National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 7 Collaboration for Water Quality Improvement Along the Mississippi River Corridor
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 212
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 213
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 214
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 215
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 216
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 217
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 218
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 219
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 220
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 221
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 222
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 223
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 224
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 225
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12051.
×
Page 226

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Alexander, R. B., and R. A. Smith. 2006. Trends in the nutrient enrichment of U.S. rivers during the late 20th century and their relation to changes in probable stream trophic conditions. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 639-654. Alexander, R. B., A. S. Ludtke, K. K. Fitzgerald, and T. L. Schertz. 1997. Data from Selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Monitoring Networks (WQN) on CD-ROM. Open-File Report 96-337. Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/ wqn96cd/html/report/contents.htm. Alexander, R. B., R. A. Smith, and G. E. Schwarz. 2000. Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 403: 758-761. Anfinson, J. O. 2003. The River We Have Wrought: A History of the Upper Mississippi. Min- neapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. Antweiler, R., D. Goolsby, and H. Taylor. 1995. Nutrients in the Mississippi River. In R. Meade, (ed.), Contaminants in the Mississippi River. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. Denver, Colo. Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ). 2006. State Permits Branch. Avail- able online at http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/water/branch_permits/default.htm#401. Aulenbach, B. T., H. T. Buxton, W. A. Battaglin, and R. H. Coupe. 2007. Streamflow and Nu- trient Fluxes of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin and Subbasins for the Period of Record Through 2005. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1080. Summary available online at http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/of-2007-1080.html. Barber, L. B., II, J. A. Leenheer, W. E. Pereira, T. L. Noyes, G. A. Brown, C. F. Tabor, and J. H. Writer. 1995. Organic contamination of the Mississippi River from municipal and industrial wastewater. In Contaminants in the Mississippi River. R. Meade (ed.). U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. Denver, Colo. Barbour, M. T., J. Gerritsen, B. D. Snyder, and J. B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Pro- tocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish, 2nd edition. U.S. EPA 841 B-99-002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. 212

REFERENCES 213 Barras, J. A. 2006. Land Area Change in Coastal Louisiana after the 2005 Hurricanes—A Series of Three Maps. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1274. Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1274/. Barry, J. M. 1997. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. New York: Simon and Schuster. Batie, S., L. Shabman, and R. Kramer. 1985. U.S. agricultural and natural resource policy: Past and future. In The Dilemmas of Choice. K. Price (ed.). Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Bennett, E. M., S. R. Carpenter, and N. F. Caraco. 2001. Human impact on erodable phos- phorus and eutrophication: A global perspective. BioScience 51: 227-234. Boesch, D. F. 2002. Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient over- enrichment of coastal ecosystems. Estuaries 25: 744-758. Boesch, D. F., M. N. Josselyn, A. J. Mehta, J. T. Morris, W. K. Nuttle, C. A. Simenstad, and D. J. P. Swift. 1994. Scientific assessment of coastal wetland loss, restoration and manage- ment in Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 20: 1-103. Boyd, G. R., and D. A. Grimm. 2001. Occurrence of pharmaceutical contaminants and screening of treatment alternatives for Southeastern Louisiana. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 948(1): 80-89. Boyer, H. A. 1984. Trace elements in the water, sediments, and fish of the Upper Mississippi River, Twin Cities metropolitan area. Pp. 195-230 in Contaminants in the Upper Mis- sissippi River. J. G. Wiener, R. V. Anderson, and D. R. McConville (eds.). Boston: But- terworth Publishers. Brasher, P. 2006. Use of CRP Land for Ethanol Scares Wildlife Groups. Des Moines, Iowa: Des Moines Register. Bratkovich, A., S. P. Dinnel, and D. A. Goolsby. 1994. Variability and prediction of freshwater and nitrate fluxes for the Louisiana-Texas shelf: Mississippi and Atchafalaya River source functions. Estuaries 17: 766-778. Brett, B., S. Gatti, J. Connor, M. Garrod, and D. King. 2005. Catchment Care—Developing an Auction Process for Biodiversity and Water Quality Gains. A NAP Market-Based Instrument Pilot Project. Australia: Policy and Economic Research Unit, CSIRO Land and Water and Onkaparinga Catchment Water Management Board. Burkholder, J. M., M. A. Mallin, and H. B. Glasgow, Jr. 1999. Fish kills, bottom-water hy- poxia, and the toxic Pfiesteria complex in the Neuse River and estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 179: 301-310. Caffey, R. H., P. Coreil, and D. Demcheck (eds.). 2002. Mississippi River Water Quality: Impli- cations for Coastal Restoration. Interpretive Topic Series on Coastal Wetland Restoration in Louisiana, Coastal Wetland Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act, National Sea Grant Library No. LSU-G-02-002, 4 pp. Cain, Z., and S. Lovejoy. 2004. History and Outlook for Farm Bill Conservation Programs. Choices, 4th Quarter. Available online at http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2004-4/policy /2004-4-09.htm. Chavas, J., and M. Holt. 1990. Acreage decisions under risk: The case of corn and soybeans. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72(3): 529-538. Chesapeake Bay Memorandum of Understanding. 2000. Memorandum of Understanding Among the State of Delaware, the District of Columbia, the State of Maryland, the State of New York, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Commonwealth of Virginia, the State of West Virginia, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regarding Cooperative Efforts for the Protection of the Chesapeake Bay and Its Rivers. Available online at http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sixstatemou.pdf. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2003. Setting and Allocating New Cap Loads. Available online at http://www.chesapeakebay.net/info/wqcriteriatech/newcap.cfm.

