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A~dff~. 7~r E IMPROVING SCHOOL BUS SAFETY TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD National Research Council
1989 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chairman Louis J. GAMBACC1NI, General Manager, Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), Philadelphia Vice Chairman WAYNE Minu, Chief Engineer, Missouri Highway and Transportation Department, Jefferson City Executive Director Thorieas B. D?t, Transportation Research Board ALFRED A. DELuB0vI, Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (cx officio) ROBERT E. Ftautss, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (cx officio) Frt.Ncts B. Fie*ricois, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. (cx officio) JoHN GRAY, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Riverdale, Maryland (cx officio) Thorsts H. HANNA, President and Chief Executive Officer, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States, Inc., Detroit, Michigan (cx officio) LT. GEN. HENRY J. HATCH, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. (cx officio) T. AlLAN MCARTOR, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (cx officio) Dsor S, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transporta- tion (cx officio) GEORGE H. WAY, Jiti, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. (cx officio) ROBERT J. AAssoNsoN, President, Air Transport Association of America, Washington, D.C. ROBERT N. BOTHMAN, Director, Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem J. RON BRII'tsoN, President and Chief Executive Officer, Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans, Louisiana L. GAItY Bviw Consultant Engineer, Alexandria, Virginia JoHN A. CLEMENTS, Vice President, Parsons Brinckethoff Quade and Douglas, Inc., Boaton, Massachusetts (Past Chairman, 1985) SusAri C. CRAMPTON, Secretary of Transportation, State of Vermont Agency of Transportation, Montpdlier L Smiei.v CRANE, Suburban Station Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania RANDY Dos, Director, IVHS Systems, Motorola, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois Ests. DOVE, Chairman of the Board, AAA Cooper Transportation, Dothan, Alabama WILUAM J. HARRIS, E.B. Snead Professor of Transportation Engineering and Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Associate Director of Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, College Station LowEu. B. JACKSON, Vice President for Transportation, Greenhorne & O'Mara, Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland (Past Chairman, 1987) Dpjiasri K. MCNEAR, Vice Chairman, Rio Grande Industries, San Francisco, California Lsuio MENGHINT, Superintendent and Chief Engineer, Wyoming Highway Department, Cheyenne W5LUAM W. M1LLAR, Executive Director, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ROBERT E. PAAS WELL, Executive Director, Chicago Transit Authority RAY D. PEThTEL, Commissioner, Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond JAMES P. Pim, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing HERBERT H. RiCHARDSON, Deputy Chancellor and Dean of Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station (Past Chairman, 1988) JoE G. RenE0URrit, Executive Director, South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Columbia TED TEDESCO, Vice President, Corporate Affairs, American Airlines, Inc., Dallas/Fort Worth Airport, Texas CARMEN E. TURNER, General Manager, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, D.C. C. Mictuarn. WAaoN, Bess Harris Jones Centennial Professor of Natural Resource Policy Studies and Chairman, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin Fia.iocuri E. Wm, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany JuLIAN WOLPERT, Henry G. Bryant Professor of Geography, Public Affairs and Urban Planning, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey PAUL Z5A, Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
Special Report 222 IMPROVING SMOOL BUS SAF ETY Transportation Research Board National Research Council Washington, D.C. 1989
Transportation Research Board Special Report 222 mode 1 highway transportation subject areas 51 transportation safety 53 vehicle characteristics Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering directly from TRB. They may also be obtained on a regular basis through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB; affiliates or libraiy subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, write to the Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. Printed in the United States of America NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This study was sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Improving school bus safety. (Special report/Transportation Research Board, National Research Council ; 222) ISBN 0-309-04716-1 Includes bibliographies. 1. School childrenâUnited StatesâTransportation__Safety measures. 2. School busesâSafety measures. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. II. Series: Special report (National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board) ; 222. LB2864.147 1989 363.12'59'0973 89-9220 CIP ISSN 0360-859X Cover Design: Karen White Shaeffer