in the northern Bering/Chukchi Seas: Status and global change. Pp. 80-93 in Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, H.P. Huntington, ed. Proceedings of a Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, February 15-17, Girdwood, Alaska.

Grenfell, B.T., M.E. Lonergan, and J. Harwood. 1992. Quantitative investigations of the epidemiology of phocine distemper virus (PDV) in European common seal populations. The Science of the Total Environment 115:15-29.

Groom, M., and M. Pascual. 1998. The analysis of population viability: An outlook on the practice of viability analysis. Pp. 4-27 in Conservation Biology for the Coming Decade, P. Fielder and P. Kareiva, eds. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Gulland, F.M.D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay sheep (Ovis-aries L.) mortality during a population crash. Parasitology 105:493-503.


Hairston, N.G., F.E. Smith, and L.B. Slobodkin. 1960. Community structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425.

Hanni, K.D., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Estes, M. Staedler, M.K. Murray, and D. Jessup. In press. Comparison of clinical pathological values and pathogen exposure between California and Alaskan sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.

Hanski, I., and D. Simberloff. 1997. The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain, and application to conservation. Pp. 5-26 in Metapopulation Biology, I.A. Hanski and M.E. Gilpin, eds. Academic Press, San Diego.

Hare, S.R., and R.C. Francis. 1994. Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Pp. 357-372 in Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations, R.J. Beamish, ed. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Hare, S.R., and N.J. Mantua. 2000. Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progress in Oceanography 47(2-4):103-145.

Hare, S.R., N.J. Mantua, and R.C. Francis. 1999. Inverse production regimes: Alaskan and West Coast Pacific Salmon. Fisheries 21(1):6-14.

Harmon, H.L. 2001. Seasonal reproductive endocrinology and anatomy of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). M.S. thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

Harwood, J., and A. Hall. 1990. Mass mortality in marine mammals: Its implications for population dynamics and genetics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5(8):254-257.

Haynes, T.L., and C. Mishler. 1994. The subsistence harvest and use of Steller sea lions in Alaska. Technical Paper 198. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Subsistence.

Heesterbeek, J.A.P., and M.G. Roberts. 1995. Mathematical models of microparasites of wildlife. Pp. 90-122 in Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, B.T. Grenfell and A.P. Dobson, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Heppell, S.S., H. Caswell, and L.B. Crowder. 2000. Life histories and elasticity patterns: Perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data. Ecology 81(3):654-665.

Hernández, M., I. Robinson, A. Aguilar, L.M. González, L.F. López-Jurado, M.I. Reyero, E. Cacho, J. Franco, V. López-Rodas, and E. Costas. 1998. Did algal toxins cause monk seal mortality? Nature 393(6680):28-29.

Hirons, A.C., D.M. Schell, and B.P. Finney. 2001. Temporal trends of d13C and d15N in North Pacific pinnipeds: Inferences regarding environmental change and diet. Oecologia 129(4):591-601.

Holling, C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:1-23.

Hollowed, A.B., and W.S. Wooster. 1992. Variability of winter ocean conditions and strong year classes of Northeast Pacific groundfish. ICES Marine Science Symposium 195:433-444.

Hollowed, A.B., and W.S. Wooster. 1995. Decadal-scale variations in the eastern Subarctic Pacific: II. Response of Northeast Pacific fish stocks. Pp. 373-385 in Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations, R.J. Beamish, ed. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121(Special Publication).

Hollowed, A.B., S.R. Hare, and W.S. Wooster. 1998. Pacific basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production. Pp. 89-104 in Proceedings of the 10th ‘Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Winter Workshop on Biotic Impacts of Extratropical Climate Variability in the Pacific, University of Hawaii at Manoa, January 26-29, G. Holloway, P. Muller, and D. Henderson, eds. NOAA Award No. NA67RJ0154, SOEST Special Publication.

Hoover, A.A. 1988. Steller sea lion. Pp. 159-193 in Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska: Species Accounts with Research and Management Recommendations, J.W. Lentfer, ed. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Hourston, A.S., and C.W. Haegele. 1980. Herring on Canada’s Pacific coast. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Special Publication).

Hu, F.S., D. Slawinski, H.E. Wright, Jr., E. Ito, R.G. Johnson, K.R. Kelts, R.F. McEwan, and A. Boedigheimer. 1999. Abrupt changes in North American climate during early Holocene times. Nature 400:437-440.

Hudson, P., and A.P. Dobson. 1995. Macroparasites: Observed patterns in naturally fluctuating animal populations. Pp. 144-176 in Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, B.T. Grenfell and A.P. Dobson, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Hunt, G.L., Jr., P. Stabeno, G. Walters, E. Sinclair, R.D. Brodeur, J.M. Napp, and N.A. Bond. 2002. Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(26):5821-5853.

