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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
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Index

A

Abalone, 257, 258, 259, 261

Achatinellinae tree snails, 141

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), 10, 13-17

Adaptation, Fisher-Orr geometric model, 52-53

Adaptive protein evolution, 150, 153, 159-163

Adaptive radiations

Aquilegia, 2-3, 23, 30-44

classic examples, 28

convergent evolution in, 30

defining features, 28

evolutionary trends, 29-30, 31-34

genetic dissection of adaptive traits, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42-44

phenotype-environment correlations, 28

research interests and trends, 28-29

research needs, 27-28, 44-45

trait directionality, 30, 31-34

trait utility, 28

African sleeping sickness, 66

Alfalfa, 13-17

Allendorf, Fred W., 86-87, 129-147

Allopatric speciation, 6, 9-10, 20, 22, 23, 24-25, 107

Altman, Sidney, 277

Altruism, 310-311, 338-339

Alveolata

cellular structures, 66, 68, 69-73

convergent evolution with Euglenozoa, 65-84

endosymbiosis, 77

gene expression, 66, 73-76

photosynthetic, 67-68

plastids, 77-78

RNA editing and processing, 66, 73-76, 81, 83

and stramenopiles, 68

subgroups and characteristics, 66-67

tree structure, 67

American Museum of Natural History, 294

Anisogamy theory, 231-232

Anthocyanidin reductase, 35, 36, 41

Anthocyanidin synthase, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43

Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, 27, 32-33, 34, 35-36, 37-38, 39, 40-41, 42, 43

Anthocyanin GST, 35, 41

Antibiotic-resistance enzyme, 158

Antirrhinum, 42

AN2 gene, 36-37, 42

Apicomplexans, 66, 67, 77, 80-81

Apicoporus, 70, 71

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella), 54

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Aquaculture, 130

Aquilegia

A. brevistyla, 38

A canadensis, 33, 38

A. chrysantha, 37-38

A. coerulea, 32, 33, 38, 43

A. flabellata, 37-38

A. flavescens, 32, 34, 38

A. formosa, 32, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43-44

A. jonesii, 32

A. laramiensis, 34

A. longissima, 32, 37-38

A. pinetorum, 37

A. pubescens, 32, 38, 39, 43-44

A. saximontana, 32

A. scopulorum, 32, 43

A. vulgaris, 43

adaptive radiations, 2-3, 23, 30-44

anthocyanin production, 27, 32-33, 34, 35-36, 37-38, 39, 40-41, 42, 43

association mapping, 45

crossing studies, 27, 37-38

evolutionary trends, 31-34

flavonoid pathway, 27, 32-33, 35, 39-42, 43, 44

flower color evolution, 2-3, 32-37, 39-44

gene index, 27, 39, 40, 41, 43

genetic analyses, 2-3, 27-28, 32-37, 39-42, 44-45

genome sequencing, 44

orientation of flowers, 31-32, 34, 44

petal spur length, 30, 31, 34, 44

phylogeny, 33

pollinators, 31-34, 44

QTL analysis, 43, 44

research needs, 44-45

virus-induced gene silencing, 43

Arabian gazelle (Gazella gazelle), 102-103

Arabidopsis, 36, 39, 41, 119

Argument from design, xvi, 281, 282

Arnhart, Larry, 297

Arnold, Frances H., 67, 149-163

Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, iv, viii, xvi, 26, 45, 190, 233-234, 266

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii

Articulins, 72

Artificial selection.

See also Directed protein evolution;

Domestication;

Unnatural selection

Darwin’s legacy, xvi, 85, 90, 91-92, 99, 108, 293, 308, 321, 322, 334

defined, 89, 90, 91

prezygotic selection, 91

strong, 86, 91, 98, 101, 111, 119, 122, 123, 146

weak, 86, 91, 98

Asian elephant, 93

Association mapping, 45

Assortative mating, 9, 10, 25, 50-51, 54, 58, 89, 107, 108, 174-176

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 134, 142, 146-147

Auroch (Bos primigenius), 96-97, 102-103

Avise, John C., iv, xiii-xiv, 26

Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv, 26, 263-264, 267-285, 338