214 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Chesney, E. J., and D. M. Baltz. 2001. The effects of hypoxia on the northern gulf of Mexico coastal ecosystem: A fisheries perspective. Pp. 321-354 in Coastal Hypoxia: Conse- quences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. N. N. Rabalais and R. Eugene Turner (eds.). Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. City of Minneapolis. Undated. Combined Sewer Overflow—A Minneapolis Solution. Avail- able online at http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cso/ (includes CSO annual reports for 2003-2006). Clean Water Act. 2006. 33 U.S.C. Section 1251-1387. Clean Water Restoration Act (CWRA) of 1966. Pub. L. No. 89-753, 80 Stat. 1246, 1250. Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR). 2000. Integrated Assessment of Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: National Science and Technology Council. Cooper, C. M., and J. R. McHenry. 1989. Sediment accumulation and its effects on a Missis- sippi River oxbow lake. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 13: 33-37. Corbett, K. T. 1997. Draining the metropolis: The politics of sewers in nineteenth century St. Louis. Pp. 107-125 in Common Fields: An Environmental History of St. Louis. Missouri Historical Society Press. Craig, J. K., and L. B. Crowder. 2005. Hypoxia-induced habitat shifts and energetic con- sequences in Atlantic croaker and brown shrimp on the Gulf of Mexico shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series 204: 79-94. Craig, J. K., T. A. Henwood, and L. B. Crowder. 2005. Effects of abundance and large- scale hypoxia on the spatial distribution of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) on the northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 1295-1308. Craig, R. K. 2004. The Clean Water Act and the Constitution: Legal Structure and the Public’s Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute. Dahl, T. E. 1990. Wetlands Losses in the United States 1780s to 1980s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Dauphin County Conservation District (DCCD). 2007. Agricultural Programs and Services. Available online at http://www.dauphincd.org/main/agservices.php. Delaney, R. L., and M. R. Craig. 1997. Longitudinal Changes in Mississippi River Floodplain Structure. U.S. Geological Survey, Project Status Report, PSR 97-02. Department of the Interior (DOI). 2007. Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Available online at http://www.fws.gov/Midwest/UpperMississippiRiver/. Devendra, C., P. Bala, and O. Doering. 2006. Market Based Policy Instruments in Natural Resource Conservation. Report to the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Resource Economics and Social Sciences Division, Washington, D.C. Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg. 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: A review of its ecological ef- fects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 33: 245-303. Donner, S. D., M. T. Coe, J. D. Lenters, T. E. Twine, and J. A. Foley. 2002. Modeling the impact of hydrological changes on nitrate transport in the Mississippi River Basin from 1955 to 1994. Global Biochemical Cycles 16:10.1029/2001GB001396. Downing, J. A., J. L. Baker, R. J. Diaz, T. Prato, N. N. Rabalais, and R. J. Zimmerman. 1999. Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia: Land-Sea Interactions. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Task Force Report No. 134. 40 pp.

REFERENCES 215 Dunn, D. D. 1996. Trends in Nutrient Inflows to the Gulf of Mexico from Streams Draining the Conterminous United States 1972-1993. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4113. Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program, Nutrient Enrichment Issue Committee. Austin, Tex.: U.S. Geological Survey. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) of 1948. 1948. Pub. L. No. 80-845, 62 Stat. 1155. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) Amendments of 1961. 1961. Pub. L. No. 87- 88, 75 Stat. 204, 208-09. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) Amendments of 1972. 1972. Pub. L. No. 92- 500, 86 Stat. 816. Field, J. A., C. A. Johnson, and J. B. Rose. 2006. What is “emerging”? Environmental Science and Technology 40(23): 7105. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). 2003. Final Report: Integrating Atmospheric Mercury Deposition and Aquatic Cycling in the Florida Everglades: An Ap- proach for Conducting a Total Maximum Daily Load Analysis for An Atmospherically Derived Pollutant. Tallahassee and Gainesville, Fla. Fremling, C. R. 1964. Mayfly distribution indicates water quality on the Upper Mississippi River. Science 146: 1164-1166. Fremling, C. R. 1989. Hexagenia mayflies: Biological monitors of water quality in the Upper Mississippi River. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences 55: 139-143. Fremling, C. R. 2005. Immortal River: The Upper Mississippi in Ancient and Modern Times. Madison, Wisc.: The University of Wisconsin Press. Fremling, C. R., and D. K. Johnson. 1990. Recurrence of Hexagenia mayflies demonstrates im- proved water quality in pool 2 and Lake Pepin, Upper Mississippi River. Pp. 243-248 in Mayflies and Stoneflies. I. C. Campbell (ed.). Proc. Int. Conf. Ephemeroptera, Vol. 5. FTN Associates, Ltd., and Wenck Asssociates, Inc. 2005. Upper Mississippi River Fish Con- sumption Advisories: State Approaches to Issuing and Using Fish Consumption Advi- sories on the Upper Mississippi River. Prepared for the Upper Mississippi River Basin Association, St. Paul, Minn. Galloway, J. N., and E. B. Cowling. 2002. Reactive nitrogen and the world: Two hundred years of change. Ambio 31: 64-71. Galloway, J. N., J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth, E. B. Cowling, and B. J. Cosby. 2003. The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53: 341-356. Garbarino, J. R., H. C. Hayes, D. A. Roth, R. C. Antweiler, T. I. Brinton, and H. E. Taylor. 1995. Heavy metals in the Mississippi River. Contaminants in the Mississippi River. R. Meade (ed.). U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. Denver, Colo. Gebert, W. A., D. J. Graczyk, and W. R. Krug. 1987. Average annual runoff in the United States, 1951-1980. Madison, Wisc.: U.S. Geological Survey. Gilbert, P. M., S. Seitzinger, C. A. Heil, J. M. Burkholder, M. W. Parrow, L. A. Codispoti, and V. Kelly. 2005. The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms: New perspectives and new approaches. Oceanography 18(2). Glanz, J. 1999. Sharp drop seen in erosion rates. Science 285: 1187-1189. Goolsby, D. A. 2000. Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 81: 325-327. Goolsby, D. A., and W. A. Battaglin. 2001. Long-term changes in concentrations and flux of nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin, USA. Hydrologic Processes 15: 1209-1226. Goolsby, D. A., and W. E. Pereira. 1995. Pesticides in the Mississippi River. Contaminants in the Mississippi River. R. Meade (ed.). U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. Denver, Colo.