Hunter, M.D., and P.W. Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: Heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73(3):724-732.


Ianelli, J.N., T. Buckley, T. Honkalehto, G. Walters, and N. Williamson. 2001. Eastern Bering Sea pollock assessment. Pp. 1.1-1.89 in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Imler, R.H., and H.R. Sarber. 1947. Harbor Seals and Sea Lions in Alaska. Special Scientific Report 28 . U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Ingraham, W.J., Jr., C.C. Ebbesmeyer, and R.A. Hinrichsen. 1998. Imminent climate and circulation shift in northeast Pacific Ocean could have major impact on marine resources. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 79(16):197, 199, 201.

Iverson, S.J. 2001. Estimating marine mammal diets using quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA). P. 106 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, November 28-December 3, 2001. Vancouver, Canada.


Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R. Cook, J. Erlandson, J.A. Estes, T.P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J.M. Pandolfi, C.H. Peterson, R.S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner, and R.R. Warner. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293(5530):629-638.

Jensen, T., M. van de Bildt, H.H. Dietz, T.H. Andersen, A.S. Hammer, T. Kuiken, and A. Osterhaus. 2002. Another phocine distemper outbreak in Europe. Science 297:209.


King, J.E. 1983. Seals of the World, 2nd ed. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.

Kowalik, Z. 1999. Bering Sea tides. Pp. 93-127 in Dynamics of the Bering Sea: A Summary of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics, and a Synopsis of Research in the Bering Sea., T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, eds. University of Alaska, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.

Krebs, J.R. 1978. Optimal foraging: Decision rules for predators. Pp. 23-63 in Behavioural Ecology, J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Kruse, G.H. 1998. Salmon run failures in 1997-1998: A link to anomalous ocean conditions? Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 5(1):55-63.

Kruse, G.H., F.C. Funk, H.J. Geiger, K.R. Mabry, H.M. Savikko, and S.M. Siddeek. 2000. Overview of State-Managed Marine Fisheries in the Central and Western Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Southeastern Bering Sea, with Reference to Steller Sea Lions. Regional Information Report 5J00-10. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Juneau.

Kruse, G.H., M. Crow, E.E. Krygier, D.S. Lloyd, K.W. Pitcher, L.D. Rea. M. Ridgway, R.J. Small, J. Stinson, and K.M. Wynne. 2001. A Review of Proposed Fishery Management Actions and the Decline of Steller Sea Lions Eumetopias Jubatus in Alaska: A Report by the Steller Sea Lion Restoration Team. ADF&G Regional Information Report No. 5J01-04. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Juneau.


Laevastu T., F. Favorite, and W.B. McAlister. 1976. Dynamic marine ecosystem model for evaluation of marine resources in the Bering Sea. Proceedings of the Alaskan Science Conference, American Association for the Advancement of Science 27:180-181.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Laevastu, T., F. Favorite, and H.A. Larkins. 1982. Resource assessment and evaluation of the dynamics of the fisheries resources in the northeastern Pacific with numerical ecosystem models. In Multispecies Approaches to Fisheries Management Advice, M.C. Mercer, ed. Special Publication of Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 59:70-81.

Laughlin, W.S. 1980. Aleuts: Survivors of the Bering Land Bridge. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.

Le Boeuf, B.J. 1994. Variation in the diving pattern of northern elephant seals with age, mass, sex and reproductive condition. Pp. 237-251 in Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior and Physiology, B.J. Le Boeuf, and R.M. Laws, eds. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Lee, J.S., S. Tanabe, H. Umino, R. Tatsukawa, T.R. Loughlin, and D.C. Calkins. 1996. Persistent organochlorines in Steller sea lion (Eumatopias jubatus) from the bulk of Alaska and the Bering Sea 1976-1981. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32(7):535-544.

Lewontin, R.C. 1969. The meaning of stability. Pp. 13-24 in Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems-Report of Symposium Held May 26-28, 1969. Brookhaven Symposium in Biology No. 22. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.

Livingston, P.A., and R.D. Methot. 1998. Incorporation of predation into a population assessment model of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock. Pp. 663-678 in Fishery Stock Assessment Models. NOAA Technical Report 126, NMFS/NWC-54. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.

Livingston, P.A., L.L. Low, and R.J. Marasco. 1999. Eastern Bering Sea ecosystem trends. Pp. 140-162 in Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management, Q. Tang and K. Sherman, eds. Blackwell Science, Inc., Malden, Massachusetts.

Loughlin, T.R. 1987. Report of the Workshop on the Status of Northern Sea Lions in Alaska: Held December 9 and 10, 1986. NWAFC/NMFS/NOAA. Processed Report No. 87-04. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle.

