National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre

Panel on a Multipurpose Cadastre

Committee on Geodesy

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1983

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences. the National Academy of Engineering. and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.


Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data


National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on a Multipurpose Cadastre.

Procedures and standards for a multipurpose cadastre.

Bibliography: p.

1. Cadastres—United States. 2. Real property—

United States—Maps. I. Title.

HD205.N37 1982 352.94′19 82-24557

ISBN 0-309-03343-8

Available from

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

Panel on a Multipurpose Cadastre

MacDonald Barr,

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

Chairman

John D.McLaughlin,

University of New Brunswick, Canada,

Cochairman

Richard R.Almy,

International Association of Assessing Officers, Chicago

Kurt W.Bauer,

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Waukesha

Kenneth J.Dueker,

Portland State University

Earl F.Epstein,

University of Maine, Orono

G.Warren Marks,

The Pennsylvania State University

Kenneth Strange,

Turner, Collie & Braden, Inc., Houston, Texas

Liaison Members

John Behrens,

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Charles Finley,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Clif Fry,

U.S. Geological Survey

Armando Mancini,

Defense Mapping Agency

Jerome Smith,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

James Stem,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Douglas J.

Wilcox, Bureau of Land Management

Gene Wunderlich,

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Staff

Hyman Orlin, Executive Secretary

Penelope Gibbs, Project Secretary

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

Committee on Geodesy

Byron D. Tapley,

The University of Texas at Austin,

Chairman

MacDonald Barr,

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Charles C.Counselman III,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Adam Dziewonski,

Harvard University

Edward M.Gaposchkin,

Lexington, Massachusetts

John C.Harrison,

University of Colorado

Buford K.Meade,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (retired)

Richard H.Rapp,

The Ohio State University

Fred N.Spiess,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Liaison Members

John D.Bossler,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Frederick J.Doyle,

U.S. Geological Survey

John R.Filson,

U.S. Geological Survey

Bernard Hostrop,

Bureau of Land Management

Armando Mancini,

Defense Mapping Agency

Jesse W.Moore,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Staff

Hyman Orlin, Executive Secretary

Penelope Gibbs, Project Secretary

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources

Herbert Friedman,

National Research Council,

Cochairman

Robert M.White,

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research,

Cochairman

Stanley I.Auerbach,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Elkan R.Blout,

Harvard Medical School

William Browder,

Princeton University

Bernard F.Burke,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Herman Chernoff,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Walter R.Eckelmann,

Exxon Corporation, New York

Joseph L.Fisher,

Secretary of Human Resources, Office of the Governor, Richmond, Virginia

James C.Fletcher,

University of Pittsburgh

William A.Fowler,

California Institute of Technology

Gerhart Friedlander,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Edward A.Frieman,

Science Applications, Inc., La Jolla, California

Edward D.Goldberg,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Konrad B.Krauskopf,

Stanford University

Charles J.Mankin,

Oklahoma Geological Survey

Walter H.Munk,

University of California, San Diego

Norton Nelson,

New York University Medical Center

Daniel A.Okun,

University of North Carolina

George E.Pake,

Xerox Research Center, Palo Alto, California

David Pimentel,

Cornell University

Charles K.Reed,

National Research Council

Hatten S.Yoder, Jr.,

Carnegie Institution of Washington

Raphael Kasper, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×

Preface

In Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre (Committee on Geodesy, 1980) it is stated, “there is a critical need for a bettcr land-information system in the United States to improve land-conveyance procedures, furnish a basis for equitable taxation, and provide much-needed information for resource management and environmental planning.”

That report discusses existing land-information systems and the multipurpose cadastre as a basis for a dynamic, public process that efficiently collects. maintains. and disseminates land information. It not only identifies the land-resource-related problems faced by public and private organizations but also outlines the nature of a multipurpose cadastre as a means to remedy these problems. However, the questions of how governments, especially local governments, can carry out the recommendations made in that report were not answered.

To address the questions left unanswered by its 1980 report, the Committee on Geodesy of the National Research Council undertook this study on recommended procedures and standards for a multipurpose cadastre. The report was prepared by individuals who have practical knowledge of land-information needs and problems at the local level and who have been active in efforts to satisfy those needs and to solve those problems, including members of university faculties concerned with these matters.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×
   

  

 

 

   

 1.4.3  Nature of a Modern Cadastre

 

13

   

 1.4.4  The Cadastre as Part of a Larger Geographic-Information System

 

14

   

 1.4.5  Distinctive Features of the Multipurpose Cadastre

 

15

   

 1.5  Government Responsibilities

 

18

   

 1.5.1  County Government Responsibilities

 

18

   

 1.5.2  State Responsibilities

 

19

   

 1.5.3  Federal Guidelines

 

19

2

 

The Geodetic Reference Framework

 

20

   

 2.1  Background

 

20

   

 2.1.1  The National Geodetic Survey

 

20

   

 2.1.2  State and Local Geodetic Networks

 

21

   

 2.2  Geometric Framework Requirements for the Cadastre

 

22

   

 2.2.1  Fundamental Concepts

 

22

   

 2.2.2  Design Issues

 

23

   

 2.2.3  The Public Land Survey System

 

25

   

 2.3  Outlook for New Technology

 

28

   

 2.3.1  Photogrammetric Triangulation

 

29

   

 2.3.2  Inertial Surveying

 

30

   

 2.3.3  Satellite Doppler Positioning

 

