National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

FORGING THE FUTURE OF SPACE SCIENCE

THE NEXT 50 YEARS

An International Public Seminar Series Organized by the Space Studies Board: Selected Lectures

Space Studies Board

and

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This project was supported by Contract NNH06CE15B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and private funding from the National Research Council. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-13946-5

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-13946-5

Copies of this report are available free of charge from:

Space Studies Board

National Research Council

500 Fifth Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20001

Additional copies of this report are available from the

National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

Other Reports of the Space Studies Board and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

America’s Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Space Program with National Needs (Space Studies Board [SSB] with the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board [ASEB], 2009)

Approaches to Future Space Cooperation and Competition in a Globalizing World: Summary of a Workshop (SSB with ASEB, 2009)

Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions (SSB, 2009)

Fostering Visions for the Future: A Review of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (ASEB, 2009)

Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies: Interim Report (SSB with ASEB, 2009)

A Performance Assessment of NASA’s Heliophysics Program (SSB, 2009)

Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration (SSB with ASEB, 2009)

Assessing the Research and Development Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System: Summary of a Workshop (ASEB, 2008)

A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program (ASEB, 2008)

Ensuring the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: Elements of a Strategy to Recover Measurement Capabilities Lost in Program Restructuring (SSB, 2008)

Final Report of the Committee for the Review of Proposals to the 2008 Engineering Research and Commercialization Program of the Ohio Third Frontier Program (ASEB, 2008)

Final Report of the Committee to Review Proposals to the 2008 Ohio Research Scholars Program of the State of Ohio (ASEB, 2008)

Launching Science: Science Opportunities Provided by NASA’s Constellation System (SSB with ASEB, 2008)

Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration (ASEB, 2008)

NASA Aeronautics Research: An Assessment (ASEB, 2008)

Opening New Frontiers in Space: Choices for the Next New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity (SSB, 2008)

Review of NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program: An Interim Report (ASEB, 2008)

Science Opportunities Enabled by NASA’s Constellation System: Interim Report (SSB with ASEB, 2008)

Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report (SSB, 2008)

Space Science and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Summary of a Workshop (SSB, 2008)

United States Civil Space Policy: Summary of a Workshop (SSB with ASEB, 2008)

Wake Turbulence: An Obstacle to Increased Air Traffic Capacity (ASEB, 2008)

Assessment of the NASA Astrobiology Institute (SSB, 2007)

An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars (SSB with the Board on Life Sciences [BLS], 2007)

Building a Better NASA Workforce: Meeting the Workforce Needs for the National Vision for Space Exploration (SSB with ASEB, 2007)

Decadal Science Strategy Surveys: Report of a Workshop (SSB, 2007)

Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (SSB, 2007)

Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System (SSB with the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, 2007)

Grading NASA’s Solar System Exploration Program: A Midterm Review (SSB, 2007)

The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems (SSB with BLS, 2007)

NASA’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation (SSB with the Board on Physics and Astronomy [BPA], 2007)

Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report (SSB, 2007)

A Performance Assessment of NASA’s Astrophysics Program (SSB with BPA, 2007)

Portals to the Universe: The NASA Astronomy Science Centers (SSB, 2007)

The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon (SSB, 2007)


Limited copies of SSB reports are available free of charge from


Space Studies Board

National Research Council

The Keck Center of the National Academies

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001

(202) 334-3477/ssb@nas.edu

www.nationalacademies.org/ssb/ssb.html

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

SPACE STUDIES BOARD

CHARLES F. KENNEL,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego,

Chair

A. THOMAS YOUNG,

Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired),

Vice Chair

DANIEL N. BAKER,

University of Colorado

STEVEN J. BATTEL,

Battel Engineering

CHARLES L. BENNETT,

Johns Hopkins University

YVONNE C. BRILL,

Aerospace Consultant

ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ANDREW B. CHRISTENSEN,

Dixie State College and Aerospace Corporation

ALAN DRESSLER,

The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution

JACK D. FELLOWS,

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

FIONA A. HARRISON,

California Institute of Technology

JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE,

Naval War College

KLAUS KEIL,

University of Hawaii

MOLLY K. MACAULEY,

Resources for the Future

BERRIEN MOORE III,

University of New Hampshire

ROBERT T. PAPPALARDO,

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

JAMES PAWELCZYK,

Pennsylvania State University

SOROOSH SOROOSHIAN,

University of California, Irvine

JOAN VERNIKOS,

Thirdage LLC

JOSEPH F. VEVERKA,

Cornell University

WARREN M. WASHINGTON,

National Center for Atmospheric Research

CHARLES E. WOODWARD,

University of Minnesota

ELLEN G. ZWEIBEL,

University of Wisconsin

Staff

RICHARD E. ROWBERG, Interim Board Director (from March 2, 2009)