Loughlin, T.R. 1998. The Steller sea lion: A declining species. Biosphere Conservation1(2):91-98.

Loughlin, T.R., and R.L. DeLong. 1983. Incidental Catch of Northern Sea Lions During the 1982 and 1983 Walleye Pollock Joint Venture Fishery, Shelikof Strait, Alaska. NWAFC Processed Report 83-15. Northwest and Alaska Fishery Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Loughlin, T.R., and R. Nelson, Jr. 1986. Incidental mortality of northern sea lions in Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 2(1):14-33.

Loughlin, T.R., and A.E. York. 2000.1 An accounting of the sources of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) mortality. Marine Fisheries Review 62:40-45.

Loughlin, T.R., and A.E. York. 2001. Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) status and trends. Presentation given by T.R. Loughlin to the National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, Seattle, December.

Loughlin, T.R., L. Consiglieri, R.L. DeLong, and A.T. Actor. 1983. Incidental catch of marine mammals by foreign fishing vessels, 1978-81. Marine Fisheries Review 45(7-9):44-49.

Loughlin, T.R., D.J. Rugh, and C.H. Fiscus. 1984. Northern sea lion distribution and abundance: 1956-1980. Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3):729-740.

1  

Please note that this article in Marine Fisheries Review was printed in 2002 although the publication date on the journal is listed as 2000.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Loughlin, T.R., P.J. Gearin, R.L. DeLong, and R.L. Merrick. 1986. Assessment of Net Entanglement on Northern Sea Lions in the Aleutian Islands, 25 June-15 July 1985. National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle.

Loughlin, T.R., A.S. Perlov, and V.V. Vladimirov. 1992. Range-wide survey and estimation of total number of Steller sea lions in 1989. Marine Mammal Science 83:220-239.

Lovvorn, J.R., C.L. Baduini, and G.L. Hunt. 2001. Modeling underwater visual and filter feeding by planktivorous shearwaters in unusual sea conditions. Ecology 82(8):2342-2356.

Lovvorn, J.R., S.E. Richman, J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper. In press. Diet and body condition of spectacled eiders wintering in pack ice of the Bering Sea. Polar Biology.

Lowe, S.A., R.F. Reuter, and H. Zenger. 2001. Assessment of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Atka mackerel . Pp.13-1 to 13-44 (plus 17 figures) in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council. Anchorage.

Lynch, A.H., W.L. Chapman, J.E. Walsh, and G. Weller. 1995. Development of a regional climate model of the western Arctic. Journal of Climate 8(6):1555-1570.


MacCall, A.D. 1990. Dynamic Geography of Marine Populations. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Mace, P.M. 1994. Relationships between common biological reference points used as thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(1):110-122.

Manabe, S., R.J. Stouffer, M.J. Spelman, and K. Bryan. 1991. Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part I: Annual mean response. Journal of Climate 4(8):785-818.

Mantua, N.J., and S.R. Hare. 2002. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Oceanography 58(1):35-44.

Mantua, N.J., S.R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J.M. Wallace, and R.C. Francis. 1997. A Pacific interdecadal oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78(6):1069-1079.

Maser, C., B.R. Mate, J.F. Franklin, and C.T. Dyrness. 1981. Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals. General Report PNW-133. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C.

Mathisen, O.A. 1959. Studies on Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska. In Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 24:346-356.

Mathisen, O.A., R.T. Baade, and R.J. Lopp. 1962. Breeding habits, growth and stomach contents of the Steller sea lion in Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 43(4):469-477.

Matkin, C.O. 1977. A Preliminary evaluation of fishery depredation by marine mammals on the Copper River Flats, Alaska, spring 1977. University of Alaska, Graduate Wildlife Office, College. Available at: http://research.alaskasealife.org/.

Matkin, C.O., and F.H. Fay. 1980. Marine Mammal-Fishery Interactions on the Copper River and in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1978. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Matkin, C.O., G.M. Ellis, E.I. Saulitis, L.G. Barrett-Lennard, and D. Matkin. 1999. Killer Whales of Southern Alaska. North Gulf Oceanic Society, Homer, Alaska.

May, R.M. 1977. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiciplicity of stable states. Nature 269(5628):471-477.

Menge, B.A. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: Patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65(1):21-74.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Merrick, R.L., and D.G. Calkins. 1996. Importance of juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the diet of Gulf of Alaska Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. Pp. 153-166 in Ecology of Juvenile Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), R.D. Brodeur et al., eds. NOAA/NMFS Technical Report 126. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.

Merrick, R.L., and T.R. Loughlin. 1997. Foraging behavior of adult female and young-of-the-year Steller sea lions in Alaskan waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75(5):776-786.