216 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Goolsby, D. A., W. A. Battaglin, G. B. Lawrence, R. S. Artz, B. T. Aulenbach, R. P. Hooper, D. R. Keeney, and G. J. Stensland. 1999. Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi- Atchafalaya River Basin. Topic 3 Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 17. Silver Spring, Md.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean Program. Available online at http://www. cop.noaa.gov/pubs/das/das17.pdf. Greeley, W. B. 1925. The relation of geography to timber supply. Economic Geography 1: 1-14. Hatch, L. K., A. P. Mallawatantri, D. Wheeler, A. Gleason, D. J. Mulla, J. A. Perry, K. W. Easter, P. Brezonik, R. Smith, and L. Gerlach. 2001. Land management at the major watershed- agroecoregion intersection. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 56:44-51. Headwaters Group Philanthropic Services. 2005. Traveling Upstream: Improving Water Qual- ity of the Mississippi River. Prepared for the McKnight Foundation. St. Paul, Minn. Hey, D. L., L. S. Urban, and J. A. Kostel. 2005a. Nutrient farming: The business of environ- mental management. Ecological Engineering 24: 279-287. Hey, D. L., J. A. Kostel, A. P. Hurter, and R. H. Kadlec. 2005b. Comparative economics of nutrient management strategies: Traditional treatment and nutrient farming. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Report #03-WSM-6CO, Alexandria, Va. Available online at http://www.wetlands-initiative.org/images/03WSM6COweb.pdf. Houck, O. A. 1999. The Clean Water Act TMDL Program: Law, Policy, and Implementation, 2nd edition. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute. Howarth, R. W., G. Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jaworski, K. Lajtha, J. A. Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caraco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kudeyarov, P. Murdoch and Z. Zhao-Liang. 1996. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35: 75-79. Hunt, C. B., and S. W. Trimble. 1998. Physiography of the United States. Pp. 864-884 in Reader’s Encyclopedia of the American West. H. Lamar (ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Illinois Department of Natural Resources (ILDNR). 2006. Section 404 Program. Available online at http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/CH4B.HTM. Ingram, R. 2006. The #1 Water Quality Issue for the Lower Mississippi River. Presentation to the NRC Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act. Baton Rouge, La. May 11. Interstate Council on Water Policy (ICWP). 2006. Interstate Water Solutions for the New Millennium. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Council on Water Policy. Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IADNR). 2006. Section 401 Water Quality Certifica- tion. Available online at http://www.iowadnr.gov/water/section401/info.html. Iowa Soybean Association (ISA). 2007. Environmental Programs. Available online at http:// www.isafarmnet.com/ep/index.html. Johnson, D. K. 2006. Personal communication. Metropolitan Council, Environmental Ser- vices, St. Paul, Minn. Johnson, D. K., and P. W. Aasen. 1989. The metropolitan wastewater treatment plant and the Mississippi River: 50 years of improving water quality. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences 55: 134-138. Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, R. E. Turner, and W. J. Wiseman, Jr. 1993. Seasonal coupling ´ between riverborne nutrients, net productivity, and hypoxia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26: 184-189.

