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Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World Index A urbanization decoupled from Abidjan, 225, 391â394 industrialization, 82 Abortion rates, 219â220 Agency for International Development, 402 Absolute poverty, 180â184 Agglomeration economies, 307â312 numbers of urban residents living in, 2 Aggregate census-based method, 121 research focused on, 287â288 AIDS awareness, variation within urban settings Access to services, 2, 167â180, 196, 251â255 in, 5 decentralization of reproductive health Albania, 66 services, 251â253 American Community Survey, 483 differences by city size, 172â174 Argentina, 95 examples of intracity differentials in water Arms dealing, 347 supply, 178 Asia factors blocking, 253â254 cities of more than 750,000 population in, improving the quality and accessibility of 103 care, 253â254 HIV levels in, 224 measures of in the demographic and health population doubling in, 12 surveys, 170 population growth in cities and towns of, 3 need to improve data systems on, 4 population trends in, 91 poverty among the underserved migrants, urban population change in, 102â106 176â177 See also Paciï¬c Asia services and the poor, 174â176 Asian Development Bankâs Cities Data Book, Accidents, higher urban rates of, 263 168 Accra, Ghana, 178, 180, 213, 220, 260, 286â287 Asian âtriangles,â 79 Adaptation hypothesis, regarding migrants, Aspatial analysis of poverty, 232â238, 302 243 Assets, 4, 62, 165 Addis Ababa, 231 Authority dimension of urban governance, Adult educational attainment, rural and urban 390â401 areas, 162 Africa cities of more than 750,000 population B in, 100 Bangalore, 49, 150 colonial background of, 100â101 Bangalore Urban Poverty Alleviation marginalized in new global economy, Programme (BUPP), 49 101â102 Bangkok, 19, 357â362, 481 population doubling in, 12 characterization of main zones in the population growth in cities and towns of, 3 extended metropolitan region of, urban population change in, 99â102 362 515 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 516 INDEX growth rate in, 64 C HIV levels in, 224â225 Cairo, 14, 68, 69, 99, 136â138, 203 migrants to, 329 Calcutta, 105, 224 Bangladesh Cambodia, 48 cities abandoned by public sector services Cameroon, 251 in, 254 Cancers, higher urban rates of, 263 intraurban differences in infant mortality Capacity dimension in urban governance, 7â8, rates in, 285 363â371 urban boundaries in, 317 Cape Town, South Africa, 17, 245 Barriers to mobility, 333â337 Capital formation, 352 Basic services, 165 Cardiovascular disease, 263 in which urban environments differ from Caribbean rural, 70 cities of more than 750,000 population in, 97 Beijing, 84 HIV levels in, 224 Beijing-Seoul-Tokyo (BESETO), 78 Cartagena, Colombia, 185 Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 378 CBOs. See Community-based organizations âBetter Cities Network of East and South-East CBSA. See Core-based statistical area Asian Cities,â 402 classiï¬cation Bhilwara, India, 179 Census-based method Birth attendance, variation within urban settings aggregate, 121 in, 5 problem of intervals, 355 Botswana, 213 Centralized model, of urban governance, 361, HIV in, 222 407 Boundaries Chandigarh, India, 194 city, 136â137 Chiang Mai, Thailand, 246 jurisdictional conï¬icts, 2 âChicago School,â 30 Bras´ılia, 140 Child mortality, 127, 278â282, 295â297 Brazil, 340â341 âChild quality,â 34â35 declining growth rates experienced by Child trafï¬cking, 347 largest cities in, 120 Childrenâs health, 272â278, 296 foreign direct investment in, 78 Childrenâs lives, 188â195 impact of better education in, 321 China, 337â338, 343â344 Northeastern, child mortality rates in, 39 changing urban deï¬nitions in, 134 âparticipatory budgetingâ in, 376â378 Cultural Revolution in, 145, 307 population pyramid for urban, 129 family planning needs in, 245 residual earnings variance in Brazilâs largest foreign direct investment in, 78 cities, 341 household registration system in, 327 rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7 impact of national economic restructuring urban relative to rural age composition of on rural populations near cities, 63 men and women in, 129 a predominantly rural country, 104 Breastfeeding, 212n rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7, âBridging,â role of social networks, 48 183â184 Broken windows theory, 40 urban boundaries in, 317 Buenos Aires, 96, 158, 285, 337 Chronic âlifestyleâ diseases, 268â269 gated communities, 159 Circular migration, 225 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 240, 242 Cities BUPP. See Bangalore Urban Poverty Alleviation amid global forces, 76â81 Programme characteristics of, 10 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 517 concentration of social and economic Community dynamics, social capital and, 41â42 resources in, 2 Completed