Merrick, R.L., T.R. Loughlin, and D.G. Calkins. 1987. Decline in abundance of the northern sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in Alaska, 1956-86. Fishery Bulletin 85(2):351-365.

Merrick, R.L., R. Brown, D.G. Calkins, and T.R. Loughlin. 1995. A comparison of Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, pup masses between rookeries with increasing and decreasing populations. Fishery Bulletin 93(4):753-758.

Merrick, R.L., M.K. Chumbley, and G.V. Byrd. 1997. Diet diversity of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their population decline in Alaska: A potential relationship. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54(6):1342-1348.

Methot, R.D. 2000. Technical Description of the Stock Synthesis Assessment Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-43. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle.

Meyers, T.R., S. Short, K. Lipson, W.N. Batts, J.R. Winton, J. Wilcock, and E. Brown. 1994. Association of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus with epizootic hemorrhages of the skin in Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi from Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 19(1):27-37.

Milette, L.L. 1999. Behaviour of lactating Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) during the breeding season: A comparison between a declining and stable population in Alaska. M.S. thesis, University of British Columbia.

Minobe, S. 1997. A 50-70 year oscillation over the North Pacific and North America. Geophysical Research Letters 24(6):683-686.

Minobe, S. 2002. Interannual to interdecadal changes in the Bering Sea and concurrent 1998/99 changes over the North Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 55(1-2):45-64.

Mueter, F.J., and B.L. Norcross. 2000. Changes in species composition of the demersal fish community in nearshore waters of Kodiak Island, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 57(6):1169-1180.


National Marine Fisheries Service. 1999. Endangered Species Act—Section 7 Consultation— Biological Opinion, draft dated December 22. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Athmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau. Available at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/akground2000.pdf

National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Endangered Species Act—Section 7 Consultation. Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement. November 30. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001. Steller Sea Lion Protection Measures, Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Volume II. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region, Juneau.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 2002. Toward Rebuilding America’s Fisheries. Annual Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries—2001. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring. Available at http://www.nmfs.noaa/gov/sfa/reports.html [June 26, 2002].

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

National Research Council. 1996. The Bering Sea Ecosystem. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

National Research Council. 2002. Effects of Trawling & Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Nelson, E.W., ed. 1887. Mammals. P. 267 in Natural History Collections Made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881, Report III, H.W. Henshaw, ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Niebauer, H.J. 1998. Variability in the Bering Sea ice cover as affected by a regime shift in the North Pacific in the period 1947-1996. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 103(C12):27717-27727, 27737.

Niebauer, H.J., V. Alexander, and S.M. Henrichs. 1995. A time-series study of the spring bloom at the Bering Sea-ice edge I: Physical processes, chlorophyll and nutrient chemistry. Continental Shelf Research 15(15):1859-1877.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council. 1999. Fishery Management Plan for the Groundfish Fishery in the BSAI Area. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2001a. Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2001b. Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2002. Fishery Management Plan for the Groundfish of the GOA. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Northern Economics, Inc., and EDAW, Inc. 2002. Sector and regional profiles of the North Pacific groundfish fisheries—2001. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage. Available at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/NorthernEconomics/NorthernEconomics.htm.


O’Hara, T., and T. O’Shea. 2001. Toxicology. Pp. 471-520 in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd ed., L.A. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Ohtani, K. and T. Azumaya. 1995. Influence of interannual changes in ocean conditions on the abundance of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea. In Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations. R.J. Beamish, ed. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121:87-95.

Ono, K., T. Loughlin, and R. Merrick. 2001. Behavior and ecology of juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) during the breeding season. P. 163 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Vancouver, Canada.

Overland, J.E., J.M. Adams, and N.A. Bond. 1999. Decadal variability of the Aleutian low and its relation to high-latitude circulation. Journal of Climate 12(5):1542-1548.


Paine, R.T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. The American Naturalist 100(910):65-75.

Paine, R.T. 1980. Food webs: Linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure—the 3rd Tansley lecture. Journal of Animal Ecology 49(3):667-685.

Pascual, M.A., and M.D. Adkison. 1994. The decline of the Steller sea lion in the Northeast Pacific: Demography, harvest or environment? Ecological Applications 4(2):393-403.

Perez, M.A., and T.R. Loughlin. 1991. Incidental catch of marine mammals by foreign and joint venture trawl vessels in the U.S. EEZ of the North Pacific, 1973-88. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 104. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle.

Peterson, W., and D. Mackas. 2001. Shifts in zooplankton abundance and species composition off central Oregon and southwestern British Columbia. PICES Press 9:28-31.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Pitcher, K.W. 1981. Prey of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin of the United States 79(3):467-472.

Pitcher, K.W., and D.G. Calkins. 1981. Reproductive biology of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 62(3):599-605.