MARCIA S. SMITH, Director (until March 2, 2009)

BRANT SPONBERG, Associate Director and Senior Program Officer

BARBARA S. AKINWOLE, Information Management Associate (to October 2008)

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Senior Program Officer

TERRI BAKER, Senior Program Assistant

CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Administrative Coordinator

ARTHUR A. CHARO, Senior Program Officer

DWAYNE A. DAY, Program Officer

BRIAN D. DEWHURST,* Program Officer (to August 2009)

THERESA M. FISHER, Program Associate (to May 15, 2009)

SANDRA J. GRAHAM, Senior Program Officer

LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate

CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor

RODNEY N. HOWARD, Senior Project Assistant

*

Staff of another NRC Board who are shared with the SSB.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Information Management Associate

TANJA E. PILZAK, Manager, Program Operations

IAN W. PRYKE, Senior Program Officer

ROBERT L. RIEMER,* Senior Program Officer

ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Senior Program Associate/Associate Program Officer

CHRISTINA O. SHIPMAN, Financial Officer

DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer

VICTORIA SWISHER, Research Associate (through July 2009)

LINDA WALKER, Senior Project Assistant

SANDRA WILSON, Senior Financial Assistant

DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate

Consultants

IAN W. PRYKE, Seminar Series Project Director

DIANA ALEXANDER, Seminar Series Events Coordinator

*

Staff of another NRC Board who are shared with the SSB.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHAIRS AND VICE-CHAIRS

2008–Present

Charles Kennel, Chair

A. Thomas Young, Vice Chair (2008–Present)

2003–2008

Lennard A. Fisk, Chair

Thomas Young, Vice Chair (2006–2008)

George A. Paulikas, Vice Chair (2003–2006)

2000–2003

John H. McElroy, Chair

1994–2000

Claude R. Canizares, Chair

1989–1994

Louis J. Lanzerotti, Chair

1982–1988

Thomas M. Donahue, Chair

1977–1982

A.G.W. Cameron, Chair

1974–1976

Richard M. Goody, Chair

1970–1973

Charles H. Townes, Chair

1962–1969

Harry H. Hess, Chair

1958–1962

Lloyd V. Berkner, Chair

SPACE STUDIES BOARD DIRECTORS

2009–present

Richard E. Rowberg, Interim Director

2006–2009

Marcia S. Smith (until March 2, 2009)

2005–2006

Tamara L. Dickinson (Acting)

1998–2005

Joseph K. Alexander

1990–1997

Marc S. Allen

1982–1989

Dean P. Kastel

1976–1982

Bruce N. Gregory

1974–1976

Milton W. Rosen

1958–1974

Hugh Odishaw

Page viii Cite
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

Acknowledgments

This series was made possible by the generous support of the following sponsors:


The National Academies

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The Aerospace Corporation

ATK—Alliant Techsystems Inc.

Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporatoin

The Boeing Company

Lockheed Martin Corporation

Northrop Grumman Corporation

Orbital Sciences Corporation


We are also indebted to the co-sponsors who assisted in the promotion of the series both nationally and in the various event locations:


American Astronautical Society

American Astronomical Society

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

COSPAR—Committee on Space Research

International Space University

National Space Society

The Planetary Society


Finally, our thanks to our local co-hosts for their invaluable assistance with local organization and promotion:


Committee on Space Research

Florida State and Florida A&M Challenger Learning Center

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder

The National Academies

National Space Science and Technology Center

Space Telescope Science Institute

University of California at Irvine

University of New Hampshire

University of Texas at Austin

West Virginia High Technology Consortium Foundation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

Preface

Certain events in human history warrant commemorative celebrations. One of these is the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958 during which scientists from 66 countries coordinated their studies of the Earth, including the first measurements from artificial Earth satellites. With the launch of these first satellites, the Space Age began.