B

Bacon, Francis, 268, 272

Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), 98-99, 102-103

Baltimore, David, 277

Barley, 94, 112

Barnacles, xv, 210, 271, 282, 283, 284, 335

Barred buttonquail (Turnix suscitator), 183

Bateman gradients, 184, 185, 186, 187-188, 192, 193, 197, 201

Beadle, George, 114, 116

Bees, 31, 32, 34, 311, 334

Bentham, Jeremy, 338

Bernard, Claude, 274-275, 279

Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 296

Bezoar (Capra aegagrus), 96-97, 102-103

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 130, 140

Bindins, 258, 259

Biodiversity, defined, xiii

Biological species concept, 2, 6, 92

Black rat (Rattus rattus), 96-97, 102-103, 106

Bloom, Jesse D., 67, 149-163

Blyth, Edward, 291

Body size and complexity, 29, 55, 58

Bottlenecks, 21, 105, 115-116, 122, 123, 126-127, 153, 315

Bowerbird, 178

Bowler, Peter, 289, 304

Bradley, F. H., 338

Breasted, James Henry, 93-94

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 294

British Museum, 294

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), 96-97, 102-103, 106

Brown trout (Salmo trutta), 130

Buckler, Edward S., IV, 86, 111-127

Buttonquail (Turnix), 172, 183

C

Caddis fly’s food sieve, 348-349

Caenorhabditis elegans, 76

Cape hare (Lepus capensis), 102-103

Caridean shrimp, 210

Cat (Felis silvestris catus) domestication

assortative mating, 89, 107, 108

context, 98-99

distribution of genotypes, 104-105

earliest human association, 98, 105

genetic analysis, 101, 104-106

genetic diversity, 105-106

oldest evidence, 105

preadaptive features, 102-103

selection mechanism, 85-86, 89, 99, 101, 108

selective breeding, 108-109

sympatric divergence and mitochondrial origins, 89, 92, 106-108

Catholic Church, 292, 296

Cattle, 85, 93, 94, 96-97, 102-103, 108

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, 326

CDPK3 gene, 50

Cech, Thomas, 277

Central dogma of molecular biology, 277

Cereal cultivation, 94, 106

Chagas’s disease, 66

Chalcone flavone isomerase, 34, 35, 41, 42

Chalcone synthase, 34, 35, 37, 41

Chambers, Robert, 291, 336

Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 102-103

Chimpanzees, 115, 285, 350, 351, 353

Chinese mountain cats (Felis silvestris bieti), 104, 105

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 145, 147

Chromalveolata, 67, 68

Chromera, 66-67, 77

Chromosomal inversions, 16, 54

Church-Turing Thesis, 346

Cichlids, 28, 54, 176

Ciliates, 66, 67-68, 80

Climate change, 95, 132

Cnidarians, 210

cob gene, 79, 80

Coevolution, 83

flower spurs and pollinator tongues, 31

sexually antagonistic, 248-250, 252-261

Color.

See also Flower color patterns in butterflies, 50

Columbines. See Aquilegia

Common ancestry

Darwin’s principle, 315-318, 328

evidence of, 315-318, 319-321

exceptions to Darwin’s principle, 318-321, 324-325

natural selection and, 264, 312-315, 321-328

parsimony in reconstruction of, 325-327

Common fallow deer (Dama dama), 102-103

Complexity, 308-309, 325

Condition-dependent indicator (good genes) model, 178-179, 180, 217

Condition-independent indicator model, 179, 180

Conte, Gina L., 3, 47-64

Convergent evolution, 30, 3, 65, 66, 68-73, 82, 83

Copernican Revolution, 281, 299

Copernicus, Nicolaus, xv-xvi, 299, 329

Copper tolerance gene, 51

Courtship behavior, 243-244, 253-255

cox1 gene, 79, 80

cox3 gene, 79, 80

Creationists, 264, 265, 290, 296, 314, 344, 345, 346-347

Crops, 94-95, 106, 116.

