COMBAT HYBRID POWER SYSTEM COMPONENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was conducted under Contract No. MDA972-01-D-001 from the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering and Medicine
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COMMITTEE ON ASSESSMENT OF COMBAT HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
ROBERT GUENTHER, Chair,
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
STEVEN A. BOGGS,
University of Connecticut, Storrs
MEHRDAD (MARK) EHSANI,
Texas A&M University, College Station
ROBERT LASSETER,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
BALARAMA V. MURTY,
General Motors R&D Center, West Bloomfield, Michigan
WILLIAM C. NUNNALLY,
University of Missouri, Colombia
MICHAEL RALEIGH,
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
National Materials Advisory Board Staff
ARUL MOZHI, Study Director
SHARON YEUNG DRESSEN, Program Officer (until July 2002)
EMILY ANN MEYER, Research Associate
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
JULIA M. PHILLIPS, Chair,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
JOHN ALLISON,
Ford Research Laboratories, Dearborn, Michigan
FIONA DOYLE,
University of California, Berkeley
THOMAS EAGAR,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
GARY FISCHMAN,
University of Illinois, Chicago
HAMISH L. FRASER,
Ohio State University, Columbus
THOMAS S. HARTWICK, TRW (retired),
Redmond, Washington
ALLAN J. JACOBSON,
University of Houston, Houston, Texas
SYLVIA M. JOHNSON,
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
FRANK E. KARASZ,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
SHEILA F. KIA,
General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan
ENRIQUE LAVERNIA,
University of California, Irvine
HARRY A. LIPSITT,
Wright State University (emeritus), Dayton, Ohio
TERRY LOWE,
Metallicum, LLC, Santa Fe, New Mexico
ALAN G. MILLER,
Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, Washington
ROBERT C. PFAHL, JR.,
Motorola, Schaumburg, Illinois
HENRY J. RACK,
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
KENNETH L. REIFSNIDER,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
PETER SCHULTZ,
Heraeus Amersil, Inc. (retired), Duluth, Georgia
T.S. SUDARSHAN,
Materials Modification, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
JULIA WEERTMAN,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
National Materials Advisory Board Staff
TONI MARECHAUX, Director
BOARD ON MANUFACTURING AND ENGINEERING DESIGN
JOSEPH G. WIRTH, Chair,
Raychem Corporation (retired), Mt. Shasta, California
F. PETER BOER,
Tiger Scientific, Inc., Boynton Beach, Florida
PAMELA A. DREW,
The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
ROBERT EAGAN,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
PAUL B. GERMERAAD,
Augirin Systems, Inc., Cupertino, California
RICHARD L. KEGG,
Milacron, Inc. (retired), Cincinnati, Ohio
JAY LEE,
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
JAMES MATTICE,
Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton, Ohio
MICHAEL F. McGRATH,
Sarnoff Corporation, Arlington, Virginia
MANISH MEHTA,
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan
JOE H. MIZE,
Oklahoma State University (retired), Stillwater
JAMES B. RICE, JR.,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
ALFONSO VELOSA III,
Gartner, Inc., Portland, Oregon
JACK WHITE,
Altarum, Ann Arbor, Michigan
JOEL SAMUEL YUDKEN,
AFL-CIO, Washington, D.C.
Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design Staff
TONI MARECHAUX, Director
Acknowledgments
We thank the committee members for their participation in meetings and for their efforts and dedication in the preparation of this report. We also thank the workshop speakers (listed in Appendix A) and participants, including the study sponsors and liaisons, especially Robert Rosenfeld, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); Marilyn Freeman, formerly with DARPA; Gus Khalil and Gene Danielson, U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command; and George Frazier, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). We thank the National Materials Advisory Board staff, especially Arul Mozhi, study director; Sharon Yeung Dressen, program officer; and Emily Ann Meyer, research associate.
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Andrew Frank, University of California, Davis; Michael Lanagan, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Matty, SAFT America (retired); Ian McNab, University of Texas; Wilford Smith, SAIC; Joseph Wirth, Raychem Corporation (retired); and Douglas Witherspoon, UTRON, Inc.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by William Agnew, General Motors Corporation (retired). Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Comments and suggestions can be sent via e-mail to nmab@nas.edu or by fax to (202) 334-3718.
Robert Guenther, Chair
Committee on Assessment of Combat Hybrid Power Systems
Tables and Figures
TABLES
ES-1. |
Advanced Electric Motor Drives and Power Electronics, |
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ES-2. |
Battery Technologies, |
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ES-3. |
High-temperature, Wideband Gap (WBG) Materials, |
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ES-4. |
High-power Switching Technologies, |
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ES-5. |
Capacitor Technologies, |
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ES-6. |
Computer Simulation for the Design of Storage Systems and Components, |
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1-1. |
Notional Specifications for an FCS-like Combat Vehicle Established in 1997, |
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2-1. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with the Application of Electric Propulsion and Power Electronics to Combat Hybrid Power Systems, |
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3-1. |
Theoretical Specific Energy of Typical Existing Batteries, |
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3-2. |
Expected Practical Energy Density, |
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3-3. |
Status of Battery Systems for Hybrid Vehicles, |
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3-4. |
Typical Operations of Military Vehicles, |
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3-5. |
The Ratio of Battery Weight to Total Vehicle Weight, |
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3-6. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with the Application of Batteries to Combat Hybrid Power Systems, |
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4-1. |
Wideband Gap Materials Figure of Merit, |
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4-2. |
Microwave Performance of Wideband Gap Materials, |
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4-3. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with the Application of WBG Materials to Combat Hybrid Power Systems, |
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5-1. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with the Application of Switching Technologies to Combat Hybrid Power Systems, |
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6-1. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with High Energy Density Capacitors, |
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7-1. |
Description of CHPSET Components, |
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7-2. |
Hybrid Vehicle Hardware Components Incorporated into the Systems Integration Laboratory, |
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7-3. |
Technical Challenges, Performance Metrics, and Research Priorities Associated with Computer Simulation for the Design of Storage Systems and Components, |
FIGURES
1-1. |
Basic CHPS/FCS power flow diagram, |
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1-2. |
One version of the CHPS Notional Concept Vehicle, |
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2-1. |
Motor torque-speed relationship, |
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3-1. |
Power requirement of typical mobility of military vehicles, |
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3-2. |
Battery weight/total weight ratio versus driving range on highway at 70 mph, |
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3-3. |
Battery weight/total weight ratio versus driving range while climbing hill, |
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4-1. |
Comparison of SiC and silicon dielectric strength, |
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4-2. |
Comparison of conduction resistance for SiC and silicon, |
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4-3. |
Comparison of silicon and SiC operating voltage and conduction resistance, |
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4-4. |
Silicon carbide crystal and wafer plane orientations, |
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4-5. |
SiC polytype for 1120 “a” plane, |
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7-1. |
Mission plan for NRMM predictions using a route analysis tool kit, |
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7-2. |
NRMM basic speed prediction methodology, |