REFERENCES 217 Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. 1996. Effects of climate change on hypoxia ´ in coastal waters: A doubled CO2 scenario for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 992-1003. Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. 2002. Modeling the impacts of decadal changes ´ in riverine nutrient fluxes on coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River Delta. Ecological Modelling 152: 33-46. Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. 2003. Simulated responses of the Gulf of Mexico ´ hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading. Journal of Marine Systems 42: 115-126. Kauffman, J., and W. Krueger. 1984. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications: A review. Journal of Range Management 37: 430-438. Keeney, D. R., and J. L. Hatfield. 2001. The nitrogen cycle, historical perspective, and cur- rent and potential future concerns. Pp. 3-16 in Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management. R. F. Follet and J. L. Hatfield (eds.). Cambridge, Mass.: Elsevier Science. Kentucky Division of Water (KDOW). 2006. Division of Water: Kentucky Water Quality Certification Program. Available online at http://www.water.ky.gov/permitting/wqcert/ General+Information.htm. Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. T. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, and H. T. Buxton. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contami- nants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 1202-1211. Kuechler, A. W. 1975. Potential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous United States, 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Geographical Society. Latacz-Loehmann, U., and C. van der Hamsvoort. 1997. Auctioning conservation contracts: A theoretical analysis and application. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79: 407-418. Leopold, L., M. Wolman, and J. Miller. 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. San Fran- cisco, Calif.: W. H. Freeman. Lerczak, T. V., and R. E. Sparks. 1995. Fish populations in the Illinois River. Pp. 239-241 in National Biological Service National Status and Trends Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 530 pp. Leue, A. 1886. The Forestal Relations of Ohio. First Annual Report of the Ohio State Forestry Bureau. Columbus, Ohio: Westbote Co., State Printers. Lohrenz, S. E., G. L. Fahnenstiel, D. G. Redalje, G. A. Lang, X. Chen, and M. J. Dagg. 1997. Variations in primary production of northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf waters linked to nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155: 45-54. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). 1999. Watershed Protection Programs—Mississippi River Basin. Available online at http://nonpoint.deq.state.la.us/ 99manplan/99mississippi.pdf. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). 2006. Water Quality Certifications. Available online at http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/tabid/2268/Default.aspx. Lubowski, R., S. Bucholtz, R. Claassen, M. Roberts, J. Cooper, A Gueorguieva, and R. Johansson. 2006. Environmental Effects of Agricultural Land-Use Change: The Role of Economics and Policy. Economic Research Report Number 25. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Luzar, E. 1988. Natural resource management in agriculture: An institutional analysis of the 1985 Farm Bill. Journal of Economic Issues 22(2): 563-570. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA). 1976. Pub. L. No. 94-265, 90 Stat. 331.

218 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Mamo, M., G. L. Malzer, D. J. Mulla, D. J. Huggins, and J. Strock. 2003. Spatial and tempo- ral variation in economically optimum N rate for corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal 95: 958-964. McPhee, J. 1999. The Control of Nature. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Meade, R. H. (ed.). 1995. Contaminants in the Mississippi River, 1987-1992. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. U.S. Department of the Interior. Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey. Meade, R. H., and R. Parker. 1985. Sediment in rivers of the United States. Pp. 49-60 in Na- tional Water Summary 1984. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 2275. Meade, R. H., T. Yuzyk, and T. Day. 1990. Movement and storage of sediment in rivers of the United States and Canada. Pp. 255-280 in The Geology of North America. W. H. Riggs (ed.). Geological Society of America. Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District. 2006. FAQ: CSO. Available online at http://www. stlmsd.com/EnvComply/ CSO/FAQ.1.html. Milliman, J. D., and R. H. Meade. 1983. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the ocean. Journal of Geology 91: 1-21. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). 2006. Clean Water Act Section 401 Wa- ter Quality Certifications. Available online at http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/401. html#activities. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). 2007. Lake Pepin Watershed TMDL Eutro- phication and Turbidity Impairments Project Overview. Available online at http://www. pca.state.mn.us/water/tmdl. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). 2006a. Wetlands Protection: Water Quality Certification Branch. Available online at http://deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ/nst/ page/WQCB_Stream_ Wetland_Alteration03?OpenDocument. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). 2006b. Mississippi 2006 Sec- tion 303(d) List of Impaired Water Bodies. Jackson, Miss.: Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Surface Water Division of the Office of Pollution Control. Available online at http://www.deq.state.ms.us/ MDEQ.nsf/pdf/TWB_2006_ 303d_List_ draft_April_1_06/$File/MS_ 2006_Section_303d_List_ Draft_Version_April_1_2006.pdf ?OpenElement. Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). 1994. Basin 48: Mississippi River and Central Tributaries. Jefferson City, Mo.: State of Missouri Water Quality Basin Plan, Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). 2006. 401 Water Quality Certification. Available online at http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wpp/401/index.html. Mitsch, W. J., J. W. Day, Jr., J. W. Gilliam, P. M. Groffman, D. L. Hey, G. W. Randall, and N. Wang. 2001. Reducing nitrogen loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River basin: Strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem. BioScience 15: 373-388. Moore, L. 2002. A Farm Level Analysis of the Economic Impacts of Federal Conservation Programs in the Midwest. M.S. Thesis. Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University. Mulla, D. J., A. S. Birr, N. Kitchen, and M. David. 2005. Evaluating the effectiveness of agri- cultural management practices at reducing nutrient losses to surface waters. Pp. 171-193 in Proceedings of the Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. Nassar, R. 2006. Restoring America’s Greatest River. Presentation to the NRC Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act. Baton Rouge, La. May 11. National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA). 2002. Understanding What States Need to Protect Water Quality. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Public Administration.