See also Maize

Crossing studies, 27, 37-38, 334

Cryptic female choice, 166-167, 243, 244, 245, 247-248, 249, 250, 252, 256-257, 258, 259, 260, 261

Cryptosporidium, 67

Cyanidins, 33, 35, 36, 38

Cytochrome P450 enzyme, 151, 154-155, 156, 158, 160

D

Damselfly, 247

Darwin, Erasmus, 292, 330

Darwin, Robert Waring, 330

Darwin-Fisher model, 174-176

Darwin’s legacy

on altruism, 310-311, 338-339

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

artificial selection, xvi, 85, 90, 91-92, 99, 108, 293, 308, 321, 322, 334

on common ancestry, 264, 312-328

early life, 330-332

on HMS Beagle, iv, xv, xvi, 263, 268-269, 279-280, 281, 282, 331

inductivism and, 267, 268, 269-271, 272

mate choice, 169, 173-174

mating system analyses, 166, 191, 192, 194-195

moral purpose of evolution, 264-265, 295-296, 297, 298, 310-312, 329, 330, 332-340

natural selection theory, xvi, 1-2, 28, 48, 214, 308, 271, 275-276, 280-284, 293, 296, 312-328, 334-340

Paley’s influence, xvi, 281

postcopulatory sexual selection, omission of, 166, 244-245

scientific methodology and thought processes, 263-264, 267-271, 272, 282-283, 318, 323-328

sexual selection, xi, 163, 165, 169, 170-171, 172, 173-174, 182-183, 189, 192, 193, 214

on species-variety boundary, 307-308

Transmutation Notebooks, 263, 268, 281, 282, 291, 329, 330, 332

unnatural selection in wildlife, 86-87, 130-131, 132

Darwin’s finches, 2, 28, 280

Darwinian debt, 134, 147

Darwinian revolution

conceptual nature of change, 264, 287, 299-304

metaphysical context, 264, 287, 290, 295-299

and scientific revolutions generally, 287, 288-289

scientific context, 264, 287, 289-295

Dawkins, Richard, 351

Delphinidins, 32, 35, 38

Dennett, Daniel, 265, 289, 329, 343-354

Derieg, Nathan J., 2-3, 27-45

Diderot, Denis, 292

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42

Dinoflagellates

cellular organization, 69-73

ecological role, 67

euglenid congergent evolution, 66, 67, 68, 69-73, 77, 80

feeding apparatuses, 72

flagellum, 71

gene expression and transcription, 73, 74-76

mitochondrion, 78-82

nuclear genome characteristics, 73-76

parasitic, 66

pellicle, 72-73

photoreceptors, 72

photosynthesis, 66-67, 73

plastids and protein targeting system, 67, 77-78

polycistronic mRNA processing, 74-76, 81, 82

predatory, 66, 69, 77

RNA editing and genome breakdown, 78-82, 83

spliced leaders (miniexons), 73-74, 82

trichocysts, 70, 71

Diplonema, 67

Diplonemids, 66, 67, 80, 81

Direct-benefits models, 176-177, 180

Directed protein evolution

antibiotic-resistance enzyme, 158

choosing next-generation parents, 153-154

cytochrome P450 enzyme, 151, 154-155, 156, 158, 160

empirical lessons from, 87, 149, 155-160

experimental design, 151-154

fitness landscapes, 156-157, 159

generalizability to natural evolution, 160-163

identifying improved mutants, 153, 158, 163

lactamase enzyme, 158

lactonase enzyme, 160

mutagenizing parent genes, 152-153

neutral mutations, 87, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159-160, 161, 162-163

neutral network view, 157

Pauling-Zuckerkandl hemoglobin experiment, 150, 151, 161

phosphotriesterase enzyme, 160

population bottlenecks, 153

promiscuous functions, 87, 149, 159-160, 162

single mutations, 149, 156-157, 159-160

stability-mediated epistasis, 87, 149, 157-159, 162

standing genetic variation, 153

thermostable chorismate mutase, 158

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Divergent selection

cats, 106-108

ecological speciation, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, 48, 49

