National Academies Press: OpenBook

Urban Change and Poverty (1988)

Chapter: Index

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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Page 376
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Page 377
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Page 378
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Page 379
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1988. Urban Change and Poverty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1096.
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Index A Airport conditions and support, 322, 332-333 B Budget stabilization funds, see Rainy day funds C Capital spending and funds, 39, 53, 263-264, 279-280 Central cities, 67 cit~r-suburb social, economic, and racial disparities, 3-4, 6, 8 "command and control" (national and regional) centers, 5, 7 economic activity, 25, 28 employment and unemployment, 6-8, 13, 15, 20-21, 23, 72, 74-75 female-headed households, 16-lg fiscal conditions, see Fiscal condition of cities hours of work, 79-80 income and earnings, 14-15, 73-81, 87-89 macroeconomic effects on, 5 migration, 6, 13, 28 375 poverty levels, 5-7, 11-13, 15-lg 22-23, 72-78, 81 social conditions, 13-14 Child support payments, 18, 104, 117-118, 138-141 Children, 17-19, 22, 124-126 Concentration of poverty, 5-7, 11-12, 23 County classifications, 30-31, 223-247 D Demographic-employment opportunity mismatch, 178-195 EEconomic well-being of individuals, 6-7, 14-16, 67-68 compensating wage differentials, 82 demographic characteristics, 73, 76-81 earnings differences, 67-68, 81-90 hedonic framework, 68 human capital, 81-82 largest metropolitan areas, 69-72 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan areas, 72-81

376 quality-of-life factors, 67-68, 90-100 regression analysis, 82-90 traditional measures, 67, 69-90 Education funding, 296-297, 300-301, 305 Education requirements for work, 173, 176-178, 181-186 Elections and officials at-large vs. district elections, 361-362 female elected officials, 359-360 minority elected officials, 43, 357-359 Employment and unemployment, 67, 69 central cities, 6-8, 13, 15, 20-21, 23, 72, 74-75 by county classification, 223, 227-233 education requirements, 173, 176-178, 181-186 female-headed households, 19, 103, 109-1 11 largest metropolitan areas, 28-30, 69-72, 95, 97, 169-178, 183-184, 215, 218-222 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan, 72-75, 77 minorities, 13, 20, 23, 73, 77, 183-188 regional, 15, 27-28, 149, 159, 164-168, 212-214 F Family structure changes, 102 income and earnings, 73, 76-78 poverty, 13-14, 73, 76-78 see also Female-headed households Federal aid capital grants, 279-280, 282 to cities, 34-36, 39-40, 275-279, 282 cuts in, effects of, 5, 11 for infrastructure, 335-337 revenue sharing, 40, 276-279 to states, 288, 298-299, 305-306 transfer payment policies, 104, 131-138 INDEX Federal urban policies, 349-352, 364-366 Female-headed households central cities, 16-19 child support, 18, 104, 117-118, 138-141 children of, 17-19, 22, 124-126 employment, 19, 103, 109 111 federal income transfer policies, 104, 131-138 growth of, 16-17, 19-20, 102-106 income and earnings, 73, 76, 86, 103, 113-117 labor force attachment, 19, 121-122, 124 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan areas, 102, 105 poverty levels, 12-13, 16-19, 73, 76, 111-113 racial composition, 16-20, 104-106, 114, 129-130 social isolation (ghettoization), 22-23, 122-123, 126-131 as underclass, 21-22, 103-104, 119-131 welfare benefits, 18-19, 21-22, 104, 106-109, 112, 118-119 Feminization of poverty, 17-19, 111-113 Finances, Bee Fiscal condition of cities; Fiscal condition of states Fiscal condition of cities balance sheet conditions, 8-9, 35-41, 270-273, 280-281 capital spending and funds, 39, 263-264, 279-280 composite fund analysis, 39, 264-265 data sources and presentation, 260-264 effects of structural economic changes, 32 federal aid, 34-36, 39-40, 275-279, 282 federal capital grants, 279-280, 282 general funds, 36-38, 263-270 general revenue sharing, 40, 276-279 growth trends, 25-3.0 local perspective, 257-259 liquidity, 39, 275

INDEX national perspective, 35,257, 259-260 operating results of all funds, 274 recession/recovery cycles, 10-11, 33-36,41,266-270,281-282 state aid to local governments, 9, 34-35,40,299-302,305-306 tax revolt, 9 taxation, 33,35,258-259,264-265 Fiscal condition of states asset reporting, 287-288 education funding, 296-297, 300-301, 305 federal aid, 288,298-299, 305-306 federal tax reform, 304 general fund, 285-293 local government aid from states, 9, 34-35,40,299-302, 305-306 national income and product accounts, 285-286,289-290 rainy day (budget stabilization) funds, 287, 289 recession/recovery cycles, 291,303 social insurance funds, 285 surplus/deficit measures, 285-293 tax competition among states, 304 tax policies, 291,294-298, 303-304 tax revolt, 9, 291,294,303-304 Gentrification (reverse migration of blacks and whites), 3,6,28 Ghettoization, see Social isolation Government and governing, see Urban governance H Hedonic wage/amenity framework, 68,83-87,91-100 Highway conditions and support, 319-320,327-328 Hours of work, 69,79-80 I Immigration, 152,154 Income and earnings by county classification, 223-247 377 earnings differentials, 67-68,81-82 by family structure, 73,76-78 female-headed households, 73, 76, 86,103,113-117 largest metropolitan areas, 28-29, 69-72,95-97,215-221 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan, 6,12,14-15,25-27, 72-81, 200-210 by race/ethnicity, 73, 76-77 regional variations, 30-31,200-210 223-247 Industrial bases of growth, 210-215, 248-253 Infrastructure airports, 322,332-333 capital management approach, 342-345 condition, 9-10, 44-46,48-51 308,334-335 and economic development, 45-46, 54,309-310,312-313 engineering-based needs assessment, 340 federal reform, effect on bond market, 10, 11, 50,51 financing through debt issuance, 49-51,337 financing through federal grants, 335-337 financing through own-source funds, 338-339 highways, 319-320,327-328 mass transit, 321-322,327-330 private investment approach, 340-342 public vs. private responsibility, 310-311,313-315 regulatory factors, 318 solid waste collection services, 333-334 spending by government level, 325-326 spending trends, 11, 46-48, 51, 54, 322-335 state/local vs. federal responsibility, 316-319 tax exempt bond market, 49-51 wastewater treatment, 330-321, 330-331 water supply systems, 320,330,332 ,54,

