National Academies Press: OpenBook

Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century (2009)

Chapter: References

« Previous: 4 Derelict Fishing Gear and Fish Aggregating Devices
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 146
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 147
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 148
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 149
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 150
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 151
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 152
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 153
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12486.
×
Page 154

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Acheson, J.M. 1977. The lobster fiefs: Economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the Maine lobster industry. Human Ecology 3:183-207. Adler, J. 1987. Our befouled beaches: Condoms, styrofoam, and germs litter the sea. ­ ewsweek, 27 July, 50. N Altamirano, E., M.A. Hall, and N.W. Vogel. 2004. Sightings of discarded fishing gear in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. In Proceedings of the Seminar Derelict Fishing Gear and Related Marine Debris: An Educational Outreach Seminar Among APEC Partners. Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore. American Association of Port Authorities. 2006. Glossary of Maritime Terms. [Online]. A­vailable: http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=1077&& navItemNumber=545 [August 29, 2008]. Andrady, A.L. 1990. Environmental degradation of plastics under land and marine exposure conditions. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomu­ ra, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Appleyard, E. 2004. CCAMLR’s Approach to Marine Debris Management in the ­ Antarctic. [Online]. Available: http://www.wpcouncil.org/documents/APECSeminar/­ Panel%204-%20International%20and%20Domestic%20Regulatory%20Structures/­ Presentation%20by%20Mr.%20Eric%20Appleyard.pdf [August 4, 2008]. Arnould, J.P.Y. and J.P. Croxall. 1995. Trends in entanglement of Antarctic fur seals ( ­ Arctocephalus gazella) in man-made debris at South Georgia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:707-712. Arrizabalaga, H., J. Ariz, X. Mina, A. Delgado de Molina, I. Artetxe, P. Pallarés, and A. I ­ riondo. 2001. Analysis of the Activities of Purse Seine Supply Vessels in the Indian Ocean from Observers Data. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles. Asoh, K., T. Yoshikawa, R. Kosaki, and E. Marschall. 2004. Damage to cauliflower coral by monofilament fishing lines in Hawaii. Conservation Biology 18(6):1645-1650. Azzarello, M.Y. and E.S. Van Vleet. 1987. Marine birds and plastic pellets. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37:295-303. 141

142 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Bader, H. 1998. Who Has the Legal Right to Fish?: Constitutional and Common Law in Alaska Fisheries Management. University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks. Balazs, G.H. 1978. A hawksbill turtle in Kanehoe Bay, Oahu. Elepiao 38(11):128-129. Ballance, A., P.G. Ryan, and J.K. Turpie. 2000. How much is a clean beach worth? The impact of litter on beach users in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 5:210-213. Barnard, D.R. 2008. Biodegradable Twine Report to the Alaska Board of Fisheries. Alaska Depart­ ment of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska. Barnes, D.K.A. 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808-809. Barnes, D.K.A. 2005. Drifting plastic and its consequences for sessile organism dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology 146:815-825. Battin, J. 2004. When good animals love bad habitats: Ecological traps and the conservation of animal populations. Conservation Biology 18:1482-1491. Bavestrello, G., C. Cerrano, D. Zanzi, and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 1997. Damage by fishing activi­ ties to the Gorgonian coral Paramuricea clavata in the Ligurian Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:253-262. Bishop, R.C. 1982. Option value: An exposition and extension. Land Economics 58:1-15. Bograd, S.J., D.G. Foley, F.B. Schwing, C. Wilson, R.M. Laurs, J.J. Polovina, E.A. Howell, and R.E. Brainard. 2004. On the seasonal and interannual migrations of the transition zone chlorophyll front. Geophysical Research Letters 31(L17204):1-5. Boland, R.C. and M.J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1385-1394. Boland, R., B. Zgliczynski, J. Asher, A. Hall, K. Hogrefe, and M. Timmers. 2006. Dynamics of debris densities and removal at Northwestern Hawaiian Islands coral reefs. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:461-470. Bourne, W.R.P. 1976. Seabirds and pollution. In Marine Pollution, Johnston, R. (ed.). Academic Press, London. Bourne, W.R.P. 1977. Nylon netting as a hazard to birds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8(4):75-76. Brainard, R.E., D.G. Foley, and M.J. Donohue. 2000. Origins, types, distribution and magni­ tude of derelict fishing gear. In Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, McIntosh, N., K. Simonds, M. Donohue, C. Brammer, S. Manson, and S. Carbajal (eds.). Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. Department of Commerce. Breen, P.A. 1987. Mortality of Dungeness crabs caused by lost traps in the Fraser River e ­ stuary, British Columbia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7:429-435. Breen, P.A. 1990. A review of ghost fishing by traps and gill nets. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Brown, G., Jr., and J.H. Goldstein. 1984. A model for valuing endangered species. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 11:303-309. Brown, J. and G. Macfayden. 2007. Ghost fishing in European waters: Impacts and manage­ ment responses. Marine Policy 31:488-504. Bush Administration. 2004. U.S. Ocean Action Plan: The Bush Administration’s Response to the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. [Online]. Available: http://ocean.ceq.gov/actionplan. pdf [August 27, 2008]. California Coastal Commission. 2008. The Problem with Marine Debris. [Online]. Available: http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/marinedebris.html [July 9, 2008]. California Ocean Protection Council. 2007. Resolution of the California Ocean Protection Council on Reducing and Preventing Marine Debris. [Online]. Available: http://www.resources. ca.gov/copc/02-08-07_meeting/0702COPC05_MarineDebris_Resolution.pdf [July 16, 2008].