Pitcher, K.W., D.G. Calkins, and G.W. Pendelton. 1998. Reproductive performance of female Steller sea lions: An energetics-based reproductive strategy? Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(11):2075-2083.

Power, M.E. 1990. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science 250(4982):811-814.


Raum-Suryan, K.L., D.G. Calkins, and J.L. Sease. 2002. Dispersal rookery fidelity, and metapopulation structure of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias Jubatus) in an increasing and decreasing population of Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 18(3):746-764.

Rea, L.D., and T. Nagy. 2000. Changes in serum leptin levels during fasting and food limitation in Steller sea lions. Pp. 171-175 in Third Biennial Symposium of the Comparative Nutrition Society. Pacific Grove, California.

Rea, L.D., M.A. Castellini, B.S. Fadely, and T.R. Loughlin. 1998. Health status of young Alaska Steller sea lion pups (Eumetopias jubatus) as indicated by blood chemistry and hematology. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology 120(4):617-623.

Rea, L.D., D.A.S. Rosen, and A.W. Trites. 2000. Metabolic responses to fasting in 6 week old Steller sea lion pups (Eumetopias jubatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(5):890-894.

Rea, L.D., D.A.S. Rosen, and A.W. Trites. 2001. The effect of seasonal food limitation on adaptation to fasting in captive Steller sea lions. Abstract in 34th International Congress of Physiological Sciences. Christchurch, New Zealand.

Reed, R.K. 1995. On the variable subsurface environment of fish stocks in the Bering Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 4(4):317-323.

Reed, R.K., and J.D. Schumacher. 1986. Physical oceanography.Pp. 57-75 in The Gulf of Alaska: Physical Environment and Biological Resources, D.W. Hood and S.T. Zimmerman, eds. PB87-103230. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Ocean Assessments Division, Anchorage.

Reed, R.K., and P.J. Stabeno. 1999. The Aleutian North Slope Current. Pp. 177-191 in Dynamics of the Bering Sea, T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, eds. AK-SG-99-03. University of Alaska Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks.

Reed, R.K., J.D. Schumacher, and L.S. Incze. 1987. Circulation in Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17(9):1546-1554.

Rehberg, M.J., K.L. Raum-Suryan, K.W. Pitcher, and T.S. Gelatt. 2001. Development of juvenile Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) diving behaviour in Alaska. P. 177 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Vancouver, Canada.

Reijnders, P.J.H., E.H. Ries, S. Tougaard, N. Nøergaard, G. Heidemann, J. Schwarz, E. Vareschi, and I.M. Traut. 1997. Population development of harbour seals Phoca vitulina in the Wadden Sea after the 1988 virus epizootic. Journal of Sea Research 38(1-2):161-168.

Repenning, C.A. 1976. Adaptive evolution of sea lions and walruses. Systematic Zoology 25(4):375-390.

Repenning, C.A., C.E. Ray, and C. Grigorescu. 1979. Pinniped biogeography. Pp. 357-369 in Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics, and the Changing Environment, J. Gray and A. Boucot, eds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

Richmond, J.P., and L.D. Rea. 2001.Nutritional blood chemistry provides clues to the feeding status of young of the year and juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). P. 179 in 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Vancouver, Canada.

Riedman, M. 1990. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Rigby, P.W., D.R. Ackley, F. Funk, H.J. Geiger, G.H. Kruse, and M.C. Murphy. 1995. Management of Marine Fisheries Resources of Alaska: A Report to the Northern Forum. Regional Information Report 5J95-04. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division, Juneau.

Rivkin, R.B., and L. Legendre. 2001. Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: Effects of microbial respiration. Science 291:2398-2400.

Romer, A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Ronholt, L.L., H.H. Shippen, and E.S. Brown. 1978. Demersal Fish and Shellfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska from Cape Spencer to Unimak Pass 1948-1976: A Historical Review, Vol. 1-4. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Seattle.

Rosen, D.A.S., and A.W. Trites. 2000. Pollock and the decline of Steller sea lions: Testing the junk-food hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(7):1243-1250.

Royer, T.C. 1998. Coastal processes in the northern North Pacific. Pp. 395-414 in The Sea: Volume 11—The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Synthesis, K.H. Brink and A.R. Robinson, eds. Wiley & Sons, New York.

Royer, T.C., C.E. Grosch, and L.A. Mysak. 2001. Interdecadal variability of Northeast Pacific coastal freshwater and its implications on biological productivity. Progress in Oceanography49(1-4):95-111.

Ruesink, J.L. 1998. Variation in per capita interaction strength: Thresholds due to nonlinear dynamics and nonequilibrium conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95(12):6843-6847.


Saulitis, E.L., C.O. Matkin, K. Heise, L.G. Barrett Lennard, and G.M. Ellis. 2000. Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 16(1):94-109.

