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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11865.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11865.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11865.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11865.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11865.
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73 REFERENCES Churches, T., and P. Christen 2004 Some methods for blindfolded record linkage. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 4(9). Available: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender. fcgi?iid=10563 [accessed April 2006]. Clark, W.A.V., and K. Avery 1976 The effects of data aggregation in statistical analysis. Geographical Analysis 8:428-438. Confidentiality and Data Access Committee 2000 Panel on Disclosure Review Boards of Federal Agencies: Characteristics, Defin- ing Qualities, and Generalizability. 2000 Joint Statitistic Meetings, Indianapolis, IN. Available: http://www.fcsm.gov/committees/cdac/DRB-Panel.doc [accessed April 2006]. 2002 Indentifiability in Microdata Files. Available: http://www.fcsm.gov/committees/ cdac/cdacra9.doc [accessed April 2006]. Cowen, D., and J.R. Jensen 1998 Extraction and modeling of urban attributes using remote sensing. Pp. 164-188 in National Research Council, People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, D. Liverman, E.F. Moran, R.R. Rindfuss, and P.C. Stern, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Cowen, D., J. Jensen, J. Halls, M. King, and S. Narumalani 1993 Estimating Housing Density with CAMS Remotely Sensed Data. Proceedings, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping/American Society for Photogram- metry and Remote Sensing (ACRM/ASPRS):35-43. Cox, L.H. 1980 Suppression methodology and statistical disclosure control. Journal of the Ameri- can Statistical Association 75:377-385. 1995 Network models for complementary cell suppression. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90:1453-1462. 1996 Protecting confidentiality in small population health and environmental statis- tics. Statistics in Medicine 15:1895-1905. 2004 Inference control problems in statistical disclosure query systems. Pp. 1-13 in Research Directions in Data and Applications Security, C. Farkas and P. Samarati, eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer. Cox, L.H., J.P. Kelly, and R. Patil 2004 Balancing quality and confidentiality for multivariate tabular data. Pp. 87-98 in J. Domingo-Ferrer and V. Torra, eds., Privacy in Statistical Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3050. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. Culler, D., D. Estrin, and M. Srivastava 2004 Overview of sensor networks. Computer 37(8):41-49. Dale, A., and M. Elliot 2001 Proposals for 2001 samples of anonymized records: an assessment of disclosure risk. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 164:427-447. Deane, G.D., and M.P. Gutmann 2003 Blowin’ down the road: Investigating bilateral causality between dust storms and population change in the Great Plains. Population Research and Policy Review 22:297-331. de Wolf, V. 2003 Issues in accessing and sharing confidential survey and social science data. Data Science Journal 2 (17 Feb):66-74. Dobson, J.E., and P.F. Fisher 2003 Geoslavery. Technology and Society 22(1):47-52.

74 PUTTING PEOPLE ON THE MAP Domingo-Ferrer, J., and V. Torra 2001 A quantitative comparison of disclosure control methods for microdata. Pp. 111-133 in P. Doyle, J. Lane, L. Zayatz, and J. Theeuwes, eds., Disclosure, and Data Access: Theory and Practical Applications. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland Elsevier. Doyle P., J. I. Lane, J.J.M. Theeuwe, and L.V. Zayatz, eds. 2002 Confidentiality, Disclosure and Data Access: Theory and Practical Applications for Statistical Agencies. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland Elsevier. Duncan, G.T., and D. Lambert 1986a Disclosure-limited data dissemination. Journal of the American Statistical Asso- ciation 81:10-28. 1986b The risk of disclosure for microdata. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 7:207-217. Duncan, G.T., S.A. Keller-McNulty, and S.L. Stokes 2001 Disclosure Risk vs. Data Utility: The R-U Confidentiality Map. Technical Re- port, U.S. National Institute of Statistical Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC. Electronic Privacy Information Center 2003 The Census and Privacy. Available: http://www.epic.org/privacy/census/ [ac- cessed July 2006]. Entwisle, B., R.R. Rindfuss, S.J. Walsh, T.P. Evans, and S.R. Curran 1997 Geographic information systems, spatial network analysis, and contraceptive choice. Demography 34:171-187. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology 1994 Statistical Policy Working Paper 22: Report on Statistical Disclosure Limitation Methodology. Subcommittee on Disclosure Limitation Methodology, Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President. Washington, DC: U.S. General Printing Office. Fienberg, S.E., and U.E. Makov 1998 Confidentiality, uniqueness, and disclosure limitation for categorical data. Jour- nal of Official Statistics 14:361-372. Fienberg, S.E., U.E. Makov, and A.P. Sanil 1997 A Bayesian approach to data disclosure: Optimal intruder behavior for continu- ous data. Journal of Official Statistics 13:75-89. Fienberg, S.E., and A.B. Slavkovic 2004 Making the release of confidential data from multi-way tables count. Chance 17(3):5-10. 2005 Preserving the confidentiality of categorical statistical data bases when releasing information for association rules. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 11: 155-180. Fisher, P., and J. Dobson 2003 Who knows where you are, and who should, in the era of mobile geography? Geography 88:331-337. Foster, A. 2005 A review of ten years of work on economic growth and population change in rural India. Pp. 287-308 in National Research Council, Population, Land Use, and Environment: Research Directions. Panel on New Research on Population and the Environment, B. Entwisle and P.C. Stern, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Fotheringham, A.S., C. Brunsdon, and M. Charlton 2002 Geographically Weighted Regression. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Fuller, W.A. 1993 Masking procedures for microdata disclosure limitation. Journal of Official Sta- tistics 9:383-406.