REFERENCES 143 California Ocean Protection Council. 2008. An Implementation Strategy for the California Ocean Protection Council Resolution to Reduce and Prevent Ocean Litter. [Online]. Available: http://www.resources.ca.gov/copc/docs/FINAL_DRAFT_IMPLEMENTATION_ STRATEGY_compressed.pdf [September 11, 2008]. California Regional Water Quality Control Board. 2001. Attachment A: Amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan for the Los Angeles Region to Incorporate a Total Maximum Daily Load for Trash in the Los Angeles River Watershed. [Online]. Available: http://www.­ waterboards.ca.gov/losangeles/board_decisions/basin_plan_amendments/technical_ documents/2001-014/01_0622_bc_Tentative%20Resolution,%20June%2022,%202001. pdf/ [July 24, 2008]. Cantin, J., J. Eyraud, and C. Fenton. 1990. Quantitative estimates of garbage generation and disposal in the U.S. maritime sectors before and after MARPOL Annex V. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Carpentaria Ghost Nets Programme. 2008. Carpentaria Ghost Nets Programme. [Online]. Avail­ able: http://www.ghostnets.com.au/ [September 1, 2008]. Carpenter, A. and S.M. Macgill. 2001. Charging for port reception facilities in North Sea ports: Putting theory into practice. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:257-266. Carr, H.A., E.H. Amaral, A.W. Hulbert, and R. Cooper. 1985. Underwater survey of simu­ lated lost demersal and lost commercial gill nets off New England. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and H.O. Yoshida (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Carretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, M.S. Lowry, J. Barlow, J. Baker, B. Hanson, and M.M. Muto. 2007. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2007. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, La Jolla, California. Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D.W. Swanson, and S.L. Miller. 2005. Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Biological Conservation 121:221-230. City of Unalaska. 2008. Schedule of Fees and Charges. [Online]. Available: http:// unalaska-ak.us/vertical/Sites/%7B0227B6A7-A82F-4BFC-9D02-A4B2D3A8BC35%7D/ uploads/%7B30A5922A-CF11-4783-85B3-47D7A36E4473%7D.PDF [August 5, 2008]. Coe, J.M. 1990. A review of marine debris research, education, and mitigation in the North Pacific. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). 1997. Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions. Springer, New York. Croxall, J.P., S. Rodwell, and I.L. Boyd. 1990. Entanglement in man-made debris of Antarctic fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia. Marine Mammal Science 6:221-233. Cruise Lines International Association, Inc. 2006. CLIA Industry Standard: Cruise Industry Waste Management Practices and Procedures. Cruise Lines International Association, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Dameron, O.J., M. Parke, M.A. Albins, and R. Brainard. 2007. Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:423-433. Delgado de Molina, A., J. Ariz, J.C. Santana, and S. Déniz. 2006. Study of Alternative Models of Artificial Floating Objects for Tuna Fishery (Experimental Purse-seine Campaign in the Indian Ocean). Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles. Donohue, M.J. 2003. How multi-agency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: A Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:700-702.

144 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Donohue, M.J. 2005. Eastern Pacific Ocean source of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands m ­ arine debris supported by errant fish aggregating device. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50(8):886-888. Donohue, M.J. and D.G. Foley. 2007. Remote sensing reveals links among the endan­ gered ­ Hawaiian monk seal, marine debris and El Niño. Marine Mammal Science 23(2):468-473. Donohue, M.J., R.C. Boland, C.M. Sramek, and G.A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(12):1301-1312. Edyvane, K.S., A. Dalgetty, P.W. Hone, J.S. Higham, and N.M. Wace. 2004. Long-term marine litter monitoring in the remote Great Australian Bight, South Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:1060-1075. Endo, S., R. Takizawa, K. Okuda, H. Takada, K. Chiba, H. Kanehiro, H. Ogi, R. Yamashita, and T. Date. 2005. Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1103-1114. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution of Coastal Waters. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/nps/ MMGI/ [September 9, 2008]. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Assessing and Monitoring Floatable Debris. ���������� [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/debris/floatingdebris/debris-final. pdf [June 13, 2008]. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Shipshape Shores and Waters: A Handbook for ­Marina Operators and Recreational Boaters. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/nps/­ marinashdbk2003.pdf [July 10, 2008]. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Environmental Management Systems: System- atically Improving Your Performance. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ispd/­ shipbuilding/bizcase.pdf [July 10, 2008]. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007a. Floatables Action Plan Assessment Report 2006. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, Division of Environmental Science and Assessment, Washington, DC. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007b. Draft Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/cruise_ships/disch_assess_ ­������������������������������������������������������������������������������ draft.html [June 13, 2008]. Escardó-Boomsma, J., K. O’Hara, and C.A. Ribic. 1995. National Marine Debris Monitoring Program, Volumes 1-2, Final Report. Office of Water, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Fonteneau, A., P. Pallarés, and R. Pianet. 2000. A worldwide review of purse seine fisheries on FADs. In Tuna Fishing and Fish Aggregating Devices, Le Gall, J.Y., P. Cayré, and M. Taquet (eds.). Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Plouzané, France. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Code of Conduct for Respon- sible Fisheries. [Online]. Available: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/v9878e/v9878e00. pdf [August 26, 2008]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008a. Fish Capture Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/3384/en [July 30, 2008]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008b. Geartype Fact Sheets: Drift- nets. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/220 [July 24, 2008]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008c. Fish Aggregating Devices. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14889/en [July 24, 2008]. Fowler, C.W. 1987. Marine debris and northern fur seals: A case study. Marine Pollution Bul- letin 18:326-335.