schooling for adults, in rural and emerging regional networks, 78â79 urban areas, 161, 163 ï¬nancial services and foreign direct Comprehensive model, of urban governance, investment, 77â78 361, 405â407 forced to redeï¬ne their comparative âCompression,â of social relationships, 45 advantages, 1 âComputable general equilibriumâ model, 304 growth rates in large versus small, 15 Congestion, 2 markets and volatility, 78, 80 Contraceptive use, 5, 214â216, 219 mortality and morbidity in, 5â6, 22â23, Core-based statistical area (CBSA) 259â299 classiï¬cation, 482â483 networks in, 75 Coronary heart disease, 263 optimal size, 56n CËote dâIvoire, 160 with over a million residents, 84 Countries covered by DHS surveys, 490 problems of poorest, 370 Crime rates, 56 reinventing themselves, 77 âCrisis-ledâ fertility, 226, 230 their regions, and the international Cultural conï¬ict, 38 economy, 23â25 Cultural Revolution, 145 world cities, 80â81 Cumulative measures, 112 See also individual cities and countries Currencies, world markets in, 80 Cities Data Book project, 167â168 City boundaries, 136â137 City growth from migration and natural increase, D 112â114 Dakar, 205 City-level population data, 135â141 Dakshinpuri, India, 240, 242 Bras´ılia, 140 DALY. See Disability-adjusted life year city boundaries, 136â137 predictions Kitwe, Zambia, 141 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 178, 186, 269 Niamey, Niger, 140 Data systems SËao Paulo, 139 need to computerize, 147, 356 Shubra-El-Khema, 138 need to improve, 4 United Nations population estimates, Decentralization, 64â66, 95, 390, 408, 411 138â141 Deconcentration, 313â317 City size categories, 489 Deï¬nition and measurement issues, 128â141 City systems and city-regions, 58â64 Delhi, 105 Clustering, 36â37 Demand for manufactured goods and services, advantages of, 309 income elasticity of, 302 Cobb-Douglas production function, 311n Democratization, 95 Cochabamba, Bolivia, 245 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 27, 94, Collective socialization, 37 108, 120, 122â128, 152, 154, 156, 163, Colombia, 252 177â179, 200, 227, 229, 488â494, 505 Commercial sex work, 225 on childrenâs health needs, 261, 272, Common resources, 36â37 277â279, 282 Communicable diseases, 73 limitations of, 109, 411, 503 greater vulnerability of city dwellers to, 259 linking to United Nations city data, 487â494 impact on childrenâs health, 264 measuring relative urban poverty with data new and reemergent, 269â270 from, 499â502 Community-based organizations (CBOs), 49 need for spatial identiï¬ers for all surveys, 4 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 518 INDEX recommendations for, 503â505 China, 343 reï¬ning urban indicators in, 416â417 Taiwan, 342â343 showing declines in both urban and rural East Asia, 88, 94n mortality, 6 Economic crises, 66, 230, 282â283 Demographic behavior theory, 34â40 in cities of Kazakhstan, 283 social learning via social networks, 35â36 fertility transitions and, 226â231 Demographic features of the urban transition, Economic resources, concentrated in cities, 2 81â95 âEcumenopolis.â See Beijing-Seoul-Tokyo Demographic transformation, 11â17 Education, 4, 196â197, 248â249 Demographic transition theory, 21 dropout rates, 350 Demographic Yearbooks, 26â27, 109, 131, âEfï¬ciency wageâ models, 325n 135â139, 412, 415, 487, 504 Electricity, 4, 63, 170, 505 Depression, 267 Elite neighborhoods, 19 Desakota zones, 61â62, 67 Employment Deutsche Gesellschaft f¨ur Technische See Urban labor markets Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 402 EMRs. See Extended metropolitan regions Dhaka, Bangladesh, 5, 22, 105, 206, 254, 285 Engelâs law, 302â304 DHS. See Demographic and Health Surveys Environmental hazards, 4, 7, 262 Diffusion, 5 Epidemics, 282â283 Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) Export Group Report, 183 predictions, 264â266, 269 Extended metropolitan regions (EMRs), Disease spectrum, 262â272, 297 19 chronic âlifestyleâ diseases, 268â269 External economies, of proximity, 54â56 injuries, 265â267 mental health, 267â268 new and reemergent communicable diseases, F 269â270 Faisalabad, Pakistan, 254 the urban penalty, 270â272 Families See also Communicable diseases embedded in social contexts, 29 Diseconomies of proximity, 56 reproductive strategies of, 256 Disruption hypothesis, regarding migrants, 243 Family planning programs Diversity, 204, 315 private sector in, 254â255 ability of local governments to cope with, 8 urban, 107 dimension in urban governance, 378â384 Family Planning Service Expansion and in economic interactions, 51â57 Technical Support (SEATS) project, effects of, 54 253 in Manila, 383â384 FDI. See Foreign direct investment in Rio de Janeiro, 380â381 Fertility and reproductive health, 4â5, 20â22, in SËao Paulo, 381â383 199â258 spatial theories of, 20, 52â56 access to services, 257â258 See also