National Academies Press: OpenBook

Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010 (2006)

Chapter: Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs

« Previous: Appendix E: Public Mechanisms for Clinical Research Training
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Appendix F
Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs

Allergan Inc.

1. Name of Program: AGS Allergan Grant—2004 Clinician-Scientist Fellowships in Glaucoma

Population: Completed within the last five years at least one full year of fellowship training in glaucoma

Program Description:

  • To encourage the development of new clinician-scientists in glaucoma

Length of Award: One year

Amount Awarded: $35,000

Application Information: http://www.glaucomaweb.org/award2004.html

Amgen

1. Name of Program: Amgen (Washington) Postdoctoral Program

Population: Fellowship candidates must have a Ph.D. and/or M.D. and a track record of research accomplishment.

Program Description:

  • Work closely with the fellow to identify mentors and projects that match his or her research interests

  • Present research findings at both internal and external meetings

Length of Award: Three years

Application Information: http://www.amgen.com/career/PostDoc/index.html

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

2. Name of Program: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)–Amgen, Inc., Fellowship in Clinical or Translational Cancer Research

Population: Candidate must have been a fellow for at least two years (24 months) but not more than four years (48 months) prior to the beginning of the award year.

Program Description:

  • To foster basic, translational, clinical, and prevention research by scientists at the beginning of their career in the cancer field

Length of Award: One year

Amount Awarded: $35,000

Application Information: http://www.aacr.org/1605.asp

Aventis

1. Name of Program: Medical Information Fellowship Program

Population: Pharm.D.

Program Description:

  • To provide efficient and unbiased medical information on Aventis Pharmaceuticals products to healthcare professionals, consumers, and internal associates

  • Complete a fellowship research project to be presented at a national conference

Length of Award: One year

Application Information: http://pharmacy.rutgers.edu/fellows

2. Name of Program: Global Drug Information Residency Program

Population: Pharm.D. or B.S. in pharmacy with a general pharmacy practice residency or two years, clinical working experience

Program Description:

  • Provide accurate and unbiased global drug and medical information efficiently

Length of Award: One year

Application Information: http://www.aventispharma-us.com/residencies/ApplyNow.jsp

Baxter

1. Name of Program: National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF) Clinical Fellowship Program

Population: Institutions must have well-established hemophilia or thrombophilia treatment centers with qualified clinical and research faculty. Must have a medical degree, prefellowship clinical training

Program Description:

  • To increase the number of clinicians who are dedicated to providing care to patients with bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia and to prepare fellows for academic careers

Length of Award: Ongoing for five years with funding awarded to institutions for up to two years

Amount Awarded: Awards to institutions will be up to $100,000 per fellow per year

Application Information: http://www.hemophilia.org/research/RFA_clinicalfellowship.pdf

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Bristol-Myers Squibb

1. Name of Program: Fellowship Program in Academic Medicine for Minority Students

Population: First- through third-year students. U.S. citizens who are African American, mainland Puerto Rican, Mexican American, or American Indian (Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian); M.D.-degree-granting medical school in the United States

Program Description:

  • To address a simple but significant statistic: minorities are profoundly underrepresented in the field of academic medicine

Length of Award: 8-12 weeks

Amount Awarded: $6,000

Application Information: http://www.bms.com/sr/philanthropy/data/fellow2003.pdf


2. Name of Program: Freedom to Discover Grants and Awards

Population: Institutions and principal investigators: cancer grant recipients, cardiovascular grant recipients, infectious diseases grant recipients, metabolic grant recipients, neuroscience grant recipients, and nutrition grant recipients

Program Description:

  • To provide relief and even cures from devastating and debilitating illnesses to millions of people around the world

Length of Award: Five years

Amount Awarded: $500,000 unrestricted research grant and a distinguished achievement award of $50,000 to an individual researcher

Application Information: http://www.bms.com/sr/grants/data/factsh.doc

Eli Lilly

1. Name of Program: Drug Information Residency

Population: Pharm.D. students

Program Objective:

  • Pharmaceutical Industry Setting: To receive balanced instruction in service, education, and research