Scheffer, M., S. Carpenter, J.A. Foley, C. Folkes, and B. Walker. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591-596.

Schoener, T.W. 1993. On the relative importance of direct versus indirect effects in ecological communities. Pp. 365-415 in Mutualism and Community Organization, H. Kawanabe and J.E. Cohen, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.

Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F.P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. DeVogalaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J. Lowenstine, R. Marin, P.E. Miller, W.A. McLellan, P.D.R. Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T. Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature 403(6765):80-84.

Schumacher, J.D., and V. Alexander. 1999. Variability and role of the physical environment in the Bering Sea ecosystem. Pp. 147-160 in Dynamics of the Bering Sea, T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, eds. AK-SG-99-03. University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks.

Schumacher, J.D., and R.K. Reed. 1986. On the Alaska coastal current in the western Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 91(C8):9655-9661.

Schumacher, J.D., and P.J. Stabeno. 1994. Ubiquitous eddies of the eastern Bering Sea and their coincidence with concentrations of larval pollock. Fisheries Oceanography 3:182-190.

Schumacher, J.D., and P.J. Stabeno. 1998. Continental shelf of the Bering Sea. Pp. 789-822 in The Sea: Ideas and Observations of the Study of the Seas. The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Syntheses. Vol. 2, A.R. Robinson and K.H. Brink, eds. Wiley & Sons, New York.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Schumacher, J.D., N.A. Bond, R.D. Brodeur, P.A. Livingston, J.M. Napp, and P.J. Stabeno. In press. Climate change in the southeastern Bering Sea and some consequences for biota. In Large Marine Ecosystems of the World—Trends in Exploitation, Protection and Research, G. Hempel and K. Sherman, eds. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

Schwing, F., and C. Moore. 2000. A year without a summer for California, or a harbinger of a climate shift? EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 81:301, 304-305.

Sease, J.L., W.P. Taylor, T.R. Loughlin, and K.W. Pitcher. 2001. Aerial and Land-Based Surveys of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska, June and July 1999 and 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-122. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center.

Shiganova, T.A. 1998. Invasion of the Black Sea by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and recent changes in pelagic community structure. Fisheries Oceanography 7(3/4):305-310.

Shima, M., A.B. Hollowed, and G.R. VanBlaricom. 2002. Changes over time in the spatial distribution of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska, 1984-1996. Fishery Bulletin 100(2):307-323.

Sinclair, E.H., and T.K. Zeppelin. 2002. Seasonal and spatial differences among the western stock of Steller sea lions. Journal of Mammalogy 83(4):973-990.

Sirenko, B.I., and V.M. Koltun. 1992. Characteristics of benthic biocenoses of the Chukchi and Bering Seas. Pp. 251-259 in Results of the Third US-USSR Bering and Chukchi Seas Expedition (BERPAC), Summer 1988, P.A. Nagel, ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Spraker, T.R., and D. Bradley. 1996. Investigations into the health status of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, from 1992 to 1995. Pp. 88-108 in Steller Sea Lion Recovery Investigations in Alaska, 1992-1994. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Juneau.

Springer, A.M. 1998. Is it all climate change? Why marine bird and mammal populations fluctuate in the North Pacific. Pp. 109-119 in Biotic Impacts of Extratropical Climate Variability in the Pacific, G. Holloway et al., eds. Proceedings ’Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Water Workshop, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

Springer, A.M. 2001. Still Search for a Unified Theory. Presentation to the National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, Seattle, December.

Springer, A.M., J.F. Piatt, V.P. Shuntov, G.B. Van Vliet, V.L. Vladimirov, A.E. Kuzin, and A. S. Perlov. 1999. Marine birds and mammals of the Pacific Subarctic Gyres. Progress in Oceanography 43(2-4):443-487.

Stabeno, P.J., and J.E. Overland. 2001. Bering Sea shifts toward an earlier spring transition. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 82(29):317, 321.

Stabeno, P.J., R.K. Reed, and J.D. Schumacher. 1995. The Alaska Coastal Current: Continuity of transport and forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 100(C2):2477-2485.

Stabeno, P.J., J.D. Schumacher, and K. Ohtani. 1999. The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. Pp. 1-28 in Dynamics of the Bering Sea, T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, eds. AK-SG-99-03. University of Alaska Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks.

Stabeno, P.J., N.A. Bond, N.B. Kachel, S.A. Salo, and J.D. Schumacher. 2001. On the temporal variability in the physical environment over the south-eastern Bering Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 10(1):81-98.

Stabeno, P.J., N.A. Bond, A.J. Hermann, C.W. Mordy, and J.E. Overland. In press. Meteorology and oceanography of the northern Gulf of Alaska. Progress in Oceanography.