Socioeconomic diversity and contraception, 214â216 inequality fertility behavior and trends, 256 Doi Moi program, 244 fertility transitions and economic crises, Drinking water, measures of access to, 170 226â231 Drug trafï¬cking, 347 HIV/AIDS, 222â226 maternal care, 221â222 E migrants, 242â246 Earnings inequality case studies, 340â343 sexual unions and ï¬rst marriage, 212â214 Brazil, 340â341 social and economic contexts, 201â206 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 519 total fertility rates in rural and urban areas, pervasive inï¬uence of, 74 210 spatial organization of activities of, 34 unmet need for contraception and Growth unintended fertility, 216â221 contribution of migration to urban growth, urban adolescents, 247â251 89â90 the urban dimension, 200â209 natural increase and migration, 89â92 the urban poor, 231â242 rate of, 485 urban service delivery, 251â255 rural-to-urban migration rates, 90â92 Fertility declines Growth âtriangles,â 79 mortality decline following, 94â95 GTZ. See Deutsche Gesellschaft f¨ur Technische urbanization as a precondition for, 21 Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Financial resources, 371â378 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 178 Financial services, 8, 77â78 Fixed-rates model, 484 âFloatingâ population, 134, 177 H Floods, 187 Habitat II, 402 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 77â78, 305n, Hanoi, Vietnam, 255 344â346 Havana, 220, 373 Formal institutions, social capital in, 387 Hazards. See Environmental hazards Formal sector Health, 1â2, 22â23, 40â41, 70, 297, 299 versus informal sector, 289 See also Communicable diseases; jobs in, 301 Reproductive health services wages in, 324 Health service provision, 289â295 For-proï¬t services, versus not-for-proï¬t, 289 HIV/AIDS epidemic, 222â226, 282â283 Fragmented model, of urban governance, 361, Homicides, 266, 386 405â407 Hong Kong, 77, 81n, 94, 102, 338 Household age composition, in rural and urban areas, 131 G Household registration system, 327 Geocoded data, 8 Household relations, social capital in, 388â390 Geographic information systems (GIS), Household structure, factors disrupting, 194 109â110, 147â151, 414, 504 Housing, 50, 73, 364 GEOPOLIS database, 134 HPI. See Human Poverty Index Ghana, 36, 130, 322 Human capital, 70, 72, 160â163, 196â197 GIS. See Geographic information systems Human Development Report, 164n Global Burden of Disease, 269 Human Poverty Index (HPI), 164n Global circuits, 1, 24 Hyderabad, 150 Global economy, 101â102 Global Report on Human Settlements, 373 I Global Urban Indicators Database, 368â369 Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 220 Globalization, 75â76, 95, 106 ILO. See International Labour Organization Governance. See Urban governance Income, 4, 6, 165 Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, 373 Income elasticity, 302 Governments India, 48, 149â150, 309 dimension in which urban environments Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites, 149 differ from rural, 70 Indonesia, 7, 94, 102, 306, 345, 350 moving to âgovernance,â 64â67 Inequality. See Socioeconomic diversity and operating on a territorial basis, 20 inequality Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 520 INDEX Infant mortality rates, 127, 271, 278â282, Lagos, 14, 99, 142 295â296 Lahore, Pakistan, 240 Infectious diseases, 5 âLand invasions,â 74 Informal economy Landslides, 187 earnings in, 323n Large cities, 84â89 versus formal sector, 289 in the countries covered by DHS surveys, internationalization of, 347 494 tiers within, 339 unique needs of, 16 urban population growth swelling, 334 Larkana, Pakistan, 255 Informalization of urban labor markets, 331â340 Latin America Injuries, 265â267 cities of more than 750,000 population in, 97 Inter- and intraurban differentials, 2, 6 HIV levels in, 224 âIntergenerational closure,â of individual social homicide levels in, 266, 386 networks, 41 migration rates in, 91 Intergovernmental transfers, and targeted social population doubling in, 12 assistance, 66 population growth in cities and towns of, 3 Internal economies, of scale and proximity, social and environmental movements in, 53â54 390 International Crime Victimization Survey, 385n urban growth slowing in, 98 International Labour Organization (ILO), 332 urban population change in, 96â99 International Monetary Fund, 373 urbanization in, 12, 87, 95 International Programs Center, 413 Lesotho, 292 IRS. See Indian Remote Sensing satellites Ley de Participaci´on Popular, 374, 390 Local participation, in Chinese cities, 399â401 J Localization economies, 308â311 Jakarta, Indonesia, 19, 145, 235n âLocalization effects,â 53n, 54 Jordan, 150â151 Location, 29â74 Jos, Nigeria, 220 city systems and city-regions, 58â64 Jurisdictional conï¬icts, 404â405, 408 dimensions in which urban environments differ from rural, 70 from government to