Fst outlier analysis, 12-19, 21, 23-24

by genetic drift, 2, 10, 22-23, 24, 25, 160

genomic effects of, 5, 11, 12, 19-22

habitat choice and, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 58

hitchhiking, 2, 5, 6, 14-19, 21-22, 23-24, 25, 153

for mate choice, 25, 50

under mutation, 49

and postzygotic isolation, 49, 51-53

potential vs. realized gene flow, 10-12

reproductive isolation, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, 28, 29, 49, 58

resource-based, 10, 11, 16, 19, 25

size of genomic hitchhiking regions, 17-19

in sympatry, 5, 13, 24-25, 89, 92, 106-108

DNA shuffling, 152-153

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 6, 48

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 6-7, 22-23, 24, 25, 53-54, 295

Doebley, John, 114

Dogs (Canis familaris), 85-86, 89, 93, 96-97, 98-101, 102-103, 338

Domestication.

See also Cat;

Maize

barnyard animals, 95-98, 99, 101

birds, 85, 96-97

bottlenecks, 115-116, 122, 126-127

characteristic traits, 92

commensal species, 96-97, 106

crops, 94-95, 106, 116

dogs, 89, 96-97, 98-101, 102-103

ecosystem effects, 90

natural selection and, 86, 89, 91, 96-99, 100

in Neolithic Fertile Crescent, 86, 89, 93-98, 106, 107-108

neoteny, 93

preadaptive characteristics, 98, 100

selection mechanism, 86, 89, 91, 96-99, 100, 101

standing variation, 92

sympatric divergence and mitochondrial origins, 89, 92, 106-108

taming compared, 93

tolerance of humans, 92-93, 106

Donkey (Equus asinus asinus), 98-99, 102-103

Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcau), 102-103

Doryrhamphus excisus, 182

Driscoll, Carlos A., 85-86, 89-109

Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), 98-99, 102-103

Drosophila

D. hydei, 231

D. melanogaster, 123, 186, 187, 214-215, 249-250

D. pseudoobscura, 215

mating differentials, 186, 187, 214-215, 231, 249-250

reproductive isolation, 24, 51

Sod gene, 123

E

Eberhard, William G., 166-167, 243-261

Ecological factors

in intensity of sexual selection, 185-187, 197, 204, 208, 209

in mate choice, 9, 10-11, 25, 50, 166, 216

in mating, 185-187

Ecological speciation.

See also Reproductive isolation

allopatric vs sympatric speciation, 24-25

defined, 3, 47, 48

divergent selection, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, 48, 49

Fst outlier analysis, 12-19, 21, 23-24

with gene flow, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9-12, 15, 16, 19-23, 24-25, 50, 53, 56, 59, 60, 62, 64

genetics of, 2, 5-6, 11, 12-13, 19-22, 47, 49, 49-51

geographic separation (allopatry) and, 6, 9-10, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28

hitchhiking and, 2, 5, 6, 14-19, 21-22, 23-24, 25

mutation-order speciation compared, 63-64

natural selection process in, 8-9

pea aphid model, 10, 13-17

postzygotic isolation and, 47, 49, 51-53

prezygotic isolation and, 47, 49-51, 55, 58, 63, 64

QTL analysis, 11, 12, 13, 14-25, 50

sexual selection, 9, 10, 50

stages of, 19-23

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

from standing genetic variation, 3, 47, 49, 58-63, 64, 64

in sympatry or parapatry, 2, 5, 9, 13, 24-25

threespine stickleback model, 47, 49, 55-63

Ectodysplasin (Eda) gene, 56-57, 59, 60, 62-63, 64

Edwards, Anthony, 326

Egg-sperm molecular interactions, 243, 257-260

Egyptian New Kingdom, 105

Einkorn wheat, 94

Elephant seals, 176

Emmer wheat, 94

Endosymbiosis, 66, 73, 77, 345, 348

Epiplasmins, 72

Error-prone PCR, 152

Euglena, 70, 71

Euglenids, convergent evolution with dinoflagellates, 66, 67, 68, 69-73, 77, 80

Euglenophytes, 3, 47, 71, 77, 78

Euglenozoa

cellular structures, 66, 68, 69-73

convergent evolution, 65-84

endosymbiosis, 66, 77

gene expression, 66, 73-76

and heteroloboseans, 68

mitochondrion, 78-82

parasitic and commensalic, 66

photoautotrophic, 66

plastids, 77-78

predatory, 66, 69, 72, 77

RNA editing and processing, 66, 73-76, 83

subgroups and characteristics, 66, 69, 72, 77

on tree of eukaryotes, 67

Eukaryotes.