Stokesbury, K.D.E., J. Kirsch, E.V. Patrick, and B.L. Norcross. 2002. Natural mortality estimates of juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59(3):416-423.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Sugimoto, T., and K. Tadokoro. 1997. Interannual-interdecadal variations in zooplankton biomass, chlorophyll concentration and physical environment in the subarctic Pacific and Bering Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 6(2):74-93.

Swartzman, G., W. Stuetzle, K. Kulman, and M. Powojowski. 1994. Relating the distribution of pollock schools in the Bering Sea to environmental factors. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51(4):481-492.


Thomas, G.L., and R.E Thorne. 2001. Night-time predation by Steller sea lions. Nature 411:1013.

Thompson, G.G., and M.W. Dorn. 2001. Assessment of the Pacific cod stock in the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands areas. Pp. 2-1–2-75 in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions, J. Blackburn et al., eds. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Thompson, G.G., H.H. Zenger, and M.W. Dorn. 2001. Assessment of the Pacific cod stock in the Gulf of Alaska. Pp. 2-1–2-73 in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska, J. Blackburn et al., eds. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Thompson, W.F., F.V. Thorsteinson, and D.E. Bevan. 1955. Present status of sea lion investigations in the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island areas. Circular 75 (Peninsula Memorandum 4), Seattle.

Thorsteinson, F.V., and C.J. Lensink. 1962. Biological observations of Steller sea lions taken during an experimental harvest. Journal of Wildlife Management 26(4):353-359.

Thorsteinson, F.V., R.W. Nelson, and D.F. Lall. 1961. Experimental harvest of the Steller sea lion in Alaska waters. Special Scientific Report Fisheries No. 371. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.

Tilman, D., and P. Kareiva, eds. 1997. Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Trenberth, K.E. 1990. Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the northern hemisphere. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71(7):988-993.

Trenberth, K.E., and J.W. Hurrell. 1994. Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics 9:303-319.

Trites, A.W. 2001. North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium: Recent Findings. Presentation to the National Research Council, Committee on the Alaska Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions, Seattle, December.

Trites, A.W., and P.A. Larkin. 1992. The Status of Steller Sea Lion Populations and the Development of Fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. Report of the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA17FD0177. Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Trites, A.W., and P.A. Larkin. 1996. Changes in the abundance of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1956 to 1992: How many were there? Aquatic Mammals 22:153-166.

Trites, A.W., P.A. Livingston, S. Mackinson, M.C. Vasconcellos, A.M. Springer, and D. Pauly. 1999. Ecosystem Change and the Decline of Marine Mammals in the Eastern Bering Sea: Testing the Ecosystem Shift and Commercial Whaling Hypotheses. Fisheries Centre Research Reports Vol. 7, No. 1. University of British Columbia, Vancouver.


Vandenbosch, R. 2000. Effects of ENSO and PDO events on seabird populations as revealed by Christmas Bird Count data. Waterbirds 23(3):416-422.

Vania, J.S. 1972. Marine Mammals Investigation: Sea Lion Pelage Study. Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration. Final Report, Projects W-17-3 and W-17-4. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Juneau.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Waite, J.M., N. Friday, and S.E. Moore. 2002. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) distribution and abundance for central and southeastern Bering Sea, July 1999 and June 2000. Marine Mammal Science 18(4):779.

Walsh, J.J. 1995. DOC storage in Arctic seas: The role of continental shelves. Pp. 203-230 in Arctic Oceanography: Marginal Ice Zones and Continental Shelves, J.M. Grebmeier and W.O. Smith, eds. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Walsh, J.J., C.P. McRoy, L.K. Coachman, J.J. Goering, J.J. Nihoul, T.E. Whitledge, T.H. Blackburn, P.L. Parker, C.D. Wirick, P.G. Shuert, J.M. Grebmeier, A.M. Springer, R.D. Tripp, D.A. Hansell, S. Djenidi, E. Deleersnijder, K. Henricksen, B.A. Lund, P. Andersen, F.E. Müller-Karger, and K. Dean. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chukchi Seas: Source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 22(4):277-359.

Walters, C.J. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan, New York.

Walters, C., and J.F. Kitchell. 2001. Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment: Implications for the theory of fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58(1):39-50.

Walters, C.J., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. 1997. Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosytems from trophic mass-balance assessments. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7(2):139-172.

Walters, C.J., V. Christensen, D. Pauly, and J.F. Kitchell. 2000. Representing density dependent consequences of life history strategies in aquatic ecosystems: EcoSim II. Ecosystems 3(1):70-83.

Ware, D.M. 1995. A century and a half of change in the climate of the NE Pacific. Fisheries Oceanography 4(4):267-277.