governance, 64â67 K intergovernmental transfers and targeted Kaplan-Meier estimator, 278 social assistance, 66 Karachi, Pakistan, 105, 145, 220, 238, 240, 257 neighborhoods and demographic behavior Kazakhstan, 283, 333, 351â352 theory, 34â40 Kelley-Williamson, 304 neighborhoods and larger structures, 46â49 Kenya, 36, 321â322 new conceptualizations needed, 412 Kinshasa, Zaire, 237 social capital, 40â42 Kitwe, Zambia, 139, 141 spatial segregation, 42â46 Korea, 59, 314 spatial theories of, 52â56 Kuala Lumpur, 77 sustaining diversity in, 51â57 Kumasi, Ghana, 179 the urban/rural divide, 67â74 Kuwait, 150 using multiple data sources to deï¬ne KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, 246, 330 urbanness in Cairo, 69 Kyrgyzstan, 188, 333, 351 Locational price differences and nonfood needs, 180â183 L adjusting poverty rates for geographic Labor force, urban economy and, 6â7, 23â25, differences in prices in the United States, 57, 300â354 181 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 521 London, 77, 80, 85 urban subsystem of, 18 Los Angeles, 33, 481 varying levels of income across, 43 Micropolitan areas, 482 Midwives, 290 M Migrant shares of urban growth, 111, 114, Macroeconomic stability, 66 120â121 Macropolitan areas, 482 Migrants, 122â125, 242â246 Madras, 150 permanent versus temporary, 328 Mahila Milan, 48, 71, 167 poverty among underserved, 176â177 Malaria, 263 pre-arranged employment among, 326â327 Malawi, 224 urban migrant-nonmigrant differences in Malaysia, 94, 102, 149â150 poverty and access to services of, Malnutrition, 263 501â502 Manila, 19, 383â384 Migration, 2 Manufacturing, advanced economies shifting changes in rural and urban crude birth rates away from, 1 and age structure with, 119 Marriage, 256 contribution to urban growth, 89â90 Marshall, Alfred, 310 and nature of previous residence, 278â279 Maternal care, 221â222 rural-to-urban, contribution to urban growth, percentage of women with recent births 3, 152, 243 attended by physicians or selectivity hypothesis, disruption hypothesis, nurse/midwives in rural and urban areas, and adaptation hypothesis, 243 221 in the spread of AIDS, 225 percentages of women delivering recent studies of, 7 births at home, in a public sector and urban age structure, 117â120 institution, or in a private-sector in rural urban-to-rural, in West Africa, 91n and urban areas, 222 Migration and economic mobility, 322â331 Maternal mortality rates (MMRs), 241, 263 composition of migrant streams, 327â329 Megacities, 1, 14â17, 88â89 revisiting the Todaro and Harris-Todaro âMegalopolis,â 60 models, 323â327 Megapolitan areas, 482 urban economic mobility, 329â331 Mental health, 267â268 Mixed model, of urban governance, 407 Metropolitan regions, concepts and deï¬nitions MMRs. See Maternal mortality rates of, 481â483 Mongolia, 232 Mexico Monterrey, Mexico, 178 calculating production beneï¬ts in, 310 Mortality and morbidity in cities, 5â6, 22â23, disability-adjusted years of life lost in, 259â299 265 boosting the contribution of natural increase employment transitions in urban, 335 to urban growth, 3 foreign direct investment in, 78 child survival and child health, 295â297 migration in, 122n crisis in Russia, social capital and, 41 urban share of national economy in, 303 crude death rates by neighborhood in urban transformation in, 60 Accra, 260 worker mobility in, 333â336 the disease spectrum, 262â272, 297 Mexico City, 68, 85, 87, 96, 143, 394â398 distinctive aspects of urban health, openness of international trade in, 315 262 political parties in, 397â398, 403â404 health service provision and treatment socioeconomic levels by geostatistical seeking, 289â295 areas, 44 a penalty for the urban poor, 284â289 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 522 INDEX recent evidence on childrenâs health and New York City, 77, 80, 85, 87 survival, 272â283 Newly industrializing economies (NIEs), 102 trends over time, 299 NGOs. See Nongovernmental organizations the urban health penalty, 297 Niamey, Niger, 139â140 âMoving to Opportunityâ experiment, 50 NIES. See Newly industrializing economies Mumbai, 85, 238 Nonagricultural occupations, 73 federation of low-income groups in, 48 Nonagricultural population of cities and towns GIS initiatives in greater, 150 (NPCT), 134 HIV levels in, 224 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 47, 49, informal jobs in, 333 255 urban growth fueled by rural poverty, 105 operating on a territorial basis, 20 paying attention to street children, 194 spatial organization of activities of, 34 N NPCT. See Nonagricultural population of cities Nairobi Cross-Sectional Slums Survey, and towns 238â239, 249, 286 NSDF. See National Slum Dwellers Federation Nashville, Tennessee, 45n Nurse/midwives, proportion of women with Natal, Brazil, 201 recent births attended by, 236 National population growth, 116â117, 485 