Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle,: Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (2000)

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i Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle Sixth Revised Edition, 1988 Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1988 

ii National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose mem- bers are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engi- neering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organiza- tion of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering pro- grams aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appro- priate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sci- ences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, and by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under Cooperative Agreement No. FD-U-000006-06-1. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association, Inc. Any opin- ions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoring subcommittee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle/Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council—6th rev. ed. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-309-03826-X 1. Dairy cattle—Nutrition—Requirements. 2. Dairy cattle— Feeding and feeds. I. Title. SF203.N34 1988 636.2'142—dc 19 88-15215 First Printing, August 1988 Second Printing, February 1989 Third Printing, April 1989 Fourth Printing, September 1989 Fifth Printing, November 1990 Sixth Printing, January 1992 Seventh Printing, September 1992 Eighth Printing, June 1993 Ninth Printing, August 1994 Tenth Printing, September 1995 Eleventh Printing, February 1997 Copyright © 1988 by the National Academy of Sciences No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the pub- lisher, except for the purposes of official use by the U.S. government. Printed in the United States of America 

PREFACE iii Preface The second printing of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle updates the sixth revised edition, 1988. It includes minor changes in the text equations and computer programs that provide calculations of the daily protein requirements for growing animals. In addition, the value representing the efficiency of an animal's use of retained protein in absorbed units has been reduced from 0.65 to 0.50 to reflect new data from recent growth experiments. As a result of these changes, the daily requirements for degradable intake protein, undegradable intake protein, and crude protein for growing animals have been changed slightly from the first printing. This 1989 update reevaluates the requirements listed in the previous edition and provides an up-to-date, comprehensive review of the scientific literature on dairy cattle nutrition. The requirements set forth in Chapters 2 and 6 of this edition reflect newer data and knowledge that have become available, as well as the expressed concerns of dairy producers, on dry matter, energy, protein, mineral, vitamin, and water requirements of dairy cattle under today's increased production demands. In addition, Chapter 3 gives special attention to other aspects of dairy cattle nutrition such as common metabolic disorders and the effects of dietary fat, fiber, mineral salts (buffers), branched-chain fatty acids, and rumen-protected amino acids. The results of recent studies on the use of antibiotics, ionophores, and hormones are also included. Chapter 4 provides basic concepts and step-by-step methods for diet formulation using the requirement tables in Chapter 6 and the feed composition tables in Chapter 7. Chapter 5 presents mathematical statements for transforming feed energy and protein into net energy and absorbed protein, respectively, and for calculating calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A and D requirements. These equations have been used to develop the nutrient requirement computer diskette, which is available with the report. This edition is intended as a guide for diet formulation and the nutritional management of dairy cattle during various phases of the life cycle. It should be a useful tool for producers, extension personnel, teachers, students, and research scientists alike. The report was prepared by the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, which was appointed in 1984 under the guidance of the Board on Agriculture's Committee on Animal Nutrition. The Committee on Animal Nutrition, the Board on Agriculture, and six outside experts reviewed the report. The subcommittee is grateful to these individuals for their efforts. It would also like to thank Board on Agriculture staff members Sharon Giduck, staff officer, and Kamar Patel, senior secretary, for their assistance in the preparation of this report. SUBCOMMITTEE ON DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION ROGER W. HEMKEN, Chairman, University of Kentucky CLARENCE B. AMMERMAN, University of Florida DONALD L. BATH, University of California-Davis JIMMY H. CLARK, University of Illinois NEAL A. JORGERSEN, University of Wisconsin PAUL W. MOE, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland LAWRENCE D. MULLER, Pennsylvania State University DALE R. WALDO, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 