See also Protists

convergent evolution in, 68-69

nuclear gene expression, 74

phylogenetic diversity, 3, 67

tree, 67

European badger (Meles meles), 102-103

European otter (Lutra lutra), 102-103

Evolution, generally

arms races, 297-298

of language and culture, 350-352

moral purpose of, 264-265, 295-296, 297, 298, 310-312, 329, 330, 332-340

neutral theory of, 66, 69, 81-82, 83, 120, 122-123, 162

non-Darwinian contributions, 288-289, 292

postcopulatory sexual selection and, 243, 250-261

public acceptance of, 292-294

synthetic theory of, 292

trends, 29-30, 31-34

Excavata, 66, 67, 68.

See also Euglenozoa

Exploitation of wild animals. See Harvest of wild populations;

Unnatural selection

Eye evolution, 325-326

F

Fecundity, 13, 15-16, 134, 137, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185, 186, 193, 201, 203, 204, 217, 218, 220, 232, 245

Female-female combat, 172, 215

Ferrets, 101, 102-103

Fertile Crescent, domestication in, 86, 93-98, 106, 107-108

Fisher, Ronald A., 292, 316, 326

Fisher-Orr geometric model, 52-53

Fisher’s runaway hypothesis, 202

Fisherian model, 177-178, 180

Fishing/fisheries

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 134, 142, 146-147

capture, 135

management, 135, 146-147

recreational, 136

salmon, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144-145, 147

selection effects, 86, 129, 130-131, 134-137, 142-143

and sexual selection, 142-143

Fitness

fecundity, 13, 15-16, 134, 137, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185, 186, 193, 201, 203, 204, 217, 218, 220, 232, 245

hybrids, 51, 52

mate choice and, 166, 213, 214-215, 216-217, 219-221, 224-227

migrants, 15

offspring viability, 166, 178, 184, 217, 218, 220, 232, 321

peaks in directed protein evolution, 156-157, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

productivity, 131, 134, 136, 142, 145, 146, 217, 218, 220, 232, 334

sex differences, 214-218

Flavanone-3-hydroxylase, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Flavonoid pathway, 27, 32-33, 35, 39-42, 43, 44

Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39-40, 42

Flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase, 35, 36, 38, 39-40, 42

Flower color evolution

Aquilegia, 32-44

carotenoid pigments, 34

flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, 34, 35, 36, 39-42

genetics of adaptation, 34-37

Mimulus, 29, 51

model, 37-38

molecular dissection, 42-44

pollinator preferences, 29, 51

trends, 35-37

Flowering plants

anthesis, 31, 44

cross-pollination, 195, 196, 251

dioecy, 195, 196, 210, 211

gynodioecy, 195, 196

heterochrony, 44

intrasexual conflict, 196-197, 260

mating systems, 166, 191, 192, 195-197

morphology of flowers, 196

nectar spurs, 30, 31, 34, 44

orientation of flowers, 31-32, 34, 44

outcrossing, 195-196, 210

petal spur length, 30, 31, 34, 44

pollinator preferences, 29, 30

self-incompatibility, 195, 196

selfing, 195-196, 210, 260

sexual selection, 191, 192, 195-197, 209-212, 243, 260-261

Fodor, Jerry, 346

Ford, E. B., 295

Forest elephant (Loxodonta Africana), 102, 130

Forest horse (Tarpan) (Equus ferus), 94, 98-99, 102-103

Fst outlier analysis, 12-19, 21, 23-24

G

Galapágos Islands, 2, 28, 280, 332

Galileo, xv, 329

Gasterosteus wheatlandi, 56

Gene expression, 66, 73-76

Gene flow

assortative mating and, 50

domestication and, 92

ecological speciation with, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9-12, 15, 16, 19-23, 24-25, 50, 53, 56, 59-62, 64

as homogenizing force, 10, 11

in parallel selection, 53, 56, 59, 60

and recovery from selective harvest of wild populations, 146-147

transporter hypothesis, 59-62

Gene index, 27, 39, 40, 41, 43

Genetic analysis of speciation

adaptive radiations, 27-28, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42-45