REFERENCES 219 National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology (NACEPT). 1998. Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program. EPA-100-R-98-006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology. National Audubon Society. 1995. Investing in Wildlife; Multiple Benefits for Agriculture and the American People. Washington, D.C.: National Audubon Society. National Research Council (NRC). 1999a. New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 1999b. New Strategies for America’s Watersheds. Wash- ington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2000a. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reduc- ing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2000b. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Assessing the TMDL Approach to Water Quality Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2002. The Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Pros- pects for Recovery. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2004a. Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2004b. River Basin and Coastal System Planning Within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2005. Water Resources Planning for the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Waterway. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2007. Colorado River Basin Water Management: Evaluat- ing and Adjusting to Hydroclimatic Variability. Washington, D.C.: The National Acad- emies Press. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2007. Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). Available online at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/. Nixon, R. M. 1970. Administration of Refuse Act Permit Program. Executive Order No. 11574. Federal Register 35: 19,627. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). 1998. Meuse River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. Available online at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/basin- wide/Neuse/neuse_ wq_management_plan.htm. Nowell, L. H., P. D. Capel, and P. D. Dileanis. 1999. Pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic biota—Distribution, trends, and governing factors. Pesticides in the Hydrologic System series, Vol. 4. 1040 pp. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Available online at http://ca.water. usgs.gov/pnsp/abs/abp.html. Pannell, R. P. 1999. Sediment Response to Large-Scale Environmental Change: The Upper Mississippi River, 1943-1996. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Unpublished master’s thesis. Parker, A. 2005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Nutrient Program. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/nutrient_workshop/ pdf/session-a.pdf. Penland, S., R. Boyd, and J. R. Suter. 1988. The transgressive depositional systems of the Mis- sissippi deltaic plain: A model for barrier shoreline and shelf sand development. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58(6):932-949. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). 2007a. Final Trading of Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Credits—Policy and Guidelines. Available online at http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/chesapeake/cwp/view.asp?a=3&Q=442886&chesapeake Nav=|29958.

220 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). 2007b. PA Nutrient Trad- ing. Available online at http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/chesapeake/lib/chesapeake/dec29 _2006/finalpolicy_12-28.pdf. Phillips, S. W., M. J. Focazio, and L. J. Bachman. 1999. Discharge, Nitrate Load, and Residence Time of Ground Water in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 150-99. Available on-line at http://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/fs-150-99. Pires, M. 2004. Watershed protection for a world city: The case of New York. Land Use Policy 21: 161-175. Port of New Orleans. 2006. Facts about the Port of New Orleans. Available online at http:// www.portno.com. Prince, H. 1997. Wetlands of the American Midwest. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Rabalais, N. N. 2002. Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Ambio 31: 102-112. Rabalais, N. N. 2005. Consequences of Mississippi River diversion for Louisiana Coastal Restoration. National Wetlands Newsletter (July-August): 21-24. Rabalais, N. N., and R. E. Turner (eds.). 2001. Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, D.C.: Ameri- can Geophysical Union. Rabalais, N. N., and R. E. Turner. 2006. Oxygen depletion in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. Pp. 225-245 in Past and Present Marine Water Column Anoxia. L. N. Neretin (ed.). NATO Science Series: IV-Earth and Environmental Sciences. Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, Q. Dortch, D. Justic, V. J. Bierman, Jr., and W. J. Wiseman, Jr. ´ 2002a. Review. Nutrient-enhanced productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Past, present and future. Hydrobiologia 475-476: 39-63. Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, and D. Scavia. 2002b. Beyond science into policy: Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and the Mississippi River. BioScience 52: 129-142. Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, B. K. Sen Gupta, E. Platon, and M. L. Parsons. 2007. Sediments tell the history of eutrophication and hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecological Applications 17(5): S129-S143. Randall, G. W., and D. J. Mulla. 2001. Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 337-344. Randall, G. W., and J. A. Vetsch. 2005. Nitrate losses in subsurface drainage from a corn- soybean rotation as affected by fall application of nitrogen and nitrapyrin. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 590-597. Reagan, R. 1983. Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America. Proclamation No. 5030. Federal Register 48: 10,605. Renaud, M. 1986. Hypoxia in Louisiana coastal waters during 1983: Implications for fisheries. Fishery Bulletin 84: 19-26. Reuss, M. 1998. Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin, 1800- 1995. Alexandria, Va.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of History. Ribaudo, M. 1986. Consideration of offsite impacts in targeting soil conservation. Land Economics 62: 402-411. Ribaudo, M., R. Horan, and M. Smith. 1999. Economics of Water Quality Protection from Nonpoint Sources. Agricultural Economics Report No. 782. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Rostad, C. E., T. F. Rees, and S. R. Daniel. 1994. Colloid particle sizes in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, from Minneapolis to below New Orleans. Hydrological Processes 12(1): 25-41.

