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Emerging Safety Science: Workshop Summary (2008)

Chapter: References

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Emerging Safety Science: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11975.
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Page 115
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Emerging Safety Science: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11975.
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Page 116

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References Almenoff, J. 2007. Signal management through the product lifecycle. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 24, 2007, White Oak, MD. Butcher, E. 2007. Drug evaluation in human cell systems-based models of physiology and disease. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Sci- ence, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Cockett, M. 2007. Toxicogenomics and assessment of drug pharmacology using microarrays. Speak- er presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. DiMasi, J. A., and H. G. Grabowski. 2007. The cost of biopharmaceutical R&D: Is biotech different? Managerial and Decision Economics 28(4–5):469–479. DuMouchel, W. 2007. Statistical issues in the analysis of spontaneous report databases. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 24, 2007, White Oak, MD. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 2004. Innovation or stagnation: Challenge and oppor- tunity on the critical path to new medical products. http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ criticalpath/whitepaper.pdf (accessed July 11, 2007). FDA. 2006. Innovation or stagnation: Critical path opportunity list. http://www.fda.gov/oc/ initiatives/criticalpath/reports/opp_list.pdf (accessed October 25, 2007). Frazier, K. 2007. ALK5: Targeted investigations of a targeted therapy using laser capture microdis- section, flow cytometry, immunohistochemical approaches and genomics. Speaker presenta- tion at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Frueh, F. 2007. The transition from preclinical to clinical application of safety related genomics. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Sci- ence, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2006. Drug safety: Improvement needed in FDA’s postmarket decision-making and oversight process. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06402. pdf (accessed January 17, 2008). 115

116 EMERGING SAFETY SCIENCE Halbert, D. 2007. Application of toxicogenomics to drug discovery and to preclinical safety assess- ment. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2007. The future of drug safety: Promoting and protecting the health of the public. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Krall, R. 2007. Summing up: Improving safety science to make better medicines. Speaker presenta- tion at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 24, 2007, White Oak, MD. Lai, E. 2007. Pharmacogenetic investigation of drug associated adverse events. Speaker presenta- tion at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. MacDonald, M. L., J. Lamerdin, S. Owens, B. H. Keon, G. K. Bilter, Z. Shang, Z. Huang, H. Yu, J. Dias, T. Minami, S. W. Michnick, and J. K. Westwick. ���������������������� 2006. Identifying off- target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells. Nature Chemical Biology 6(2):329–337. MacLaughlin, P. 2007. Integration of preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing safety data. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Milburn, M. 2007. Metabolomics as an emerging technology in drug safety assessment. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Spear, B. 2007. Practical application of toxicogenomics in early drug discovery. Speaker presenta- tion at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Vonderscher, J. 2007. Biomarker of drug induced kidney injury qualification for regulatory decision making. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD. Westwick, J. 2007. Tapping the power of cellular networks for improved drug discovery. Speaker presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Emerging Safety Science, April 23, 2007, White Oak, MD.

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In recent years, the costs of new drug development have skyrocketed. The average cost of developing a new approved drug is now estimated to be $1.3 billion (DiMasi and Grabowski, 2007). At the same time, each year fewer new molecular entities (NMEs) are approved. DiMasi and Grabowski report that only 21.5 percent of the candidate drugs that enter phase I clinical testing actually make it to market. In 2007, just 17 novel drugs and 2 novel biologics were approved. In addition to the slowing rate of drug development and approval, recent years have seen a number of drugs withdrawn from the market for safety reasons. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), 10 drugs were withdrawn because of safety concerns between 2000 and March 2006 (GAO, 2006). Finding ways to select successful drug candidates earlier in development could save millions or even billions of dollars, reduce the costs of drugs on the market, and increase the number of new drugs with improved safety profiles that are available to patients.

Emerging scientific knowledge and technologies hold the potential to enhance correct decision making for the advancement of candidate drugs. Identification of safety problems is a key reason that new drug development is stalled. Traditional methods for assessing a drug's safety prior to approval are limited in their ability to detect rare safety problems. Prior to receiving U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, a drug will have been tested in hundreds to thousands of patients. Generally, drugs cannot confidently be linked to safety problems until they have been tested in tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people. With current methods, it is unlikely that rare safety problems will be identified prior to approval.
Emerging Safety Science: Workshop Summary summarizes the events and presentations of the workshop.

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