Aquilegia flower color, 2-3, 27-28, 32-37, 39-42, 44-45

cats, 101, 104-106

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 6-7, 22-23, 24, 25, 53-54, 295

ecological speciation, 2, 5-6, 11, 12-13, 19-22, 47, 49, 49-51

Fst outlier analysis of genomic regions, 12-19, 21, 23-24

hybridization and, 29, 30

magnifying glass (population) approach, 2, 7-8, 10, 26

pea aphids, 10, 13-17

population-level, 7-8

spyglass (retrospective) approach, 2, 5, 6-7, 17, 22, 23-24, 26

Genetic compatibility model, 179, 180

Genetic drift, 20, 59, 318

in adaptive protein evolution, 150, 153, 159, 160, 163

divergence by, 2, 10, 22-23, 24, 25, 160

gene flow and, 10

genomic effects, 10

human activities and, 100

mate-choice evolution, 179

neutral, 10-11, 150, 153, 159, 160, 163

rapid, 153

Genetic linkages

interrace disequilibrium, 14, 16, 21, 23-24, 25

performance and mating, 9

selective sweep, 14

Genital evolution, 243, 248-249, 250-253

Genome

hitchhiking regions, 17-19

sequencing, 44, 124

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Ghiselin, Michael, 283, 338

Glass sponges (Hexactinellidae), 210

Goats (Capra hircus), 94, 96-97, 102-103

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 331

Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), 102-103

Golden jackal (Canis aureus), 102-103

Gorillas, 93, 284-285, 297

Gould, Stephen J., 297, 298, 303, 307, 337

Gowaty, Patricia Adair, 166, 213-241

Gray, Asa, 294, 301, 322, 336, 341

Gray mouse (Mus musculus), 96-97, 102-103

Gray wolf (Canis lupus), 96, 99-101, 102

Green alga, 66, 77

Greg, Richard Rathbone, 339

gRNAs, 79, 81

Group selection hypothesis, 202, 310-311, 334, 338-339

Grunion, 210

Gryllus, 257

Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli), 182, 183

H

Habitat choice, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 58

Habitat degradation, 132

Haeckel, Ernst, 294, 304, 305, 341

Haldane, J. B. S., 139, 292

Hard, Jeffrey J., 86-87, 129-147

Harvest of wild populations.

See also Fishing/Fisheries;

Hunting;

Unnatural selection

and intensity of sexual selection, 136, 143

management challenges, 132, 141, 145-146

and mate choice, 142-144

recovery from, 146-147

specimen collection, 141

sustainable, 131, 132, 134, 146

Haw fly, 54

Hawaiian silversword, 28

Hawkmoths, 31-32, 34

Helianthus paradoxus, 50

Heliconius butterflies, 50-51

Hemoglobin, 150, 312, 318

Hempel, C. G., 274, 299

Hennig, Will, 326

Herschel, John F. W., 293

Heterochrony, 44

Heteroloboseans, 68

Heterosis, 51

Hitchhiking

divergence, 2, 5, 6, 14-19, 21-22, 23-24, 25, 153

selective sweep, 15

Hodge, Jonathan, 288, 289, 304

Hodges, Scott A., 2-3, 27-45

Hofstadter, Douglas, 352

Honeycreeper birds, 28

Horse (Equus caballus), 85, 98-99, 102-103

House mouse (Mus domesticus), 96-97, 102-103, 106

House sparrow (Passer domesticus), 96-97, 102-103, 106

Hubbell, Stephen A., 166, 213-241

Human evolution, 115, 284-285, 290, 310, 311, 322-323

Humboldt, Alexander von, 331

Hummingbirds, 31, 34

Hunting

bighorn sheep, 140-141

deer, 138, 140, 143

fox, 139

game, 137

genetic effects of, 138-141

natural mortality, 134

no-take protected areas, 147

selection effects, 86, 129, 130, 134, 137-141, 142, 143

sexual selection, 130, 137-138, 142, 143

trophy, 130, 137, 138, 140, 147

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 288-289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 301, 302, 303, 341