National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF), 48, O 71, 167 Obesity, 268â269 National statistical systems, 303 Occupational health and safety risks, in urban Natural disasters, 74 and rural areas, 73 Natural increase, contributing to urban growth, 3 OECD. See Organisation for Economic âNatural neighborhoods,â 31â32 Cooperation and Development Neighborhoods, 31â51 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and clustering, common resources, and Development (OECD), 145 contagion, 36â37 and demographic behavior theory, 34â40 elite, 19 P federation of low-income groups in Mumbai, Paciï¬c Asia 48 dramatic economic growth in, 102 inï¬uence on fertility decisions, 5 formation of âurban corridorsâ in, 78 and larger structures, 46â49 rapid emergence of international orientations need for data on, 8 in, 24 participatory urban poverty programs in urbanization accelerating in, 2 Bangalore, 49 Pakistan, 241 services and the physical environment, âParticipatory budgeting,â in Brazil, 376â378 39â40 âPeace communities,â 389 social comparisons and subculture conï¬ict, Pecuniary externalities, 51, 308 38â39 âPeopleâs powerâ movement, 390 social learning via social networks, 35â36 Periurban networks, 36 Neoliberalism, 365 Permanent migrants, versus temporary, 328 Neo-Malthusians, 23 Philippines, 48, 252â253, 372, 390 Neo-Marxist functionalists, 332n Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 224 Nepal, 255 Piped water, advantage enjoyed by large urban Network effects, 56 areas versus small, 4 See also Periurban networks; Rural Planning, barriers to, 355â356 networks; Social networks Poisson models, 219n Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 523 Poland, workersâ movement in, 390 Q Policy reform, local dynamics of, 408â409 Qatar, 148 Poorest cities, problems of, 370 Quality of care issues, 293â294 Population data, need for adequate and âQuantity-quality trade-offs,â 51, 204â205, 230 comparable, 3â4 Quxi Road Market for Agricultural and Population Division, 4, 82, 109, 132, 153, 172 Non-staple Products, 400â401 World Urbanization Prospects, 26, 109, 135â139, 142, 152, 414â416, 487, 489, 496, 504 R Population growth, 3 Rate of urbanization, 112 declining rate of, 11, 89 Recent evidence on childrenâs health and estimated and projected, 12, 14 survival, 272â283 urban and rural, by region, 83 epidemics and economic crises, 282â283 Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 179 infant and child survival, 278â282 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 377 Reclassiï¬cation, 89 Poverty, 4, 262 Reference groups, inï¬uence on fertility among underserved migrants, 176â177 decisions, 5 aspatial analysis of, 232â238 Referral system issues, 291â292 and childrenâs health, 275â277 Regional differences in urban population comparisons of urban and rural, 183â184 change, 95â106 dealing with, 166â167 Africa, 99â102 factors intensifying, 194 Asia, 102â106 spatially concentrated, 232, 238â242 Latin America, 96â99 and well-being, 197 Regional networks, 78â79 See also Absolute poverty; Relative urban Regional urban linkages, the Asian âtriangles,â poverty; Urban poverty 79 Prices, 70, 81 Relative mobility, 330n Princeton European Fertility Project, 21 Relative urban poverty, 174, 499â500 Private access to sanitation, recommendations measuring with DHS data, 499â502 regarding, 504â505 predicted enrollment for children by, 190 Private medical sources of contraception, urban migrant-nonmigrant differences in 234 poverty and access to services of recent Private providers, 290â291 migrants, 501â502 Private sector, 5, 254â255, 291, 294 Remotely sensed data, 8 Productivity beneï¬ts, 309, 310 Reproductive health services Projections of urban populations, 141â146 access to, 257â258 Prostitution, 347 decentralization of, 5 Proximity, 32, 46, 53â54, 71 deï¬ning, 199 diseconomies of, 56 recommendations regarding, 505 external economies of, 54â56 Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), 242n âand high walls,â 157 Residual earnings variance internal economies of, 53â54 in Brazilâs largest cities, 341 spatial, 204 in Taiwan, 342 Prussian Kreise, 21 âResidualâ method, 120â121 Public infrastructure, 165 Respiratory disease, higher rural rates of, Public services. See Access to services; 263 Services âReverse polarization,â 98 Purdah, 206 Rio de Janeiro, 17, 85, 96, 285, 380â381 Pure externalities, 308 HIV levels in, 225 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 524 INDEX Risk and vulnerability, 184â188 SEATS. See Family Planning Service Expansion RTIs. See Reproductive tract infections and Technical Support (SEATS) project Rural areas Sectoral inï¬uences, 304â307 access to services, 168â172 industrialization and social capital in AIDS awareness, 237 Indonesia, 306 childrenâs height for age and weight for versus spatial, 302 height at 2 years in, 273â274, 296 Security