378 L Largest metropolitan areas economic well-being of individuals, 69-72 employment and unemployment, 28-30,69-72,95,97,169-178, 183-184, 215,218-222 fiscal conditions, see Fiscal condition of cities income and earnings, 28-29,69-72, 95-97,215-221 population, 28-29,178-181, 215-222,255-256 poverty, 69-71,95,97 quality-of-life measures, 95-98 Liquidity, 39,275 M Manufacturing economic viability, 10-11 employment share, 7,15,25,69-72, 74-75 geographic dispersion, 7-8,24-26, 168-173,181 Mass transit conditions and support, 321-322,327-330 Metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan area comparisons, 67 county classifications and growth, 30-31,223-247 economic activity, 24-28 employment and unemployment, 72-75,77 female-headed households, 102, 105 hours of work, 69, 79-80 income and earnings, 6,12,14-15, 25-27,72-81,200-210 industrial bases of growth, 210-215,248-253 manufacturing employment share 72, 74-75 population, 25-27, 200-210 poverty, 6-7, 11-13,15-19, 22-23, 72-78,81 Migration, 6,13,24,28, 150-154, 192-193 Minorities elected officials, 43,357-359 INDEX employment, 13,20,23, 73,77, 183-188 female-headed households, 16-20, 104-106,114,129-130 income and earnings, 73, 76-77 opinions on social services, 42-43 poverty, 6,12-13,16-17,73,76-77 regional populations, 154-158 N National income and product accounts, 285-286,289-290 p Population by county classification, 223-233 largest metropolitan areas, 28-29, 178-181,215-222,255-256 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan areas, 25-27,200-210 minorities, 154-158 sec also Migration Poverty, 5-7,11-12,16,23,51-53 concentration of poverty, 5-7, 11-12,23 by family structure, 13-14,73, 76-78 female-headed households, 12-13, 16-19,73,76, 111-113 largest metropolitan areas, 69-71, 95,97 metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan areas, 6-7,11-13,15-19,22-23, 72-78,81 and minorities, 6,12-13,16-17, 73, 76-77 Public assistance, 18-19,21-22,104, 106-109,112,118-119,131-138, 190-191 Q Quality-of-life measures, 14, 67-68, 90-100 adjusted household income, 95-100 hedonic wage/amenity framework, 68,83-87,91-100 largest metropolitan areas, 95-98

INDEX location amenities, go-95 quality-of-life index, 95-98 R Rainy day funds, 287,289 Recession/recovery cycles, 10-11, 33-36,41,266-270,281-282, 291,303 Regional disparities demographic-employment opportunity mismatch, 178-195 education requirements for jobs, 173, 176-178 employment, 15,27-28,149,159, 164-168,212-214 income and earnings, 30-31, 200-210,223-247 industrial structuring, 53,148-149, 158-163,168-178 long-term transformation and, 10-11,53 migration, 150-154,192-193 migration by race/ethnicity, 150-153 migration from abroad, 152,154 minority populations, 154-158 private investment, 191 public assistance, 190-191 unemployment, 166-168 S Service industries, 7-8,24,26-27, 169-173 Social isolation, 22-23,122-123, 126-131 Solid waste collection services, 333-334 Special interest groups, 356-357 State aid to local governments, 9, 34-35,40,299-302,305-306 Suburban areas, 67 employment and unemployment, 72, 74-75,77 hours of work, 79-80 income and earnings, 6,12,72-81 migration, 6 poverty, 15,17,72-78 379 T Tax revolt, 9, 291,294,303-304 Taxation, 7,9,32-33,35,49-50, 258-259,264-265,291,294-298, 303-304 U Underclass, 14,20-23 female-headed households, 21-22, 103-104, 119-131 Urban economics, 7-8, 10-11, 24-33 Urban finance, Bee Fiscal condition of · — cities Urban governance, 9 at-large vs. district elections, 361-362 and economic constraints, 352-357, 364-366 and federal urban policies, 349-352,364-366 female elected officials, 359-360 minority elected officials, 43, 357-359 policy entrepreneurship, 356, 363-364 political reforms, 361-363 privatization, 367 Progressive Era, 363 public entrepreneurship approach, 42-44,349,363-364,367-370 service delivery approach, 42, 348-349,369 special interest groups, 356-357 W Wastewater treatment, 320-321, 330-331 Water supply systems, 320,330,332 Welfare dependence, see Underclass Welfare spending and receipt, den Public assistance

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This up-to-date review of the critical issues confronting cities and individuals examines the policy implications of the difficult problems that will affect the future of urban America. Among the topics covered are the income, opportunities, and quality of life of urban residents; family structure, poverty, and the underclass; the redistribution of people and jobs in urban areas; urban economic growth patterns; fiscal conditions in large cities; and essays on governance and the deteriorating state of cities' aging infrastructures.

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