The Space Studies Board (SSB) was created on June 26, 1958, by the National Academy of Sciences as a result of the IGY and the launch of the first U.S. satellites. The SSB’s mandate is to provide advice to the government on priorities in space science research and related issues. It seems fitting then that the SSB should celebrate the 50th anniversary of the IGY, and recognize and marvel in all of the science that has been accomplished during the past 50 years and look forward to the discoveries that await us in the next 50 years. Hence, the SSB conducted, from September 2007 to June 2008, an international public seminar series, with each monthly talk highlighting a different topic in space and Earth science. The principal lectures from the series are compiled in this book. The series culminated in June 2008 with a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Space Studies Board itself.

The seminar series involved eight half-day events held in various locations around the United States and one in Paris (home of the international Committee on Space Research), and two all-day colloquia held at the National Academies’ Beckman Center in Irvine, California, and at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. The half-day events began with panel discussions by local scientists who spoke on the research they have underway and the promise it holds. These events then concluded with a public lecture by an internationally prominent scientist. The all-day colloquia consisted of lectures and panel discussions by international scientists and space officials. The topics of these events covered the full spectrum of space and Earth science research, from global climate change, to the cosmic origins of life, to the exploration of the Moon and Mars, to the scientific research required to support human spaceflight. All of these lectures and panel discussions were Web-cast and were available on the SSB Web site.

The seminar and colloquia series culminated on June 26, 2008, with an evening reception at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the SSB. At this event, Frank B. McDonald delivered the first Space Studies Board James A. Van Allen Lecture, entitled “Explorer 1: Gateway to the Never Ending Wonders of Space Science.”

The SSB is very grateful to the many sponsors who made this outstanding series of events possible, beginning with the presidents of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. NASA was a major sponsor of the series, and we also are grateful to the Aerospace Corporation, ATK, Ball Aerospace, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Orbital for their financial support. We are especially grateful to the Richard Lounsbery Foundation for its sponsorship of the Space Studies Board James A. Van Allen Lecture.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

The prevailing messages throughout the seminar series as demonstrated by the lectures in this book are how much we have accomplished over the past 50 years, how profound are our discoveries, how much contributions from the space program affect our daily lives, and yet how much remains to be done. The age of discovery in space and Earth science is just beginning. Opportunities abound that will forever alter our destiny.

L.A. Fisk
Chair, Space Studies Board (2003–2008)

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
×

Contents

1

 

FROM THE BIG BANG TO THE NOBEL PRIZE AND ON TO THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE
John C. Mather, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

 

3

2

 

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN CAUSES
Ralph J. Cicerone, National Academy of Sciences

 

23

3

 

SCIENCE GOES TO THE MOON AND PLANETS: CELEBRATING 50 YEARS SINCE THE IGY
Wesley T. Huntress, Jr., Carnegie Institution of Washington

 

41

4

 

LEAVING THE PLANET—SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESULTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Carl E. Walz, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

 

61

5

 

THE POSSIBILITY OF LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE
Christopher F. Chyba, Princeton University

 

77

6

 

UNDERSTANDING THE POLES OF EARTH, THE MOON, AND MARS
Christopher Rapley, National Museum of Science and Industry, London, England

 

91

7

 

VOYAGER’S JOURNEY TO THE EDGE OF INTERSTELLAR SPACE
Edward C. Stone, California Institute of Technology

 

109

8

 

FUTURE OF SPACE AND EARTH ROBOTIC EXPLORATION: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Charles Elachi, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

 

119

9

 

EXPLORER 1: GATEWAY TO THE NEVER ENDING WONDERS OF SPACE SCIENCE
The Space Studies Board Van Allen Lecture delivered by Frank B. McDonald, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland

 

127

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12675.
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From September 2007 to June 2008 the Space Studies Board conducted an international public seminar series, with each monthly talk highlighting a different topic in space and Earth science. The principal lectures from the series are compiled in Forging the Future of Space Science. The topics of these events covered the full spectrum of space and Earth science research, from global climate change, to the cosmic origins of life, to the exploration of the Moon and Mars, to the scientific research required to support human spaceflight.

The prevailing messages throughout the seminar series as demonstrated by the lectures in this book are how much we have accomplished over the past 50 years, how profound are our discoveries, how much contributions from the space program affect our daily lives, and yet how much remains to be done. The age of discovery in space and Earth science is just beginning. Opportunities abound that will forever alter our destiny.

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