REFERENCES 221 Royer, T. V., M. B. David, and L. E. Gentry. 2006. Timing of riverine export of nitrate and phosphorus from agricultural watersheds in Illinois: Implications for reducing nutrient loading to the Mississippi River. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 4126-4131. Ruhl, J. B. 2000. Farms, their environmental harms, and environmental law. Ecology Law Quarterly 27(2): 263-349. Sawyer, J., E. Nafziger, G. Randall, L. Bundy, G. Rehm, and B. Joern. 2006. Concepts and rationale for regional nitrogen rate guidelines for corn. PM 2015. Ames, Ia.: Iowa State University Extension. Scavia, D., N. N. Rabalais, R. E. Turner, D. Justic, and W. J. Wiseman, Jr. 2003. Predicting ´ the response of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in Mississippi River nitrogen load. Limnology and Oceanography 48:951-956. Schertz, L., and O. Doering. 1999. The Making of the 1996 Farm Act. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Schumm, S. A., and B. R. Winkley (eds.). 1994. The Variability of Large Alluvial Rivers. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers Press. Sekely, A. C., D. J. Mulla, and D. W. Bauer. 2002. Streambank slumping and its contribution to the phosphorus and suspended sediment loads of the Blue Earth River, Minnesota. Journal of Soil Water Conservation 57(5): 243-250. Shabman, L., K. Stephenson, and W. Shobe. 2002. Trading programs for environmental management: Reflections on the air and water experiences. Environmental Practice 4 (September)3: 153-162. Soballe, D. M. 1998. Successful water quality monitoring: The right combination of intent, measurements, interpretation, and a cooperating ecosystem. Lake and Reservoir Manage- ment 14(1): 10-20. Soballe, D. M., and J. R. Fischer. 2004. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Procedures: Water Quality Monitoring. U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sci- ences Center, La Crosse, Wisc. Technical Report LTRMP 2004‑T002‑1 (Ref. 95‑P002‑5). 73 pp. + Appendixes A-J. Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS). 2003. Comments on the Interim Rule for the Conservation Reserve Program, Soil and Water Conservation Society, July 7. Available online at http://www.swcs.org/en/ special_projects/farm_bill_conservation/. Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS). 2006. Final Report from the Blue Ribbon Panel Conducting an External Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Ef- fects Assessment Project. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society. Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS). 2007. Conservation Security Program (CSP) Program Assessment, Soil and Water Conservation Society (February). Available online at http://www.swcs.org/en/ special_projects/farm_bill_conservation/. Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS) and Environmental Defense. 2007. Environ- mental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) Program Assessment, Soil and Water Con- servation Society, March. Available online at http://www.swcs.org/en/special_projects /farm_bill_conservation/. Sparks, R. E., and A. J. Spink. 1998. Disturbance, succession and ecosystem processes in rivers and estuaries: Effects of extreme hydrologic events. Regulated Rivers 14(2): 155-177. Spink, A., R. E. Sparks, M. van Oorschot, and J. A. Verhoeven. 1998. Nutrient dynamics of large river floodplains. Regulated Rivers 14(2): 203-216. St. Paul Pioneer Press. 2006. Balance matters, But zoning is what protects the Mississippi. Stavins, R. N. 2001. Experience with Market Based Environmental Policy Instruments. Discus- sion Paper 01-05. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Stephenson, K., and L. Shabman. 2001. The trouble with implementing TMDLs. Regulation 24:1 (Spring): 28-32.

222 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Stephenson, K., L. Shabman, and L. Geyer. 1999. Watershed-based effluent allowance trad- ing: Identifying the statutory and regulatory barriers to implementation. Environmental Lawyer 5(June)3: 775-815. Stoddard, A., J. B. Harcum, J. T. Simpson, J. Pagenkopf, and R. Bastien. 2002. Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Evaluating Improvements in Water Quality. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Stoneham, G., V. Chaudrhi, A. Ha, and L. Strappazzon. 2003. Auctions for conservation contracts: An empirical examination of Victoria’s Bush Tender Trail. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 47(4): 477-500. Stow, C. A., S. S. Qian, and J. K. Craig. 2005. Declining threshold for hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 716-723. Submerged Lands Act (SLA). 2006. 43 U.S.C. Section 1301-1356. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). 2006. Environmental Permits Handbook: Aquatic Resource Alteration Permit. Available online at http://www. state.tn.us/environment/permits/arap/shtml. Trimble, S. W. 1976. Unsteady state denudation. Science 191: 871. Trimble, S. W. 1977. A sediment budget for the Coon Creek basin in the Driftless Area, Wis- consin, 1853-1975. American Journal of Science 283: 454-474. Trimble, S. W. 1999. Decreased rates of alluvial sediment storage in the Coon Creek basin, Wisconsin, 1975-1993. Science 285: 1244-1246. Turner, R. E., and N. N. Rabalais. 2003. Linking landscape and water quality in the Missis- sippi River basin for 200 years. BioScience 53: 563-572. Turner, R. E., and N. N. Rabalais. 2004. Suspended sediment, C, N, P, and Si yields from the Mississippi River Basin. Hydrobiologia 511: 79-89. Turner, R. E., N. Qureshi, N. N. Rabalais, Q. Dortch, D. Justic, R. F. Shaw, and J. Cope. 1998. ´ Fluctuating silicate:nitrate ratios and coastal plankton food webs. Proceedings National Academy of Science 95: 13048-13051. Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, E. M. Swenson, M. Kasprzak, and T. Romaire. 2005. Summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and its prediction from 1978 to 1995. Marine Environmental Research 59: 65-77. Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, and D. Justic. 2006. Predicting summer hypoxia in the northern ´ Gulf of Mexico: Riverine N, P and Si loading. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 139-148. Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, G. McIsaac, and R. W. Howarth. 2007 (accepted). Character- ization of nutrient and organic matter loads from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries and Coasts. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). 2006. State of the Marine Environment. The Hague. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES). 2007. Hypoxia Advisory Panel Draft Advisory. Cambridge, Md. Upper Mississippi River Basin Association (UMRBA). 2004. Upper Mississippi River Water Quality: The States’ Approaches to Clean Water Act Monitoring, Assessment, and Im- pairment Decisions. Water Quality Task Force. St. Paul, Minn.: Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Upper Mississippi River Basin Association (UMRBA). 2006. Organizational Options for Interstate Water Quality Management on the Upper Mississippi River. St. Paul, Minn.: Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee (UMRCC). 2002. Upper Mississippi and Illinois River Floodplain Forests, Desired Future and Recommended Actions. Upper Mis- sissippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Ill. 35 pp. Upper Mississippi River Water Suppliers Coalition (UMRWSC). 2006. Upper Mississippi River Water Suppliers Coalition. Available online at http://www.umrwsc.com.