REFERENCES 145 Fowler, C.W. and N. Baba. 1991. Entanglement Studies, St. Paul Island: 1990 Juvenile Male Northern Fur Seals. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Seattle, Washington. Freeman, A.M., III. 1984. The quasi-option value of irreversible development. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 11:292-295. Fry, D.M., S.I. Fefer, and L. Sileo. 1987. Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan ­ albatrosses and wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:339-343. Furness, R.W. 1985. Ingestion of plastic particles by seabirds at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological 38:261-272. Gates, J.E. and L.W. Gysel. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field–forest ecotones. Ecology 59:871-883. Georgakellos, D.A. 2007. The use of the deposit-refund framework in port reception facilities charging systems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:508-520. George, G.A. 1995. Weathering of polymers: Mechanisms of degradation and stabilization, testing strategies and modelling. Materials Forum 19:145-161. Gerrodette, T., B.K. Choy, and L.M. Hiruki. 1985. An experimental study of derelict gillnet fragments in the central Pacific Ocean. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and H.O. Yoshida (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Gillett, R., M.A. McCoy, and D.G. Itano. 2002. Status of the United States Western Pacific Tuna Purse Seine Fleet and Factors Affecting Its Future. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Publication 02-01, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Contribution 02-344. Gochfeld, M. 1973. Effect of artifact pollution on the viability of seabird colonies on Long Island, New York. Environmental Pollution 4:1-6. Gregory, M.R. 1977. Plastic pellets on New Zealand beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:82-84. Gregory, M.R. 1978. Accumulation and distribution of virgin plastic granules on New Z ­ ealand beaches. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12:399-414. Gregory, M.R. 1996. Plastic “scrubbers” in hand cleansers: A further (and minor) source for marine pollution identified. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32:867-871. Gregory, M.R. and P.G. Ryan. 1997. Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: A review of southern hemisphere perspectives. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Guillory, V., A. McMillen-Jackson, L. Hartman, T.H. Perry, T. Floyd, T. Wagner, and G. Graham. 2001. Blue Crab Derelict Traps and Trap Removal Programs. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. Hall, M.A. 1994. Bycatches in purse-seine fisheries. In By-Catches in Fisheries and Their Impact on the Ecosystem, Pitcher, T.J. and R. Chuenpagdee (eds.). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Hallier, J.P. and D. Gaertner. 2008. Drifting fish aggregation devices could act as an ecological trap for tropical tuna species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:255-264. Hanni, K.D. and P. Pyle. 2000. Entanglement of pinnipeds in synthetic materials at South- east Farallon Island, California, 1976-1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:1076-1081. Hareide, N.-R., G. Garnes, D. Rihan, M. Mulligan, P. Tyndall, M. Clark, P. Connolly, R. Misund, P. McMullen, D. Furevik, O.B. Humborstad, K. Høydal, and T. Blasdale. 2005. A Preliminary Investigation on Shelf Edge and Deepwater Fixed Net Fisheries to the West and North of Great Britain, Ireland, around Rockall and Hatton Bank. [Online]. Available: http://www.seafish.org/pdf.pl?file=seafish/Documents/DEEPNETfinalreport.pdf [August 29, 2008].