dimension in urban governance, contraceptive use, 216, 217 384â390 infant and child mortality for rural and urban Selectivity hypothesis, regarding migrants, areas, 127 243 levels of fertility and mortality, 125â128 Self-medication, 290 Rural fertility, 233 Seoul, 102 Rural growth, rate of, 486 Services Rural networks, 36 blocks to delivery of, 252â253 Rural populations, infant mortality estimates for, and the physical environment, 39â40 281 provision of better in cities than rural areas, Rural-to-urban migration 196 contributing to urban growth, 3, 108, 118 public versus private, 289 and earnings, 353 recommendations regarding delivery of, 198 rates of, 90â92 See also Access to services Rural total fertility rates less urban rates by Sex workers, HIV prevalence among, 224 region, in economic crises, 229 Sexual networks, urban, 207, 261 Rural/urban dichotomies. See Urban/rural Sexual unions, and ï¬rst marriage, 212â214 dichotomies Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 200â202, Russia, mortality crisis in, 41 212, 246, 255, 261, 270 Rwanda, 224 pharmacists treating, 255 See also HIV/AIDS epidemic SEZs. See Special Economic Zones S Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), 48 Safety nets, 165 Shanghai, 220, 365â368 San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 264 Shantou, a Special Economic Zone, 104 Sanitary movement, 271 Shanty towns, 2 Santiago, Chile, 33â34, 220 Shelter, 165 spatial concentration of the elites of, 158 Shenzhen, a Special Economic Zone, 77, 104 Santo Domingo, 220 Shubra-El-Khema, 137â138 SËao Paulo, 9â10, 14, 17, 24, 60, 61, 87, 96, 139, Silk industry, 316 284â285, 333, 334, 381â383 Singapore, 94, 102 Savings rates, 305â306 Size distributions, and primacy, 58â60 Scale Slum Development Teams, 49 a deï¬ning feature of life in cities, 16 Small cities internal economies of, 53â54 combined impact of, 15 of urban economy and labor force, 6 disadvantages of, 257â258 School enrollments in urban areas, 188â191 health care needs in, 298 Schooling, 160â163 including in World Urbanization Prospects, advantage enjoyed by large urban areas 415 versus small, 4 âSmart interpolationâ programs, 147 economic returns of, 301, 319â322 SMAs. See Standard metropolitan areas impact on contraceptive use, 4 Smuggling, globalization of, 347 SDI. See Shack/Slum Dwellers International Snow, John, 35 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 525 Social accounting matrix techniques, applying to need to attend to the spatial aspects of, 20 trade in West Africa, 303 poverty and well-being, 197 Social capital, 40â42, 71 recommendations, 197â198 and community dynamics, 41â42 risk and vulnerability, 184â188 in formal institutions, 387 a spatial perspective, 157â160 health and, 40â41 urban well-being: concepts and measures, in household relations, 388â390 164â167 in informal community-level institutions, South Africa 387â388 anti-apartheid movement in, 390 and the mortality crisis in Russia, 41 groups of the poor in, 48 Social cohesion, 2, 288 and the imprint of inertia, 57n Social comparison theory, 38â39 likelihood of recent sex among adolescents Social comparisons, and subculture conï¬ict, in, 248 38â39 new constitution in, 372â373 Social contagion, 36 South Asia, 78 Social contexts of fertility and reproductive South Korea, 94 health, 201â206 Southeast Asia the program and services environment, changes in rural economies and lifestyles in, 206â209 23 spatial differences in fertility rates in greater fertility decline preceding mortality decline Cairo, 203 in, 94n Social dimension, in which urban environments selected city growth rates in, 88 differ from rural, 70 Soviet republics, 105â106 Social embeddedness, 68 Space and measurement, 17â19 Social externalities, 51 SPARC. See Society for the Promotion of Area Social infrastructure, investments in greater in Resource Centres cities, 5 Spatial aspects of diversity and inequality, need Social learning to attend to, 20 inï¬uence on fertility decisions, 5 Spatial deconcentration, 313â317 via social networks, 35â36 Spatial inï¬uences, 157â160, 203, 307â312 Social marketing programs, 237, 250, 255 versus sectoral, 302 Social networks Spatial proximity, 204 âbridgingâ role of, 48, 311 Spatial segregation, 42â46 social learning via, 35â36 Spatial theories, 52â56 strong and weak ties in, 43n, 204 producer services and high-skill labor Social relationships, âcompressionâ of, 45 markets, 55 Socialization, institutional, 37â38 Spatially concentrated poverty, 232, 238â242 Society for the Promotion of Area Resource urban/rural differences in maternal mortality Centres (SPARC), 48, 71, 167 in Pakistan, 241 Socioeconomic diversity and inequality, 4, Spatially disaggregated data, 412â413 19â20, 155â198 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 77, 104 access to public services, 167â180, 196 âSplintering urbanism,â 