  • Institutional Setting: To gain important experience in the provision of drug information within the acute care setting, including participation in the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and the Institutional Review Board

Length of Award: One year

Application Information: http://www.lilly.com/careers/campuszone/


2. Name of Program: Visiting Scientist Program

Population: Pharm.D., Ph.D., M.D., or master’s degree

Program Objective:

  • To fully develop individuals into effective, influential professionals knowledgeable about the drug development process and the pharmaceutical industry

Length of Award: One year

Amount Rewarded: $32,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.lilly.com/careers/campuszone/

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

3. Name of Program: Damon Runyon-Lilly Clinical Investigator Award

Population: M.D. or M.D.-Ph.D. degree(s); applicants may apply during the final year of their subspecialty training or within the first four years of their assistant professorship appointment

Program Description:

  • To increase the number of physicians capable of moving seamlessly between the laboratory and the patient’s bedside in search of breakthrough treatments

Length of Award: Five years

Amount Awarded: Year 1: $30,000; Year 2: $30,000; Year 3: $20,000; Year 4: $15,000; Year 5: $0.

The foundation will also retire up to $100,000 of any medical school debt still owed by the awardee

Application Information: http://www.drcrf.org/apClinical.html

GlaxoSmithKline

1. Name of Program: Drug Development/Clinical Research-Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Population: Pharm.D. or Ph.D.

Program Description:

  • Includes development of research skills to permit independent investigation of cardiovascular problems in humans through a hands-on approach

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: $37,000 for the first year; $38,000 for the second year

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


2. Name of Program: Global Health and Clinical Outcomes Fellowship-Thomas Jefferson University

Population: Pharm.D., Ph.D., or M.D.

Program Description:

  • To build the fellow’s prior knowledge and skills with training in economic and health services research methodologies

Length of Award: Two years

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


3. Name of Program: Pharmacoeconomics/Health Outcomes Fellowship-University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill

Population: Applicants must have completed all coursework prior to starting the fellowship and be enrolled in either the Health Policy and Administration (HPAA) Ph.D. program or the Pharmaceutical Policy and Evaluative Sciences (PPES) Ph.D. program at UNC at Chapel Hill.

Program Description:

  • To prepare fellows for careers in health economics, health outcomes research, or pharmacoeconomics

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: $32,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


4. Name of Program: Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Fellowship, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Population: Pharm.D., Ph.D., or M.D. with advanced training or experience in pharmacokinetics

Program Description:

  • To provide knowledge and experience in clinical pharmacokinetic/dynamic study design and related drug research methodology D1-3

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


5. Name of Program: Drug Development/Clinical Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Population: Pharm.D.

Program Description:

  • To provide knowledge and experience in study design and methodology, analytical techniques, proper conduct of clinical drug trials, and exposure to ethical, legal, and regulatory issues in research involving investigational and marketed drugs

Length of Award: Two years

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


6. Name of Program: Specialty Residency in Medical Information—GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Duke University Medical Center (DUMC)

Population: Pharm.D.

Program Description:

  • Participate in numerous activities that a medical information specialist encounters

Length of Award: 12 months

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm


7. Name of Program: Postdoctoral Fellowship in Oncology/Clinical Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center

Population: M.D. degree and licensed to practice medicine in North Carolina; completed an accredited residency program and be in a fellowship program in adult or pediatric hematology-oncology

Program Description:

  • To prepare physicians for careers in pharmaceutical research and development, in academia, in clinical research, or in a government agency that deals with drugs or therapeutics

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: PGY Level 4 (typical entering level for fellows): $44,952 per year

Application Information: http://www.gsk.com/careers/us-university/university_us_residencies.htm

Johnson & Johnson

1. Name of Program: The Woodrow Wilson-Johnson & Johnson Dissertation Grants

Population: Students in doctoral programs such as nursing, public health, anthropology, history, sociology, psychology, and social work at graduate schools in the United States

Program Description:

  • To encourage original and significant research on issues related to women’s health

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: $3,000 to be used for expenses connected with the dissertation

Application Information: http://www.woodrow.org/womens-studies/purpose.html


2. Name of Program: Johnson & Johnson Co-op

Population: Medical students

Program Description:

  • To apply academic knowledge in business settings

Length of Award: Intern: three months full time; Co-op: six months full time

Application Information: http://www.jnj.com/careers/intcoop.html

Merck

1. Name of Program: 2004 Merck/AFAR (American Federation for Aging Research) Junior Investigator Awards in Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology

Population: Board certified or eligible in a primary specialty by July 1, 2004; be within four years of having completed postdoctoral or fellowship training

Program Description:

  • To develop a cadre of physicians with a command of the emerging field of geriatric clinical pharmacology

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: $120,000 over two years

Application Information: http://www.merck.com/about/cr/policies_performance/social/focus.html


2. Name of Program: American Gastroenterological Association (AGA)–Merck Clinical Research Career Development Award

Population: Junior faculty members performing clinical research

Program Description:

  • To provide support for research so the awardee can develop an independent and productive career as a clinical investigator in any area of gastroenterology or hepatology

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Length of Award: Two years

Amount Awarded: $25,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.fdhn.org/html/pdf/descriptions/MerckAwardDescription.pdf


3. Name of Program: United Negro College Fund (UNCF)–Merck Science Initiative

Population: African American students pursuing studies and careers in chemistry and the life sciences; undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels, administered by the College Fund/UNCF

Program Description:

  • To expand the pool of world-class African American biomedical scientists and achieve national economic competitiveness and social diversity

Length of Award: Graduate Science Research Dissertation Fellowships: one to two years of fellowship tenure; Postdoctoral Science Research Fellowships: 12 years

Amount Awarded: Graduate Science Research Dissertation Fellowships: $20,000 per year; Postdoctoral Science Research Fellowships: $35,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.uncf.org/Merck/


4. Name of Program: American College of Cardiology (ACC)–Merck Adult Cardiology Research Fellowship Awards

Population: American College of Cardiology selects awardees, known as “Merck Fellows of the ACC”

Program Description:

  • Receive advanced training in adult cardiology

Length of Award: One year

Amount Awarded: $40,000

Application Information: http://www.acc.org/about/award/awardopps.htm#fellowship


5. Name of Program: Merck Sharp & Dohme International Fellowships in Clinical Pharmacology

Population: Residents and citizens of countries other than the United States, graduates of accredited medical schools and licensed to practice medicine in their home countries

Program Description:

  • To provide training for individuals from countries outside the United States so that they can become qualified to teach and conduct research in medical schools and hospitals around the world

Length of Award: One to two years

Amount Awarded: $30,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.merck.com/about/cr/policies_performance/social/focus.html#ClinicalPharmacology

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Pfizer

1. Name of Program: Medical and Academic Partnerships (MAP) grants and awards

Population: Physician-scientists

Program Description:

  • To support medical innovation in a wide range of disciplines

  • Awards available include Fellowships, Scholar Grants, Visiting Professorships, the Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP)

Length of Award: Fellowships: two to three years; Scholar Grants: two to three years; Visiting Professorships: three days; and CRTP: one year

Amount Awarded: Fellowships: $65,000 per year; Scholars Grants: $65,000 per year; Visiting Professorships: $7,500 per institution; and CRTP: $27,100 per year

Application Information: http://www.physicianscientist.com


2. Name of Program: Chest Foundation Clinical Research Trainee Awards 2004

Population: Physicians enrolled in a U.S. or Canadian subspecialty training program in the following disciplines: allergy or immunology, cardiac electrophysiology, critical care anesthesiology, critical care intensive care, critical care medicine, infectious disease, cardiology, pediatric critical care, pediatric pulmonary disease, pulmonary disease, surgical critical care, or thoracic surgery

Program Description:

  • To support clinical research and not basic or bench-level research in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, or women’s health; applicants may apply for only one type of clinical research award

Length of Award: One year

Amount Awarded: $10,000

Application Information: http://www.chestfoundation.org/awards/clinical/index.php


3. Name of Program: Pfizer Ophthalmics Research Fellowship in Glaucoma—Clinician-Scientist Fellowships in Glaucoma

Population: Completed within the last five years at least one full year of fellowship training in glaucoma

Program Description:

  • To encourage the development of new clinician-scientists in glaucoma

Length of Award: One year

Amount Awarded: $40,000

Application Information: http://www.glaucomaweb.org/associations/5224/files/Announcement%202006.pdf

PhRMA: America’s Pharmaceutical Research Companies

1. Name of Program: Awards in Health Outcomes—Predoctoral Fellowships, Postdoctoral Fellowships, Research Starter Grants

Population: Predoctoral: student’s Ph.D. doctoral program after coursework has been

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

completed and the remaining training activity is the student’s research project; Postdoctoral: graduates from Pharm.D., M.D., and Ph.D. programs; Research Starter: applicants must be appointed to an entry-level tenure track or equivalent permanent position in a department or unit responsible for health outcomes research activities as part of its core mission

Program Description:

  • Predoctoral: To provide some assistance in this training sequence

  • Postdoctoral: To support postdoctoral career development activities of individuals

  • Research Starter: To offer financial support to individuals beginning their independent research careers

Length of Award: Predoctoral: two years; Postdoctoral: two years; Research Starter: two years

Amount Awarded Predoctoral: $20,000 per year; Postdoctoral: $40,000 per year; Research Starter: $30,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.phrmafoundation.org to download an application and for the specific requirements


2. Name of Program: Awards in Pharmacology/Toxicology—Predoctoral Fellowships, Postdoctoral Fellowships, Research Starter Grants

Population: Predoctoral: full-time, in-residence Ph.D. candidates in the fields of pharmacology or toxicology who are enrolled in U.S. schools of medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, or veterinary medicine; Postdoctoral: (1) hold a Ph.D. degree or appropriate terminal research doctorate in a field of study logically or functionally related to the proposed postdoctoral activities or (2) expect to receive the Ph.D. before activating the award; Research Starter: instructor or assistant professor and investigators at the doctoral level with equivalent positions, providing their proposed research is neither directly nor indirectly subsidized to any significant degree by a competitive extramural grant

Program Description:

  • To support career development activities of scientists prepared to engage in research that integrates information on molecular or cellular mechanisms of action with information on the effects of an agent observed

Length of Award: Predoctoral: two years; Postdoctoral: two years; Research Starter: two years

Amount Awarded Predoctoral: $20,000 per year; Postdoctoral: $40,000 per year; Research Starter: $30,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.phrmafoundation.org to download an application and for the specific requirements


3. Name of Program: Awards in Pharmaceutics—Predoctoral Fellowships, Postdoctoral Fellowships, Research Starter Grants

Population: Predoctoral: applicants who expect to complete the requirements for the Ph.D. in pharmaceutics in two years or less from the time the fellowship begins; Postdoctoral: (1) hold a Ph.D. degree in pharmaceutics from an accredited U.S. university or (2) expect to receive such a degree before activating the fellowship; Research Starter: instructor or assistant professor and investigators at the doctoral level

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

with equivalent positions, providing their proposed research is neither directly nor indirectly subsidized to any significant degree by an extramural support mechanism

Program Description:

  • Exploring the design and evaluation of contemporary pharmaceutical dosage forms (or drug delivery systems) so that they are safe, effective, and reliable

  • Understanding and exploiting the principles underlying drug delivery

Length of Award: Predoctoral: two years; Postdoctoral: two years; Research Starter: two years

Amount Awarded Predoctoral: $20,000 per year; Postdoctoral: $40,000 per year; Research Starter: $30,000 per year

Application Information: http://www.phrmafoundation.org to download an application and for the specific requirements

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 122
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 123
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Examples of Pharmaceutical Company Training Programs." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page 132
Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010 Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $48.00 Buy Ebook | $38.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Based on a 2003 workshop, this study describes current public and private programs and recommends ways to recruit and retain more women and underrepresented minorities into clinical research, especially physician-scientists and nurses. Federal sponsors should improve data collection, evaluate existing training programs, and increase the diversity of study section review panels. Public and private sponsors should create funding mechanisms with flexible career paths, and universities and professional societies should both play enhanced roles in fostering diversity. A significant push is needed to recruit minorities into nursing and provide more clinical research training for nurse-scientists, nursing students, and nursing faculty.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!