146 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Helsinki Commission. 2007. Towards a Baltic Sea with Environmentally Friendly Maritime ­ ctivities: HELCOM Overview 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.helcom.fi/stc/ A files/Krakow2007/Maritime_activities_MM2007.pdf [September 1, 2008]. Henderson, J.R. 2001. A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V Summary of Hawaiian monk seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1982-1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(7):584-589. Henderson, J.R. and R. Steiner. 2000. Source identification of derelict fishing gear: Issues and ����������������������������������������������������������������� concerns. In Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, McIntosh, N., K. Simonds, M. Donohue, C. Brammer, S. Manson, and S. Carbajal (eds.). Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. Department of Commerce. Henderson, J.R., S.L. Austin, and M.B. Pillos. 1987. Summary of Webbing and Net Fragments Found on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Beaches, 1982–1986. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California. Hess, N.A., C.A. Ribic, and I. Vining. 1999. Benthic marine debris, with an emphasis on fishery-related items, surrounding Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1994–1996. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:885-890. Heyerdahl, T. 1970. Conservation around the world. Biological Conservation 2:221-222. High, W.L. 1985. Some consequences of lost fishing gear. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and H.O. Yoshida (eds.). U.S. Depart­ ment of Commerce, Washington, DC. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. and M.N. Bester. 2002. Entanglement of pinnipeds at Marion Island. South African Journal of Marine Science 24:383-386. Hofmeyr, G.J.G., M.N. Bester, S.P. Kirkman, C. Lydersen, and K.M. Kovacs. 2006. Entangle­ ment of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetøya, Southern Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1077-1080. Hollstrom, A. 1975. Plastic films on the bottom of the Skagerrak. Nature 255:622-623. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. 2007. Report of the Ninth Session of the IOTC Working Party on Tropical Tunas. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles. Ingraham, W.J., Jr. and C.C. Ebbesmeyer. 2001. Surface current concentration of floating marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean: Twelve-year OSCURS model experiments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Envi­ ronment, McIntosh, N., K. Simonds, M. Donohue, C. Brammer, S. Manson, and S. Carbajal (eds.). Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. Department of Commerce. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1999. Report of the Chair of the Working Group on Fish-Aggregating Devices. [Online]. Available: http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles/ fish-aggregating%20devices%202nd%20meeting%20ENG.pdf [July 31, 2008]. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 2003. Convention for the Strengthening of the Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission Established by the 1949 Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Costa Rica. [Online]. Available: http://www.iattc. org/PDFFiles2/Antigua_Convention_Jun_2003.pdf [August 28, 2008]. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 2007a. The Fishery for Tunas and Billfishes in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2006. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 2007b. Annual Report of the Inter-American ­ ropical Tuna Commission, 2005. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, T C ­ alifornia. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2001. Report of the evalu­ ation of the effect of the time/area closure of fishing under objects of the surface fleets. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers ICCAT 52(2):350-414.

REFERENCES 147 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2003. Recommendation by I ­ CCAT Concerning the Duties of Contracting Parties and Cooperating Non-­contracting ­Parties, Entities, or Fishing Entities in Relation to Their Vessels Fishing in the ­ICCAT Convention Area. [On­ line]. Available: http://www.iccat.int/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-12-e.pdf [September 3, 2008]. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2004. Recommendation by ICCAT on a Multi-year Conservation and Management Program from Bigeye Tuna. [Online]. Available http://www.iccat.int/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2004-01-e.pdf [September 11, 2008]. International Maritime Organization. 2006a. Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 55th session: 9-13 October 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.imo.org/ Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=109&doc_id=6219 [July 1, 2008]. International Maritime Organization. 2006b. Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL. International Maritime Organization, London. International Maritime Organization. 2006c. Annex V of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships. Consolidated Edition, International Mari­ time Organization, London. International Maritime Organization. 2006d. Guidelines on the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972. International Maritime Organization, London. International Maritime Organization. 2007. Interpretations and Amendments of MARPOL and Related Instruments: Report of the Correspondence Group for the Review of MARPOL Annex V. Marine Environment Protection Committee, International Maritime Organization, London. International Maritime Organization. 2008a. International Maritime Organization. [Online]. Available: http://www.imo.org/About/mainframe.asp?topic_id=3 [June 13, 2008]. International Maritime Organization. 2008b. Status of Summary of Conventions. [Online]. Available: http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=247 [July 29, 2008]. International Maritime Organization. 2008c. Global Integrated Shipping Information System. [Online]. Available: http://gisis.imo.org/Public/ [July 29, 2008]. Itano, D.G. 2007a. An Examination of FAD-Related Gear and Fishing Strategies Useful for Data Collection and FAD-Based Management. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commis­ sion, Kolonia, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia. Itano, D.G. 2007b. A Summary of Operational, Technical and Fishery Information on WCPO Purse Seine Fisheries Operating on Floating Objects. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Com­ mission, Kolonia, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia. Itano, D., S. Fukofuka, and D. Brogan. 2004. The Development, Design and Recent Status of Anchored and Drifting FADs in the WCPO. 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee on Tuna and Billfish. Johnson, S.W. 1994. Deposition of trawl web on an Alaska beach after implementation of MARPOL Annex V legislation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:477-481. Johnson, S.W. and J.H. Eiler. 1999. Fate of radio-tagged trawl web on an Alaskan beach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:136-141. Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. 2007. An Agenda for Action: Moving Regional Ocean Gov- ernance from Theory to Practice. [Online]. Available: http://www.jointoceancommission. org/resource-center/1-Reports/2007-08-01_Agenda_for_Action_Regional_Ocean_ Governance.pdf [August 27, 2008]. Kaoru, Y., V.K. Smith, and J.L. Liu. 1995. Using random utility models to estimate the recreation value of estuarine resources. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77:141-151.