379 childrens lives, 188â195 Squatter settlements within cities, 19â20 expanded by migrants into cities, 2 human capital, 196â197 projects to upgrade, 364 measuring absolute poverty in cities, Standard metropolitan areas (SMAs), 482 180â184 Statistical systems multiple dimensions of urban poverty, African initiatives, 148â149 165 decomposition of national, 303 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 526 INDEX for disaggregated data, 146â151 TFRs. See Total fertility rates and GIS, 148â151 Thailand STDs. See Sexually transmitted diseases groups of the poor in, 48 Stocks, 80, 112 growing rates of per capita income in, 94 Street children, 191â195, 192â195 newly industrializing economies in, 102 alcohol and drug use by, 193 Time costs, 165 demographic proï¬le, 192â193 Todaro and Harris-Todaro models, 323â327 interventions, 194â195 Tokyo, 77, 80, 85, 87 life on the street and its consequences, Total fertility rates (TFRs), 201, 210â211, 193â194 226â229 origins and causes, 194 estimates of, 126 sex of, 193 in rural and urban areas, 127, 210 âStuntedâ children, 272 Total population of cities and towns (TPCT), 134 Sub-Saharan Africa Total urban population contraceptive use in, 36 growth by national income level, 13 deteriorating health conditions in, 6 and number of urban areas by size, 85 fertility rates in, 228 TPCT. See Total population of cities and towns GEOPOLIS database for, 134 Traditional birth attendants (TBAs), 241 having highest infant and child mortality Traditional healers, 290 rates worldwide, 295â296 Traditional providers, versus modern, 289 HIV seroprevalence rates, 222 Trafï¬c accidents, 266â267 infant and child mortality rates increasing in, Transformation of cities, 17â25 296 demographic, 11â17 lack of foreign direct investment in, 78 fertility and reproductive health, 20â22 urban children fostered into care of rural governance, 25 relatives, 62 health, 22â23 weak macroeconomic growth in, 6 and the international economy, 23â25 Suburbanization, 481 socioeconomic diversity within cities, 19â20 Sudan, 331 space and measurement, 17â19 Sugar daddies, 249 Transient populations, in the spread of AIDS, 225 Treatment seeking, 289â291 T health service provision and, 289â295 Taichung, Taiwan, 30, 36, 202 patterns of, 290 Taipei, 19, 102 private providers, 290â291 Taiwan, 342â343 self-medication, 290 growing rates of per capita income in, 94 traditional healers, 290 impact of better education in, 320â321 Tuberculosis, 270 residual earnings variance in, 342 rising inequalities in urban incomes, 7 Tanzania, 322, 331 U TBAs. See Traditional birth attendants UNCHS. See United Nations Centre for Human Technological change, 2 Settlements Kelley-Williamson simulations of, 304 Undernutrition, 269 skill-bias in, 305 UNDP. See United Nations Development urban labor force dependent on, 352 Programme Technological externalities, 51 Unemployment, 325 Tegucigalpa, 224â225 UNICEF, 192 Temporary migrants, versus permanent, 328 Unintended fertility, 216â221 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 527 Unipolar depression, 267 infant and child mortality in, 280 United Nations levels of fertility and mortality, 125â128 Demographic Yearbooks, 26â27, 109, 131, measures of access to basic public services, 135â139, 152, 415, 487, 504 170 estimates and projections from, 11â16, 84, poverty-related problems in, 262 88â90, 96, 106â107, 486, 489, 495â498 school enrollments in, 188â191 estimates of the contributions of migration Urban bias, 317â319 and reclassiï¬cation to urban growth in Urban concepts, specifying in World developing countries, 90 Urbanization Prospects, 416 linking DHS data to city data from, 487â494 âUrban corridors,â formation of in Paciï¬c Asia, need for critical review of data and 78 methodology of, 4, 82 Urban deï¬nitions Population Division, 4, 82, 109, 132, 153, allowing comparisons of alternative, 415 172 in the countries with a DHS survey, 490â493 Statistical Ofï¬ce, 132, 135 inconsistent, 132â135 underestimating city populations, 19, 99, Urban diseconomies, 98 143, 498 Urban economy and labor force, 6â7, 23â25, 57, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements 300â354 (UNCHS), 27, 97, 100, 103, 155, earnings inequality case studies, 340â343 367â369 economic returns to schooling, 319â322 United Nations Demographic Yearbook, global links and local outcomes, 343â352 computerizing, 415 informalization, 331â340 United Nations Development Programme migration and economic mobility, 322â331 (UNDP), 164n, 357 sectoral inï¬uences, 304â307 United Nations Habitat, Urban Management spatial deconcentration, 313â317 Program, 402 spatial inï¬uences, 307â312 âUnited Nations method.