National Academies Press: OpenBook

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era (2003)

Chapter: Color Plates

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Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
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Page 167
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
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Page 168
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
×
Page 169
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
×
Page 170
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
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Page 171
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
×
Page 172
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
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Page 173
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2003. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10623.
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Page 174

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1 ^ - 1 ^ - ~ al PLATE 1 Photo of ~~sosbc4~s ~~so~t commonly known as the Antarchc too~- hsh. This species is an example of Notothenioid Hat has evolved neutral buoy- ancy Trough reduction of skeletal minerahzation and increased lipid deposition. SOURCE: Photo taken by Kevin HoeCing and provided courtesy of Dr. Chris Chant Universe of IHinois at U~ana-Champaign.

PLATE 2 The icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus. (Left) An adult male of -45-cm total length. The background grid measures 10 x 10 cm. (Right) A living, gravid female. Lifting the operculum reveals the white complexion of the gills due to the absence of red blood cells. In red-blooded relatives, such as Notothenia corliceps (not shown), the gills are a brilliant crimson due to oxygenation of hemoglobin in red cells. SOURCE: Photos by H.W. Detrich, III. PLATE 3 Globin-related sequences in the genomes of red- and white-blooded Antarctic fishes. (A and B) Southern blots of genomic DNAs from four red- blooded fishes: Gg, the Antarctic humped rocked (Gobionotothen gibberifrons); Na, the New Zealand black cod (Notothenia angustata); Nc, the Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod (<No to then ia coriiceps ); and Pc, the Antarctic dragonfish (Parachaen ich thys charcoti); and three white-blooded Antarctic icefishes: Ca, the blackfin icefish (Chaenocephalus aceratus); Cg, the mackerel icefish (<Champsocephalus gunnari); and Cr. the ocellated icefish (<Chionodraco rastrospinosus) were hybridized to N. coriiceps cDNAs for alpha-globin (A) or for beta-globin (B). Note that all fish species have DNA fragments that were recognized by the alpha-globin probes, whereas only the four red-blooded species were positive for beta-globin. These results indicate that the three icefishes have lost the gene for beta-globin. (C) Cartoon depicting the loss of globin genes by the 16 species of the icefish family. Note that Neopagetopsis ionah retains a complete, but defective, copy of the alpha-beta globin gene complex, 14 of the 16 icefish species possess a fragment of the alpha-globin

A B ~ - GLOBIN ~ - GLOBIN G~ ~< ~ G~ &~ O~ ~ 9~ ~ G~ & The Adult GIobin Gene Complex of Antarctic Fishes Notothen~a coraceps, a red-blooded notothenioid cc-.lobin ,, 13-.lobin ~_~ 39 - 5, ~' ~ 3, Icefishes, the ~hite-blooded notothenioids a ~ I d I Typical a-globin gelle remnant (14 of 16 species) ac ~ ~ ~. /~. ~a~ c - ,~l~l ,o, .veopag ~opsis ~ on a~ a Splice defect ,~ ~il——o Dacodraco hunteri I I I I I I I I I D ~ I i I ~ i I ~ O.5 ~ ~ 1.5 2.8 4.5 5.O 5.5 S.~b gene only, and the 16th species, Dacodraco hunteri, has a further deletion in the alpha-globin gene remnant. These data imply that globin gene loss occurred a minimum of three times during diversification of the hemoglobinless icefishes. SOURCE: A and B. Cocca et al., 1995; C, H.W. Detrich, III unpublished results. 3 1

~~ ~ S~L.F ~ ~~; ~ PLATE 4 Map showing the latitudinal and sea-land gradients along the Victoria Land coast being studied by the Italian and New Zealand research programs. Red spots indicate sites of possible sample collection. SOURCE: Berkman and Tipton-Everett, 2001. 1

10 ,U~L PLATE 5 (A) Photographic presentation of an aggregate from 2 m beneath the surface of the permanent ice cover of Lake Bonney located in the upper Taylor Valley of the McMurdo Dry Valley system. The photograph was taken from within a 3.5-m deep trench cut into the ice in early September before the forma- tion of liquid water. (B) Computed tomography (CT) scan of a section of ice core from Lake Vida, Victoria Valley (blue = ice, black spheres within the core section = gas bubbles in the ice, red-orange = sediment particles, green = particulate organic matter). The inner diameter of the circular sample chamber (blue-green ring) surrounding the ice core section is 76 mm. (C) Confocal laser photomicro- graphs showing microorganisms associated with a sediment particle with enlarged views of two species of cyanobacteria (blue = DAPI stained bacteria, red = chloro- phyll autofluorescence, gray = sediment particle). (D) SCOT microautoradio- graph of sediment particles bound together by cyanobacterial filaments (dark regions denote sites of active i4C accumulation indicative of photosynthetic activ- ity). NOTE: DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride. SOURCE: Modified from Priscu et al., 1998.

| LAKE ICE MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM | Photosynthetic prokaryotes l E:: f oc t_ A I CO, NH + 51 4 ~ 14--' . ~ I Heterotrophic prokaryotes l Close spatial arrangement on lithic surface PLATE 6 Consortial relationships between photosynthetic and heterotrophic prokaryotes found within the ice covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes. NOTE: IAS = ice active substances. N2 indicates that both groups of prokaryotes fix atmospheric nitrogen that is exchanged between them. All of these exchanges take place on micron or smaller scales. Such a consortium is necessary for the survival and proliferation of life in the extreme environment posed by permanent Antarctic lake ice. SOURCE: Priscu et al., in press.

~ f i/ /\ PLATE 7 Map of the major facilities supporting research in the Arctic. 1

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As we enter the twenty-first century, the polar biological sciences stand well poised to address numerous important issues, many of which were unrecognized as little as 10 years ago. From the effects of global warming on polar organisms to the potential for life in subglacial Lake Vostok, the opportunities to advance our understanding of polar ecosystems are unprecedented. The era of “genome-enabled” biology is upon us, and new technologies will allow us to examine polar biological questions of unprecedented scope and to do so with extraordinary depth and precision.

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Revolution highlights research areas in polar biology that can benefit from genomic technologies and assesses the impediments to the conduct of polar genomic research. It also emphasizes the importance of ancillary technologies to the successful application of genomic technologies to polar studies. It recommends the development of a new initiative in polar genome sciences that emphasizes collaborative multidisciplinary research to facilitate genome analyses of polar organisms and coordinate research efforts.

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