32

   

 2.3.4  Global Positioning System

 

33

   

 2.3.5  Other Positioning Technologies

 

34

   

 2.3.6  Conclusions Regarding Feasibility

 

36

3

 

Base Maps

 

37

   

 3.1  Alternative Forms of Maps

 

37

   

 3.2  Source Material

 

39

   

 3.3  Content

 

41

   

 3.4  Accuracy

 

43

   

 3.5  Outlook for New Technology

 

45

   

 3.5.1  High-Altitude Photography

 

45

   

 3.5.2  Satellite Systems

 

47

   

 3.5.3  Digital Mapping and Interactive Graphics

 

50

4

 

Cadastral Survey Requirements and the Cadastral Overlay

 

55

   

 4.1  Creation and Maintenance of Cadastral Overlays

 

56

   

 4.1.1  Comprehensive versus Iterative Mapping Programs

 

57

   

 4.1.2  Sequence of Tasks

 

58

   

 4.2  Cadastral Survey Requirements

 

59

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×
   

  

 

 

   

 4.2.1  Scope of Standards Required

 

59

   

 4.2.2  Accuracy of Position

 

60

   

 4.3  Standards for Assigning Parcel Identifiers

 

63

   

 4.3.1  Criteria for Designing a System of Identifiers

 

63

   

 4.3.2  Control of New Parcel Numbers

 

65

5

 

Organizing Other Land-Parcel Records

 

66

   

 5.1  Measuring User Requirements

 

67

   

 5.1.1  Nature of Interests in Cadastral Information

 

67

   

 5.1.2  Requirements for Land-Title Recording

 

69

   

 5.1.3  Requirements for Real-Property Assessment

 

70

   

 5.1.4  Requirements for Land-Use Planning and Regulation

 

74

   

 5.1.5  Requirements for Public Works

 

75

   

 5.1.6  Requirements for Public Health and Safety Functions

 

76

   

 5.1.7  Requirements for Financial Management

 

76

   

 5.2  Standardizing the Descriptions and Coding of Property Characteristics

 

77

   

 5.2.1  Alternative for Classifying Land Parcels

 

77

   

 5.2.2  Characteristics of the Land and Location

 

78

   

 5.2.3  Characteristics of Structures

 

81

   

 5.3  Procedures for Collection and Maintenance of Compatible Data

 

82

   

 5.3.1  Typical Data Sources

 

83

   

 5.3.2  Designing Data-Collection Forms

 

84

   

 5.3.3  Designing Data-Collection Manuals

 

91

   

 5.3.4  Editing and Auditing Cadastral Records

 

91

   

 5.3.5  Data Maintenance

 

93

   

 5.4  System Design and Development Procedures

 

93

   

 5.4.1  System Planning

 

94

   

 5.4.2  System Analysis

 

95

   

 5.4.3  System Design

 

95

   

 5.4.4  System Development and Implementation

 

96

   

 5.5  Acquiring Computing Capabilities

 

97

   

 5.6  Security and Confidentiality

 

99

6

 

The Evolving Land-Information Environment

 

100

   

 6.1  Integration of Data through Spatial References

 

101

   

 6.2  Application of Geographic-Information-System Concepts to Land Information

 

102

   

 6.3  Exchanges of Data between Land-Information Systems

 

103

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
×
   

  

 

 

7

 

Organization and Budget for a Multipurpose Cadastre

 

106

   

 7.1  Factors that Shape the Local Cadastral Record System

 

107

   

 7.1.1  The Issue of Centralization: Operations versus Control

 

107

   

 7.1.2  The Politics of Changing Local Systems

 

109

   

 7.2  Potential Roles of Other Participants outside the Local Government

 

110

   

 7.2.1  Intergovernmental Arrangements within the Region

 

110

   

 7.2.2  Private Data Bases in the Locality

 

110

   

 7.2.3  State Operating Agencies

 

112

   

 7.2.4  State Coordinating Agencies

 

112

   

 7.2.5  Federal Programs

 

113

   

 7.3  Summary of Costs for Prototypical Counties

 

115

   

 7.3.1  The Dimensions of Prototypical Counties

 

115

   

 7.3.2  Summary of Cost Estimates for Prototypes

 

117

   

 7.4  Personnel Resources for Management and Staffing

 

119

   

 7.5  Financing the Development Costs

 

120

   

 7.5.1  Real Estate Taxes

 

120

   

 7.5.2  User Charges

 

121

   

 7.5.3  Joint Venture with Large Private Data Users

 

122

   

 7.5.4  State Matching Funds

 

122

   

 7.5.5  Federal Matching Grants

 

123

8

 

Recommended Activities at the National Level

 

125

   

 8.1  Clear Statements of Objectives Needed

 

126

   

 8.2  Drafting and Promotion of Standards

 

127

   

 8.3  Recognition of Standards by Federal Agencies

 

127

   

 8.4  Organizing a Program of Federal Assistance

 

128

Appendix A

 

Laying the Technical Foundation for a Multipurpose Cadastre: Referrals and Case Studies

 

129

   

 A.1  The Southeastern Wisconsin Region

 

133

   

 A.2  DuPage County, Illinois

 

150

   

 A.3  Jefferson County, Colorado

 

155

   

 A.4  The Philadelphia Area

 

159

Appendix B

 

United States National Map Accuracy Standards

 

167

 

 

References

 

169

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
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Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1983. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11803.
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