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76 PUTTING PEOPLE ON THE MAP Klovdahl, A.S. 2005 Social network research and human subjects protection: Towards more effective infectious disease control. Social Networks 27(2):119-137. Kwan, M.-P. 2003 Individual accessibility revisited: Implications for geographical analysis in the twenty-first century. Geographical Analysis 35(4):341-353. Lahlou, S., M. Langheinrich, and C. Röcker 2005 Privacy and trust issues with invisible computers. Communications of the Asso- ciation for Computing Machinery 48(3):59-60. Lambert, D. 1993 Measures of disclosure risk and harm. Journal of Official Statistics 9:313-331. LeClere, F.B., R.G. Rogers, and K.D. Peters 1998 Neighborhood social context and racial differences in women’s heart disease mortality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 39:91-107. Levine, F., and P.R. Skedsvold 2006 Behavioral and social science research. In E.J. Emanuel, R.A. Crouch, C. Grady, R. Lie, F. Miller, and D. Wendler, eds., The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Re- search Ethics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Little, R.J.A. 1993 Statistical analysis of masked data. Journal of Official Statistics 9:407-426. Martinez, K., J.K. Hart, and R. Ong 2004 Environmental sensor networks. Computer 37(8):50-56. McGrahanan, G., P. Marcotullio, X. Bai, D. Balk, T. Braga, I. Douglas, T. Elmqvist, W. Rees, D. Satterthwaite, J. Songsore, and H. Zlotnik 2005 Urban systems. Chapter 22 in Conditions and Trends Assessment of the Millen- nium Ecosystem Assessment. Chicago, IL: Island Press. McGranahan, G., D. Balk, and B. Anderson 2006 Low coastal zone settlements. Tiempo: A Bulletin on Climate and Development 59(April):23-26. Melichar, L., J. Evans, and C. Bachrach 2002 Data Access and Archiving: Options for the Demographic and Behavioral Sci- ences Branch. Deliberations and Recommendations of DBSB Workshop. Avail- able: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/upload/data_access.pdf [ac- cessed November 2006]. Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research Census 2000 Advisory Committee 2000 The Public Use Microdata Samples of the U.S. Census: Research Applications and Privacy Issues. Census. 2000 Users’ Conference on PUMS, Alexandria, VA. Available: http://www.pop.umn.edu/~census2000/index_older.html [accessed July 2006]. Monmonier, M. 2002 Spying with Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the Future of Privacy. Chi- cago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Moran, E.F., E.S. Brondizio, and L.K. VanWey 2005 Population and Environment in Amazonia: Landscape and household dynamics. Pp. 106-134 in National Research Council, Population, Land Use, and Environ- ment: Research Directions. Panel on New Research on Population and the Envi- ronment, B. Entwisle and P.C. Stern, eds. Washington, DC: The National Acad- emies Press.

77 REFERENCES National Center for Health Statistics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003 Zip Code Tabulation Area and Confidentiality. Joint ECE/Eurostat Work Ses- sion on Statistical Data Confidentiality, Conference of European Statisticians, Luxembourg, 7-9 April 2003, sponsored by United Nations Statistical Commis- sion and Economic Commission for Europe and European Commission, Statisti- cal Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT). Available: http://www. unece.org/stats/documents/2003/04/confidentiality/wp.34.e.pdf [accessed April 2006]. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research 1979 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. GPO 887-809. Washington. DC: U.S. Government Print- ing Office. National Research Council 1985 Sharing Research Data. Committee on National Statistics, S. Fienberg, L. Mar- tin, and M. Straf, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1993 Private Lives and Public Policies: Confidentiality and Accesssibility of Govern- ment Statistics. Panel on Confidentiality and Data Access, Committee on Na- tional Statistics, G.T. Duncan, T.B. Jabine, and V.A. deWolf, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998 People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, D. Liverman, F.F. Moran, R.R. Rindfuss, and P.C. Stern, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2000 Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data: Report of a Work- shop. Committee on National Statistics, C. Mackie and N. Bradburn, eds. Wash- ington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001 Resolving Conflicts Arising from the Privatization of Environmental Data. Com- mittee on Geophysical and Environmental Data, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press. 2003 Access to Research Data in the 21st Century: An Ongoing Dialogue Among Interested Parties. Science, Technology, and Law Panel, Division of Policy and Global Affairs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2004a Licensing Geographic Data and Services. Committee on Licensing Geographic Data and Services, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2004b Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Science Research. Panel on Institutional Review Boards, Surveys, and Social Science Research, C.F. Citro, D.R. Ilgen, and C.B. Marrett, eds., Committee on National Statistics and Board on Behavioral, Cognitive and Sensory Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2005a Expanding Access to Research Data: Reconciling Risks and Opportunities. Panel on Data Access for Research Purposes, Committee on National Statistics: Wash- ington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2005b Population, Land Use, and Environment: Research Directions. Panel on New Research on Population and the Environment, B. Entwisle and P.C. Stern, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. New York Times 2006 House panel to press cellphone industry on improving protection of customer records. February 1:C3 (late edition). Available: http://select.nytimes.com/search/ restricted/article?res=F70F11FF345B0C728CDDAB0894DE404482 [accessed April 2006].

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Precise, accurate spatial information linked to social and behavioral data is revolutionizing social science by opening new questions for investigation and improving understanding of human behavior in its environmental context. At the same time, precise spatial data make it more likely that individuals can be identified, breaching the promise of confidentiality made when the data were collected. Because norms of science and government agencies favor open access to all scientific data, the tension between the benefits of open access and the risks associated with potential breach of confidentiality pose significant challenges to researchers, research sponsors, scientific institutions, and data archivists. Putting People on the Map finds that several technical approaches for making data available while limiting risk have potential, but none is adequate on its own or in combination. This book offers recommendations for education, training, research, and practice to researchers, professional societies, federal agencies, institutional review boards, and data stewards.

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