â See Urban/rural Urban family planning programs, 107 growth difference method Urban future, 11â14 Unmet need for contraception, and unintended Urban governance, 7â8, 25, 355â409 fertility, 216â221 the authority dimension, 390â401 Upward mobility, expectations of, 327n a âbestâ model of urban metropolitan Urban adolescents, 247â251 governance, 401â406 Urban advantage, 5â6 the capacity dimension, 363â371 calling into question, 5 the concept of urban governance, 357â362 demographic bonus, 352 the diversity dimension, 378â384 little signiï¬cant erosion in for children, the ï¬nancial resources dimension, 371â378 296â297 major challenges of urban governance in in reproductive health, 238, 257 developing countries, 363â401 Urban age structure, 128 the security dimension, 384â390 Urban agglomerations, 52, 86, 136 Urban growth, 3, 93, 111, 114â117, 486 Urban areas Urban health, distinctive features of, 259 access to services, 168â172 Urban labor force childrenâs height and weight in, 272â274, consequences of rapid growth in, 6 296 dependent on technological change and current use of modern contraceptives in, capital formation, 352 216 Urban labor markets, 331â340, 343â352 environmental problems in, 262 Urban Management Program, 402 infant and child mortality for rural and urban Urban migrants, 123â124, 126 areas, 127 Urban penalty, 259â260, 270â272, 284â289 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World 528 INDEX Urban poor, 231â242 improving the quality and accessibility of infant mortality estimates for, 281 care, 253â254 inferior access to basic amenities, 4 the private sector in family planning, inferior access to reproductive health 254â255 services, 257â258 Urban sexual networks, 207 mortality risks facing, 6, 297â298 Urban sociological research, 31 spatially concentrated poverty in, 238â242 Urban-to-rural migration ï¬ows, in West Africa, vulnerability to crises and disasters, 4, 267 91n Urban population dynamics, 3â4, 17â19, Urban total fertility rates by region, in economic 108â154 crises, 227 city growth from migration and natural Urban treatment seeking, 289â291 increase, 112â114 private providers, 290â291 deï¬nition and measurement, 128â141 self-medication, 290 fertility, mortality, migration, and urban age traditional healers, 290 structure, 120â128 âUrban villages,â 31 key concepts and notation, 110â112 Urban well-being, concepts and measures, migrant shares as calculated from censuses, 164â167 120â121 Urbanization migrants as recorded in the demographic and accelerating in Paciï¬c Asia, 2 health surveys, 122â125 beneï¬ts derived from, 2, 8 migration and urban age structure, 117â120 decoupled from industrialization in Africa, projecting urban populations, 141â146 82 statistical systems for disaggregated data, effects of, 53n 146â151 inevitable tendency toward, 355 urban age structure, 128 level of, 485 urban and national population growth, as a precondition for fertility decline, 21 116â117 rate of, 92â93, 485 urban and rural levels of fertility and âsplintering,â 379 mortality, 125â128 URGD declining with, 496 urban growth and the rate of urbanization, without development, 93 114â116 Urbanization economies, 308â309 Urban population growth, 75â107, 111 âUrbanness,â 172 cities amid global forces, 76â81 in Cairo, using multiple data sources to key demographic features of the urban deï¬ne, 69 transition, 81â95 URGD. See Urban/rural growth difference major regional differences, 95â106 method swelling the informal sector, 334 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 95, 482 Urban poverty, 165, 174, 197, 499â500 American Community Survey, 483 Urban/rural dichotomies, 2, 4, 6, 70, 152, 256 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data Base, Urban/rural growth difference (URGD) method, 224 132, 135, 141, 495â498 International Programs Center, 413 Urban/rural interface User fee issue, 292â293 linkage issues, 294â295 population growth rates within metropolitan SËao Paulo, 61 spaces and networks at, 60â64 V Urban service delivery, 251â255 Vietnam, migration in, 244 decentralization of reproductive health âVigilance committees,â 374 services, 251â253 Violent crime, 266 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World INDEX 529 W World population growth, 1, 3â4, 108â154 Waste disposal, 4, 170â171 concentrated in urban areas, 82â84, âWastedâ children, 272 106 Water supply, 63, 178, 504 distribution by urban/rural and national See also Drinking water; Piped water income level, 13 Weak ties, in social networks, 204 World Urbanization Prospects, 26, 109, Weibull estimator, 278 135â139, 142, 152, 414â416, 487, 489, West Africa, 91n, 303 496, 504 WFS. See World Fertility Survey Women, 123â124, 221, 222, 225, 234, 236, X 238, 266, 300, 504 Xiamen, 104 World Bank, 183â184, 185n, 310, 346, 402 World cities, 80â81 World Development Report, 371 Z World Fertility Survey (WFS), 211, 226â227, Zambia, 224, 283, 348â349 229, 261, 282, 299, 411 Zhuhai, 104 World Health Organization, 186n, 267, 292 Zimbabwe, 237, 293 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.