148 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Kappenman, K.M. and B.L. Parker. 2007. Ghost nets in the Columbia River: Methods for locating and removing derelict gill nets in a large river and an assessment of impact to white sturgeon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:804-809. Keeney, R.L. and H. Raiffa. 1976. Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. Wiley, New York. Kiessling, I. 2003. Finding Solutions: Derelict Fishing Gear and Other Marine Debris in Northern Australia. National Oceans Office, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Kirkley, J. and K.E. McConnell. 1997. Marine debris: Benefits, costs, and choices. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Kock, K.-H. 2001. The direct influence of fishing and fishery-related activities on non- t ­ arget species in the Southern Ocean with particular emphasis on longline fishing and its impact on albatrosses and petrels—a review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11(1):31-56. Koehler, H.R., B. Stewart, P. Carroll, and T. Rice. 2000. Legal instruments for the preven­ tion and management of disposal and loss of fishing gear at sea. In Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, McIntosh, N., K. Simonds, M. Donohue, C. Brammer, S. Manson, and S. Carbajal (eds.). Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. Department of Commerce. Kristjonsson, H. (ed.) 1959. Modern Fishing Gear of the World. Fishing News Limited, L ­ ondon. Kubota, M. 1994. A mechanism for the accumulation of floating marine debris north of Hawaii. Journal of Physical Oceanography 24:1059-1064. Kubota, M., K. Takayama, and D. Namimoto. 2005. Pleading for the use of biodegradable polymers in favor of marine environments and to avoid an asbestos-like problem for the future. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67:469-476. Laist, D.W. 1997. Impact of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Lewis, P.N., M.J. Riddle, and S.D.A. Smith. 2005. Assisted passage or passive drift: A com­ parison of alternative transport mechanisms for non-indigenous coastal species into the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science 17:183-191. Lovett, G.M., D.A. Burns, C.T. Driscoll, J.C. Jenkins, M.J. Mitchell, L. Rustad, J.B. Shanley, G.E. Likens, and R. Haeuber. 2007. Who needs environmental monitoring? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:253-260. Lucas, Z. 1992. Monitoring persistent litter in the marine environment on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:192-199. Manheim, B.S., Jr. 1986. The oceans are choking on plastic debris. New York Times, 1 March, 26. Marine Conservation Alliance Foundation. 2008. Marine Debris Map. [Online]. Available: http://www.mcafoundation.org/googlemap.html [June 23, 2008]. Mato, Y., T. Isobe, H. Takada, H. Kanehiro, C. Ohtake, and T. Kaminuma. 2001. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environ- mental Science and Technology 35:318-324. Matsumura, S. and K. Nasu. 1997. Distribution of floating debris in the North Pacific Ocean: Sighting surveys 1986-1991. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Matsuoka, T., T. Nakashima, and N. Nagasawa. 2005. A review of ghost fishing: Scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions. Fisheries Science 71:691-702.

REFERENCES 149 McDermid, K.J. and T.L. McMullen. 2004. Quantitative analysis of small-plastic debris on beaches in the Hawaiian archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:790-794. Ménard, F., A. Fonteneau, D. Gaertner, V. Nordstrom, B. Stéquert, and E. Marchal. 2000. Exploitation of small tunas by a purse-seine fishery with fish aggregating devices and their feeding ecology in an eastern tropical Atlantic ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:525-530. Merrell, T.R. 1980. Accumulation of plastic litter on beaches of Amchitka Island, Alaska. Marine Environmental Research 3:171-184. Merrell, T.R. 1984. A decade of change in nets and plastic litter from fisheries off Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:378-384. Merrell, T.R. 1985. Fish nets and other plastic litter on Alaska beaches. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and H.O. Yoshida (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Miller, J.E. and E.R. Jones. 2003. A Study of Shoreline Trash: 1989–1998 Padre Island National Seashore. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Moore, C.J., S.L. Moore, M.K. Leecaster, and S.B. Weisberg. 2001a. A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1297-1300. Moore, C.J., D. Gregorio, M. Carreon, M.K. Leecaster, and S.B. Weisberg. 2001b. Composi­ tion and distribution of beach debris in Orange County, California. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:241-245. Moreno, G., L. Dagorn, G. Sancho, and D. Itano. 2007. Fish behaviour from fishers knowl­ edge: The case study of tropical tuna around drifting fish aggregating devices (DFADs). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64(11):1517-1528. Morishige, C., M.J. Donahue, E. Flint, C. Swenson, and C. Woolaway. 2007. Factors affecting marine debris deposition at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, 1990-2006. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1162-1169. Morón, J., J. Areso, and P. Pallarés. 2001. Statistics and Technical Information about the Spanish Purse Seine Fleet in the Pacific. [Online]. Available: http://www.spc.int/OceanFish/ Html/SCTB/SCTB14/ftwg11.pdf [August 4, 2008]. Moser, M.L. and D.S. Lee. 1992. A fourteen-year survey of plastic ingestion by western North Atlantic seabirds. Colonial Waterbirds 15:83-94. Nagelkerken, I., G.A.M.T. Wiltjer, A.O. Debrot, and L.P.J.J. Pors. 2001. Baseline study of submerged marine debris at beaches in Curaçao, West Indies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:786-789. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. 2007a. U.S. Response to Inquiry Regarding: (1) What Is Being Done to Reduce Entanglement of Large Whales in U.S. Waters, (2) What Is the Response Protocol once an Entangled Large Whale is Encountered, and (3) What Is the U.S. Policy Regarding Euthanasia of Entangled Large Whales in U.S. Waters. [Online]. Available: http://www.iwcoffice.org/_documents/commission/IWC59docs/59-17.pdf [July 24, 2008]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007b. Fisheries of the United States, 2006. Fisheries Statistics Division, Office of Science and Technology, National Marine F ­ isheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008a. 2007 Report of the Secretary of Com- merce to the Congress of the United States Concerning U.S. Actions Taken on Foreign Large- Scale High Seas Driftnet Fishing. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008b. NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office: Derelict Fishing Gear Study. [Online]. Available: http://chesapeakebay.noaa.gov/docs/ DFGPfactsheet51308.pdf [September 3, 2008]. National Research Council. 1975. Assessing Potential Ocean Pollutants. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