REFERENCES 223 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1994. Economic Impacts of Recreation on the Upper Mississippi River System. St. Paul District, St. Paul, Minn. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2004. Integrated Feasibility Report and Program- matic Environmental Impact Statement for the UMR-IWW System Navigation Feasibility Study. Vicksburg, Miss.: Mississippi Valley Division Corps of Engineers. U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Population Change and Distribution, 1990-2000. Available online at http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-2.pdf. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2007a. USDA 2007 Farm Bill Proposals. Available online at www.usda.gov/farmbill. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2007b. Feed Grains Database: Yearbook Tables. USDA Economic Research Service. Available online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/ feedgrains/StandardReports/YBtable12.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1980. An Approach to Water Resources Evaluation on Non-Point Silvicultural Sources. EPA-600/8-80-012. Environmental Re- search Laboratory, Athens, Ga. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1994. Combined Sewer Overflow Control Policy. Federal Register 59: 18,687. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1998a. National Strategy for the Develop- ment of Regional Nutrient Criteria. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ criteria/nutrient/nutsi.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2001. Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi River-Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/actionplan.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2002. Summary Table for Nutrient Criteria Documents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003a. Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000. Report to Congress, Facilities in Operation. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owm/ mtb/cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003b. Setting and Allocating the Chesa- peake Bay Basin Nutrient and Sediment Loads: The Collaborative Process, Technical Tools and Innovative Approaches. EPA 903-R-03-007. Annapolis, Md: Region III Chesa- peake Bay Program Office. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003c. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen, Water Clarity, and Chlorophyll A for the Chesapeake Bay and Its Tidal Estuaries. EPA 903-R-03-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III Chesapeake Bay Program Office. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003d. Technical Support Document for Identification of Chesapeake Bay Designated Uses and Attainability. EPA 903-R-03-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III Chesapeake Bay Program Office. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003e. Elements of a State Water Monitoring and Assessment Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA 841-B- 03-003. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/elements/ elements03 _14_03.pdf. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2003f. Water Quality Trading Policy. Avail- able online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/finalpolicy.pdf. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2004a. The Nonpoint Source Management Program: Pointer No. 4. EPA 841-F-96-004D. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ owow/nps/facts/point4.htm.

224 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2004b. Decision on Petition for Rulemaking to Publish Water Quality Standards for the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Within Ar- kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee. Letter from B. H. Grumbles, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. to M. I. Lipeles, Interdisciplinary Environmental Clinic, Washington University in St. Louis, June 25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006a. State NPDES Permit Program Au- thority. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/npdes/images/State_ NPDES_Prog_Auth. pdf. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006b. National Estuary Program: Pro- grams in the Gulf of Mexico. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/ programs/gom.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006c. Watersheds. Available online at http:// www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006d. Letter from Benjamin H. Grumbles, Assistant Administrator to Doyle Childers, Director, Missouri Department of Natural Resources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006e. Memorandum from Benjamin H. Grumbles, Assistant Administrator, to Regions 1-10, Establishing TMDL “Daily” Loads in Light of the Decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. EPA, et al., No. 05-5015 (April 25, 2006) and Implications for NPDES Permits, November 15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2006f. Water Quality Trading. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/tradelinks.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006g. National Estuary Program. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007a. Overview of EPA Authorities for Natural Resource Managers Developing Aquatic Invasive Species Rapid Response and Management Plans: CWA Section 404-Permits to Discharge Dredged or Fill Material. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/invasive_species /invasives_management/ cwa404.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007b. Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality: The National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress 305(b) Report. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/305b/. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007c. Total Maximum Daily Loads. Avail- able online at http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/tmdl/index.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007d. STORET Repository for Water Qual- ity, Biological and Physical Data. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/storet/index.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007e. About EPA Regions. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/epahome/locate2.htm. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007f. A Watershed Approach. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/approach.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Inspector General. 2004. Effectiveness of Effluent Guidelines Program for Reducing Pollutant Discharges Uncertain. Washington, D.C.: Office of Inspector General, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Region 4. 2002. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Development for Total Mercury in the Ochlockonee Watershed Includ- ing Listed Segments of the Ochlockonee River: Oquina Creek to Stateline/ State Route 37 Downstream Moultrie to Upstream CR222/ Bridge Creek to Big Creek. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/Region4/water/tmdl/georgia/ochlockonee/final_tmdls/ OchlockoneeHgFinalTMDL.pdf.