PREFACE iv COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION JAMES G. MORRIS, Chairman, University of California-Davis HENRY S. BAYLEY, University of Guelph WILLIAM V. CHALUPA, University of Pennsylvania *JIMMY H. CLARK, University of Illinois ROY S. EMERY, Michigan State University LEO J. JENSEN, University of Georgia DONALD E. JOHNSON, Colorado State University WALTER MERTZ, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland FREDRIC N. OWENS, Oklahoma State University GARY L. RUMSEY, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, U.S. Department of the Interior *DALE R. WALDO, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland Staff SHARON A. GIDUCK, Staff Officer KAMAR PATEL, Senior Secretary BOARD ON AGRICULTURE WILLIAM L. BROWN, Chairman, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. JOHN A. PINO, Vice Chairman, National Research Council *PERRY L. ADKISSON, Texas A&M University C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota EDWIN H. CLARK II, The Conservation Foundation ELLIS B. COWLING, North Carolina State University JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ROBERT M. GOODMAN, Calgene, Inc. TIMOTHY M. HAMMONDS, Food Marketing Institute RALPH W. F. HARDY, Boyce Thompson Institute and BioTechnica International, Inc. THEODORE L. HULLAR, University of California-Davis PAUL W. JOHNSON, Iowa House of Representatives CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc. KARL H. NORRIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland *VERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota CHAMP B. TANNER, University of Wisconsin ROBERT L. THOMPSON, Purdue University THOMAS D. TRAUTMAN, General Mills, Inc. JAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado *VIRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University CONRAD J. WEISER, Oregon State University CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director JAMES E. TAVARES, Associate Executive Director CARLA CARLSON, Reports Officer and Senior Editor GRACE JONES ROBBINS, Assistant Editor * Through June 30, 1987 * Through December 31, 1987 

CONTENTS v Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Nutrient Requirements and Signs of Deficiency 2 Dry Matter Intake 2 Energy 5 Protein 10 Minerals 20 Vitamins 42 Water 49 3. Special Aspects of Dairy Cattle Nutrition 52 Metabolic Disorders 52 Fat 53 Fiber 55 Mineral Salts and Their Role As Buffers 56 Branched-Chain Fatty Acids and N-Valeric Acid 59 Rumen-Protected Amino Acids 60 Antibiotics 60 Ionophores 61 Hormones 61 4. Formulating Rations 63 Lactating Cows 63 Nonlactating Dairy Cattle 68 Computer-Formulated Rations 69 5. Prediction Equations 71 6. Dry Matter Intake and Nutrient Requirements Tables 78 Dry Matter Intake Requirements 78 Daily Nutrient Requirements 79 Recommended Nutrient Content of Diets for Dairy Cattle 80 Maximum Tolerable Dietary Levels of Certain Elements 80 

CONTENTS vi 7. Composition of Feeds 89 References 116 Appendix Tables 138 Index 148 

CONTENTS vii Tables and Figures Tables 2-1 Parameter Names for Describing Protein Metabolism 12 4-1 Calculation of Nutrient Requirements for a Lactating Cow—Example 1 63 4-2 Calculation of Nutrients Provided by Forage—Example 1 65 4-3 Calculation of Nutrients Required in the Concentrate Mix—Example 1 65 4-4 Calculation of Nutrients Provided by the Concentrate Mix—Example 1 65 4-5 Diet Formulation—Example 1 66 4-6 Calculation of UIP and DIP Content of Diet Shown in Table 4-5 66 4-7 Energy Requirements of a 350-kg Heifer and the Energy Content of Feeds—Example 3 68 4-8 Crude Protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus Requirements for a 350-kg Heifer—Example 3 68 4-9 Costs of Various Feedstuffs—Example 1 69 4-10 Comparison of Diet Costs—Example 1 70 4-11 Comparison of Actual and Opportunity Prices for Various Feedstuffs 70 6-1 Dry Matter Intake Requirements 78 6-2 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Growing Dairy Cattle and Mature Bulls 81 6-3 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Lactating and Pregnant Cows 84 6-4 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Lactating Cows Using Absorbable Protein 85 6-5 Recommended Nutrient Content of Diets for Dairy Cattle 87 6-6 Maximum Tolerable Dietary Levels of Certain Elements 88 7-1 Composition of Feeds Commonly Used in Dairy Cattle Diets on a 100% Dry Matter Basis 90 7-2 Composition of Mineral Supplements for Dairy Cattle 111 7-3 Ruminal Undegradability of Protein in Selected Feeds 113 

CONTENTS viii Appendix Tables 1 Dry Matter Intake Requirements (in Pounds) 138 2 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Growing Dairy Cattle and Mature Bulls (in Pounds) 139 3 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Lactating and Pregnant Cows (in Pounds) 143 4 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Lactating Cows Using Absorbable Protein (in Pounds) 144 5 Recommended Nutrient Content of Diets for Dairy Cattle (in Pounds) 147 Figures 2-1 Trends in milk production, dry matter intake, body weight change, and energy balance during lactation 3 2-2 Changes in daily dry matter intake with increasing dry matter digestibility between 52 and 80 percent 4 2-3 Changes in daily dry matter intake with varying dry matter digestibility and milk yields 4 2-4 Schematic diagram of nitrogen flow in the ruminant 11 2-5 Relationship in sheep between coefficient of absorption of dietary copper and total dietary sulfur and molyb- 35 denum