150 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY National Research Council. 1983. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1990. Decline of the Sea Turtles: Causes and Prevention. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. National Academy Press, Wash­ ington, DC. National Research Council. 1994. Polymer Science and Engineering: The Shifting Research ­ rontiers. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. F National Research Council. 1995a. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1995b. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1996a. Shipboard Pollution Control: U.S. Navy Compliance with MARPOL Annex V. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1996b. Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Non­indigenous Species by Ships’ Ballast Water. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1996c. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fish- ing Quotas. National Academy Press, Washington DC. National Research Council. 2002. Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 2003. Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council. 2004. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Natural Resources Consultants, Inc. 2007. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Derelict Fishing Gear Removal in Puget Sound, Washington. Prepared for the Northwest Straits Commission, Mt. Vernon, Washington. Natural Resources Consultants, Inc. 2008. Rates of Marine Species Mortality Caused by Derelict Fishing Nets in Puget Sound, Washington. Prepared for the Northwest Straits Commis­ sion, Mt. Vernon, Washington. Northwest Straits Commission. 2008. Derelict Fishing Gear Removal. [Online]. Available: http://www.nwstraits.org/PageID/170/default.aspx [August 6, 2008]. Ofiara, D.D. and B. Brown. 1999. Assessment of economic losses to recreational activities from 1988 marine pollution events and assessment of economic losses from long-term contamination of fish within the New York Bight to New Jersey. Marine Pollution Bul- letin 38(11):990-1004. O’Hara, K.J., S. Iudicello, and R. Bierce. 1988. A Citizens Guide to Plastics in the Ocean: More Than a Litter Problem. Center for Environmental Education, Washington, DC. Olson, P.H. 1994. Handling of waste in ports. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:284-295. Page, B., J. McKenzie, R. McIntosh, A. Baylis, A. Morrissey, N. Calvert, T. Haase, M. Berris, D. Dowie, P.D. Shaughnessy, and S.D. Goldsworth. 2004. Entanglement of Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals in lost fishing gear and other marine debris before and after government and industry attempts to reduce the problem. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:33-42. Pew Oceans Commission. 2003. America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia. Pichel, W.G., J.H. Churnside, T.S. Veenstra, D.G. Foley, K.S. Friedman, R.E. Brainard, J.B. Nicoll, Q. Zheng, and P. Clemente-Colón. 2007. Marine debris collects within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1207-1211.

REFERENCES 151 Pierce, K.E., R.J. Harris, L.S. Larned, and M.A. Pokras. 2004. Obstruction and starvation associated with plastic ingestion in a northern gannet Morus bassnus and a greater shearwater Puffinus gravis. Marine Ornithology 32:187-189. Polovina, J.J., E. Howell, D.R. Kobayashi, and M.P. Seki. 2001. The transition zone chloro­ phyll front, a dynamic global feature defining migration and forage habitat for marine resources. Progress in Oceanography 29:469-483. Pooley, S.G. 2000. Economics of lost fishing gear. In Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, McIntosh, N., K. S ­ imonds, M. Donohue, C. Brammer, S. Manson, and S. Carbajal (eds.). Hawaiian ­Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. Department of Commerce. Pratt, J.W., H. Raiffa, and R. Schlaifer. 1995. Introduction to Statistical Decision Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge. Reddy, M.S., S. Basha, S. Adimurthy, and G. Ramachandraiah. 2006. Description of the small plastics fragments in marine sediments along the Alang-Sosiya ship-breaking yard, India. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 68:656-660. Redford, D.P., H.K. Trulli, and W.R. Trulli. 1997. Sources of plastic pellets in the aquatic envi­ronment. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Ribic, C.A. 1990. Report of the working group on methods to assess the amount and types of marine debris. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Ribic, C.A., T.R. Dixon, and I. Vining. 1992. Marine Debris Survey Manual. National ­Marine Fish­ eries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, ­Washington. Ribic, C.A., S.W. Johnson, and C.A. Cole. 1997. Distribution, type, accumulation, and source of marine debris in the United States, 1989–1993. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Rios, L.M., C. Moore, and P.R. Jones. 2007. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1230-1237. Robards, M.D., J.F. Piatt, and K.D. Wohl. 1995. Increasing frequency of plastic particles ­ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:151-157. Robards, M.D., P.J. Gould, and J.F. Piatt. 1997. The highest global concentrations and i ­ ncreased abundance of oceanic plastic debris in the North Pacific: Evidence from sea­ birds. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Robertson, B.A. and R.L. Hutto. 2006. A framework for understanding ecological traps and an evaluation of existing evidence. Ecology 87:1075-1085. Ryan, P.G. 1988. Effects of ingested plastic on seabird feeding: Evidence from chickens. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:125-128. Ryan, P.G. 1990. The marine plastic debris problem off southern Africa: Types of debris, their environmental effects, and control measures. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Ryan, P.G. and C.L. Moloney. 1993. Marine litter keeps increasing. Nature 361:23. Ryan, P.G. and S. Jackson. 1987. The lifespan of ingested plastic particles in seabirds and their effect on digestive efficiency. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:217-219. Ryan, P.G., A.D. Connell, and B.D. Gardener. 1988. Plastic ingestion and PCBs in seabirds: Is there a relationship? Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:174-176. Saaty, T.L. 1990. Multicriteria Decision Making: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. RWS Publica­ tions, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