REFERENCES 225 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Region 6. 2005. TMDLs for Mercury in Fish Tissue for Coastal Bays and Gulf Waters of Louisiana. U.S. EPA, Region 6, Dallas, Tex., and the Office of Environmental Assessment Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. Contract 68-C-02-111. Prepared by Parsons. Dallas, Tex. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/waters/tmdldocs/6hgLATMDLs Report_05Jun28.pdf. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2007. Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Ref- uge Comprehensive Conservation Plan. Available online at http://www.fws.gov/Midwest/ planning/uppermiss/. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2000a. Water Quality: Key EPA and State Decisions Limited by Inconsistent and Incomplete Data. GAO/RCED-00-54. Report to the Chair- man, Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, General Accounting Office. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2000b. Environmental Protection: More Consistency Needed Among EPA Regions in Approach to Enforcement. GAO/SRCED-00-108. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2002. Water Quality: Inconsistent State Approaches Complicate Nation’s Efforts to Identify its Most Polluted Waters. GAO-02-186. Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2003. Agricultural Conservation: USDA Needs to Better Ensure Protection of Highly Erodable Cropland and Wetlands. GAO-03-418. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 1999. Ecological Status and Trends of the Upper Mississippi River System 1998. K. Lubinski and C. Theiling (eds.). La Crosse, WI: U. S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmenal Sciences Center. Available online at http://www. umesc.usgs.gov/ products.html. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2006. National Stream Water Quality Network (NASQAN), Statistical Summaries of NASQAN Data. Available online at http://water.usgs.gov/ nasqan/data/statsum.96.00.html. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2007. About the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Available online at: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/about.html. U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2006a. Securing Wastewater Facilities: Utilities Have Made Important Upgrades but Further Improvements to Key System Components May Be Limited by Costs and Other Constraints. GAO-06-390. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountabilty Office. U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2006b. Clean Water: How States Allocate Revolving Loan Funds and Measure Their Benefits. Available online at http://www.gao. gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-579. Vitousek, P. M., J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, and D. G. Tilman. 1997. Human alterations of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7(3): 737-750. Vyn, T. 2007. Meeting the Ethanol Demand: Consequences and Compromises Associated with More Corn on Corn in Indiana. ID 336. Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. Available online at www.ces.purdue.edu/bioenergy. Washington Post. 2004. Bay pollution progress overstated, July 18. Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (WPCAA) of 1956. 1956. Pub. L. No. 84-660, 70 Stat. 498. Water Quality Act (WQA) of 1965. 1965. Pub. L. No. 89-234, 79 Stat. 903. Water Quality Act (WQA) of 1987. 1987. Pub. L. No. 100-4, 101 Stat. 7. White, G. F. 1957. A perspective of river basin development. Law and Contemporary Problems 22(2): 157-184. Wiebe, A. H. 1927. Biological survey of the Upper Mississippi River, with special reference to pollution. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 43(Part 2): 137-167.

226 MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT Wiebe, K., and N. Gollehon. eds. 2006. Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2006. Economic Information Bulletin No. EB-16. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Winger, P. V. 1986. Forested Wetlands of the Southeast: Review of Major Characteristics and Roles in Maintaining Water Quality. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publ. No. 163. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). 2006. Wetland Water Quality Certifi- cation. Available online at http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/fhp/wetlands.shtml. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., N. N. Rabalais, R. E. Turner, S. P. Dinnel, and A. MacNaughton. 1997. Seasonal and interannual variability within the Louisiana Coastal Current: Stratification and hypoxia. Journal of Marine Systems 12: 237-248. Wortman, C. S., M. Helmers, A. Mallarino, C. Barden, D. Devlin, G. Pierzynski, J. Lory, R. Massey, J. Holz, C. Shapiro, and J. Kovar. 2005. Agricultural Phosphorus Management and Water Quality Protection in the Midwest. EPA Region VII. RP 187. Lincoln, Neb.: The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. Wu, J., and W. Boggess. 1999. The optimal allocation of conservation funds. Journal of En- vironmental Economics and Management 38: 302-321. Young, C., and P. Westcott. 2000. How decoupled is U.S. agricultural support for major crops? American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82(3): 762-767. Young, T. F., and J. Karkoski. 2000. Green evolution: Are economic incentives the next step in non-point source pollution control? Water Policy 2: 151-173. Zimmerman, R. J., and J. M. Nance. 2001. Effects of hypoxia on the shrimp fishery of Loui- siana and Texas. Pp. 293-310 in Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. N. N. Rabalais and R. E. Turner (eds.). Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Zucker, L. A., and L. C. Brown. 1998. Agriculture Drainage. Water Quality Impacts and Subsurface Drainage Studies in the Midwest. Ohio State University Extension Bulletin 871. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University.

Next: Appendix A: Guest Speakers at Committee Meetings »
Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $55.00 Buy Ebook | $44.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The Mississippi River is, in many ways, the nation's best known and most important river system. Mississippi River water quality is of paramount importance for sustaining the many uses of the river including drinking water, recreational and commercial activities, and support for the river's ecosystems and the environmental goods and services they provide. The Clean Water Act, passed by Congress in 1972, is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States, employing regulatory and nonregulatory measures designed to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways. The Clean Water Act has reduced much pollution in the Mississippi River from "point sources" such as industries and water treatment plants, but problems stemming from urban runoff, agriculture, and other "non-point sources" have proven more difficult to address. This book concludes that too little coordination among the 10 states along the river has left the Mississippi River an "orphan" from a water quality monitoring and assessment perspective. Stronger leadership from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is needed to address these problems. Specifically, the EPA should establish a water quality data-sharing system for the length of the river, and work with the states to establish and achieve water quality standards. The Mississippi River corridor states also should be more proactive and cooperative in their water quality programs. For this effort, the EPA and the Mississippi River states should draw upon the lengthy experience of federal-interstate cooperation in managing water quality in the Chesapeake Bay.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!