Wespestad, V.G. 1991. Pacific herring population dynamics, early life history, and recruitment variation relative to eastern Bering Sea oceanographic factors. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.

Wespestad, V.G., and D.R. Gunderson. 1991. Climate induced variation in eastern Bering Sea herring recruitment. Pp. 127-140 in Proceedings of the International Herring Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska, October 23-25, 1990. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 91-01. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

Wilderbuer, T.K., and T.M. Sample. 2001. Arrowtooth flounder. Pp. 5-1–5-12 in Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, Anchorage.

Wilke, F., and K.W. Kenyon. 1952. Notes on the food of fur seal, sea-lion, and harbor porpoise. Journal of Wildlife Management 16(3):396-397.

Wilson, C., A. Hollowed, M. Shima, P. Walline, and S. Stienessen. 2002. Interactions between commercial fishing and walleye pollock. Pp. 1-14 in AFSC Quarterly Report (January-February-March 2002). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle.

Wilson, J.G., and J.E. Overland. 1986. Meteorology. Pp. 31-54 in The Gulf of Alaska: Physical Environment and Biological Resources , D.W. Hood and S.T. Zimmerman, eds. PB87-103230. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Ocean Assessments Division, Anchorage.

Witherell, D., N. Kimball, and J. DiCosimo. 2000. Status and Trends of Principal Groundfish and Shellfish Stocks in the Alaska EEZ, 2001. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage.

Wolfe, R.J., and L.B. Hutchinson-Scarbrough. 1999. The subsistence harvest of harbor seal and sea lions by Alaska natives in 1998. Technical Paper No. 250. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Juneau.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×

Wolfe, R.J., and C. Mishler. 1997. The subsistence harvest of harbor seal and sea lion by Alaska natives in 1996. Technical Paper No. 241. Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Juneau.

Wooster, W.S., and A.B. Hollowed. 1995. Decadal-scale variations in the eastern subarctic Pacific. I. Winter ocean conditions. Pp. 81-85 in Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations, R.J. Beamish, ed. Canadian Special Publication-Fisheries and Aquatic Science 121.

Wootton, J.T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:443-466.

Wyllie-Echevarria, T., and W.S. Wooster. 1998. Year-to-year variations in Bering Sea ice cover and some consequences for fish distributions. Fisheries Oceanography 7(2):159-170.

Wynen, L.P., S.D. Goldsworthy, S.J. Insley, M. Adams, J.W. Bickham, J. Francis, J.P. Gallo, A.R. Hoelzel, P. Majluf, R.W.G. White, and R. Slade. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the eared seals (Otariidae: Carnivora): Implications for the historical biogeography of the family. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21(2):270-284.


York, A.E. 1994. The population dynamics of northern sea lions, 1975-1985. Marine Mammal Science 10(1):38-51.

York, A.E., R.L. Merrick, and T.R. Loughlin. 1996. An analysis of the Steller sea lion metapopulation in Alaska. Pp. 259-292 in Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation, D.R. McCullough, ed. Island Press, Washington, D.C.


Zarnke, R.L., T.C. Harder, H.W. Vos, J.M. ver Hoef, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus. 1997. Serologic survey for phocid herpesvirus-1 and -2 in marine mammals from Alaska and Russia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(3):459-465.

Zenteno-Savin, T., M.A. Castellini, L.D. Rea, and B.S. Fadely. 1997. Plasma haptoglobin levels in threatened Alaskan pinniped populations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(1):64-71.

Zheng, J., and G.H. Kruse. 2000. Recruitment patterns of Alaskan crabs in relation to decadal shifts in climate and physical oceanography. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(2):438-451.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 161
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 162
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 163
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 164
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 165
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 166
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 167
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 168
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 169
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 170
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 171
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 172
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 173
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 174
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 175
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 176
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 177
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10576.
×
Page 178
Next: Appendix A: Committee and Staff Biographies »
Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $75.00 Buy Ebook | $59.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

For an unknown reason, the Steller sea lion population in Alaska has declined by 80% over the past three decades. In 2001, the National Research Council began a study to assess the many hypotheses proposed to explain the sea lion decline including insufficient food due to fishing or the late 1970s climate/regime shift, a disease epidemic, pollution, illegal shooting, subsistence harvest, and predation by killer whales or sharks. The report's analysis indicates that the population decline cannot be explained only by a decreased availability of food; hence other factors, such as predation and illegal shooting, deserve further study. The report recommends a management strategy that could help determine the impact of fisheries on sea lion survival -- establishing open and closed fishing areas around sea lion rookeries. This strategy would allow researchers to study sea lions in relatively controlled, contrasting environments. Experimental area closures will help fill some short-term data gaps, but long-term monitoring will be required to understand why sea lions are at a fraction of their former abundance.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!