152 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Sancho, G., E. Puente, A. Bilbao, E. Gomez, and L. Arregi. 2003. Catch rates of monkfish (Lophius spp.) by lost tangle nets in the Cantabrian Sea (northern Spain). Fisheries Research 64:129-139. Santos, I.R., A.C. Friedrich, and F.P. Barretto. 2005a. Overseas garbage pollution on beaches of northeast Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:783-786. Santos, I.R., A.C. Friedrich, M. Wallner-Kersanach, and G. Fillmann. 2005b. Influence of socio-economic characteristics of beach users on litter generation. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:742-752. Schlaepfer, M.A., M.C. Runge, and P.W. Sherman. 2002. Ecological and evolutionary traps. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:474-480. Schleyer, M.H. and B.J. Tomalin. 2000. Damage on South African coral reefs and an assess­ ment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:1025-1042. Shaw, D.G. and R.H. Day. 1994. Colour- and form-dependent loss of plastic micro-debris from the North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28:39-43. Sheavly, S.B. 2007. National Marine Debris Monitoring Program: Final Program Report, Data Analysis and Summary. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Ocean Conservancy, Washington, DC. Shiber, J.G. 1979. Plastic pellets on the coast of Lebanon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:28-30. Shiber, J.G. 1982. Plastic pellets on Spain’s “Costa del Sol” beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13:409-412. Shiber, J.G. 1987. Plastic pellets and tar on Spain’s Mediterranean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:84-86. Shomura, R.S. and M.L. Godfrey. (eds). 1990. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Sileo, L., P.R. Sievert, and M.D. Samuel. 1990. Causes of mortality of albatross chicks at Midway Atoll. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26:329-338. Smith, V.K. and R.B. Palmquist. 1994. Temporal substitution and the recreation value of coastal amenities. Review of Economics and Statistics 76:119-126. Smith, V.K., X. Zhang, and R.B. Palmquist. 1997. Marine debris, beach quality, and non- m ­ arket values. Environmental and Resource Economics 10:223-247. Smolowitz, R.J. 1978. Trap design and ghost fishing: Discussion. Marine Fisheries Review 40(5-6):59-67. Spear, L.B., D.G. Ainley, and C.A. Ribic. 1995. Incidence of plastic in seabirds from the t ­ ropical Pacific, 1984–91: Relation with distribution of species, sex, age, season, year and body weight. Marine Environmental Research 40:123-146. Stevens, B.G., I. Vining, S. Byersdorfer, and W. Donaldson. 2000. Ghost fishing by Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) pots off Kodiak, Alaska: Pot density and catch per trap as d ­ etermined from sidescan sonar and pot recovery data. Fishery Bulletin 98:389-399. Swanson, R.L., T.M. Bell, J. Kahn, and J. Olha. 1991. Use impairments and ecosystem impacts of the New York Bight. Chemistry and Ecology 5(1):99-127. Teuten, E.L., S.J. Rowland, T.S. Galloway, and R.C. Thompson. 2007. Potential for ­plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology 41:7759-7764. Thompson, R.C., Y. Olsen, R.P. Mitchell, A. Davis, S.J. Rowland, A.W.G. John, D. McGonigle, and A.E. Russell. 2004. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science 304:838. Timmers, M.A., C.A. Kistner, and M.J. Donohue. 2005. Marine Debris of the Northwestern ­ awaiian Islands: Ghost Net Identification. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Pro­ H gram, Honolulu, Hawaii. Toufexis, A. 1988. The dirty seas. TIME Magazine, 1 August. Uchida, R.N. 1985. The types and estimated amounts of fish net deployed in the North P ­ acific. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, Shomura, R.S. and H.O. Yoshida (eds.). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.

REFERENCES 153 Uneputty, P.A. and S.M. Evans. 1997. The impact of plastic debris on the biota of tidal flats in Ambon Bay (eastern Indonesia). Marine Environmental Research 44:233-242. United Nations Environment Programme. 2008. Global Initiative. [Online]. Available: http:// www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/initiatives/unepglobal/default.asp [August 28, 2008]. Urban Harbors Institute. 2000. America’s Greenports: Environmental Management and Technol- ogy at U.S. Ports. [Online]. Available: http://www.uhi.umb.edu/pdf_files/greenports. pdf [July 10, 2008]. U.S. Coast Guard. 2007. Marine Debris Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act Report to Congress. Office of Vessel Activities for the Assistant Commandant of Prevention, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC. U.S. Coast Guard. 2008. United States Coast Guard Maritime Information Exchange: MARPOL Servicing Facilities. [Online]. Available: http://cgmix.uscg.mil/MARPOL/Default.aspx [July 14, 2008]. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2004. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Final Report. Washington, DC. U.S. General Accounting Office. 2000. Marine Pollution: Progress Made to Reduce Marine Pollu- tion by Cruise Ships, but Important Issues Remain. [Online]. Available: http://www.gao. ������������������������������������ gov/new.items/rc00048.pdf [June 12, 2008]. Van Dyke, J.M. 2008. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In Ocean and Coastal Law and Policy, Baur, D.C., T. Eichenberg, and M. Sutton (eds.). ABA Pub­ lishing, Chicago. Velander, K.A. and M. Mocogni. 1998. Maritime litter and sewage contamination at Cramond Beach Edinburgh—a comparative study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:385-389. Vlietstra, L.S. and J.A. Parga. 2002. Long-term changes in the type, but not amount, of ingested plastic particles in short-tailed shearwaters in the southeastern Bering Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:945-955. Walker, T.R., K. Reid, J.P.Y. Arnould, and J.P. Croxall. 1997. Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:61-65. Walsh, R.G., J.B. Loomis, and L.O. Gilliam. 1984. Valuing option, existence and bequest demands for wilderness. Land Economics 60:14-29. White, D., K. Cook, and C. Hamilton. 2004. The Net Kit: A Net Identification Guide to Northern Australia. World Wildlife Fund, Sydney, Australia. White House Office of the Press Secretary. 2008. Fact Sheet: Allowing Offshore Exploration to Help Address Rising Fuel Costs. July 14, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.­ whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080714-7.html [July 22, 2008]. Williams, A.T. and D.T. Tudor. 2001. Temporal trends in litter dynamics at a pebble pocket beach. Journal of Coastal Research 17:137-145. Williams, P. and C. Reid. 2006. Overview of Tuna Fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, Including Economic Conditions—2006. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Com­ mission, Kolonia, Pohnpei State, Federates States of Micronesia. Willoughby, N.G., H. Sangkoyo, and B.O. Lakaseru. 1997. Beach litter: An increasing and changing problem for Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:469-478. Winston, J.E., M.R. Gregory, and L.M. Stevens. 1997. Encrusters, epibionts, and other biota associated with pelagic plastics: A review of biogeographical, environmental, and conservation issues. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions, Coe, J.M. and D.B. Rogers (eds.). Springer, New York. Yamashita, R. and A. Tanimura. 2007. Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area, western North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:485-488. Ye, S. and A.L. Andrady. 1991. Fouling of floating plastic debris under Biscayne Bay exposure conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:608-613.

154 TACKLING MARINE DEBRIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Yoshikawa, T. and K. Asoh. 2004. Entanglement of monofilament fishing lines and coral death. Biological Conservation 117:557-560. Zabin, C.J., J.T. Carlton, and L.S. Goodwin. 2004. First report of the Asian sea ­ anemone ­ iadumene lineata from the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 79:54-58. D Zavala-González, A. and E. Mellink. 1997. Entanglement of California sea lions, Zalophus ­ alifornianus californianus, in fishing in the central-northern part of the Gulf of ­California, c Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 95(1):180-184. Zitko, V. and M. Hanlon. 1991. Another source of pollution by plastics: Skin cleaners with plastic scrubbers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:41-42.

Next: Appendix A: Committee and Staff Biographies »
Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $70.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Marine debris from ships and other ocean-based sources-including trash and lost fishing gear-contributes to the spoiling of beaches, fouling of surface waters and the seafloor, and harm to marine animals, among other effects. Unfortunately, international conventions and domestic laws intended to control marine debris have not been successful, in part because the laws, as written, provide little incentive to change behavior.

This book identifies ways to reduce waste, improve waste disposal at ports, and strengthen the regulatory framework toward a goal of zero waste discharge into the marine environment. Progress will depend on a commitment to sustained funding and appropriate institutional support.

The Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee should, through planning and prioritization, target research to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of marine debris. It should support the establishment of scalable and statistically rigorous protocols that allow monitoring at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. These protocols should contain evaluative metrics that allow assessment of progress in marine debris mitigation. The United States, through leadership in the international arena, should provide technical assistance and support for the establishment of additional monitoring and research programs worldwide.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!