Hybrids/hybridization

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 53-54

fecundity, 16

fitness, 51, 52

genetic dissection of traits, 29, 30

Mimulus flower color studies, 29

selection against, 13, 14, 16, 19, 260-261

sterility genes, 18, 22

vigor, 51

Hypotheses

consistency with commonly accepted hypotheses and theories, 277-278

explanatory value, 276-277

falsifiability, 178-179, 283-284, 326

imagination and corroboration, 274-276

internal consistency, 276

law of likelihood, 316-318

revolutionary examples, 277

testing, 276-279

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Hypothetical-deductive method, 263-264, 273-276, 282-285

I

Ichneumon (Herpestes ichneumon), 102-103

Iltis, Hugh, 114

Indian elephant (Elephas maximus), 102-103

Indirect-benefits models, 177-179, 217, 218

Individual selection, 310

Induction and empiricism, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-273, 275, 276, 283, 293

Intelligent design, 296, 308, 325, 346, 354

Intensity of sexual selection

Bateman gradients, 184, 185, 186, 187-188, 192, 193, 197, 201

crowding of sexual receptivity, 191, 208-209

Darwin’s perspective, 163, 182-183, 192

ecological factors, 185-187, 197, 204, 208, 209

environmental potential for polygamy, 185, 186, 197, 204, 208, 209

harvesting of wild populations and, 136, 143

lineage differences in color and morphology and, 171, 182-183

mate searching algorithms and, 186

mating differentials, 184, 185-187

multiple mating rates, 187, 194, 215

nuptial gifts and, 187

parental investment theory, 185, 187, 192, 198, 201-202, 203-204, 215-216, 218, 232, 243

research advances, 169, 183-184, 189

research needs, 188-189, 190

secondary sexual characteristics, 182

selection coefficients, 184-187

sex difference in opportunity for selection, 191, 202-204, 208

sex ratios and, 142-143, 186, 188, 194, 197-201, 203, 204, 206-208

sex-role-reversed taxa, 193, 204, 205

sexual conflict and, 187, 201

sexual dimorphism and, 166, 171, 182-183, 192, 210

spatial and temporal distribution of matings, 192, 204-208

Intersexual selection. See Mate choice;

Postcopulatory sexual selection

Intrasexual conflict

female-female combat, 172, 215

male-male combat, 140, 166, 172, 173, 184, 212, 214

in plants, 196-197, 260

sexual dimorphism and, 192

sperm competition, 166, 194, 198, 243, 244, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258

Invasive species, 132

Ipomoea, 37

ISI Web of Science, 29

J

Jacob, François, 272, 275, 276

Jefferson, Thomas, 331

Jevons, William Stanley, 274

Joint Genome Institute, 44

Jones, Adam G., 165, 169-190

Judson, Olivia, 265-266

Jungle cat (Felis chaus), 102-103

K

Keeling, Patrick, 3, 65-84

Kekulé, Friedrich, 275

Kin selection, 311

Kinetoplast DNA, 78, 80

Kinetoplastids, 66, 67, 73-76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81-82

Kitlg gene, 56-57, 59

Kuhn, Thomas, 288, 299, 301, 302, 303

L

Lactamase enzyme, 158

Lactonase enzyme, 160

Lake Malawi, 28

Lake Victoria, 28, 54

Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), 14, 51

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 308, 332, 336

Lamarckism, 292, 308, 311, 332

Land snail (Helix pomatia), 141

Lankester, E. Ray, 294

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), 136

Leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques), 182

Leander, Brian, 3, 65-84

Leishmania, 66

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Leopard (Panthera pardus), 102-103

Lepidoptera, 256

Lepocinclis, 67

Leptomonas, 67

Lewes, G. H., 314

Lewontin, Richard, 297, 303

Lion (Panthera leo), 102-103

Lloyd, Lisa, 297

Lock-and-key hypothesis, 251, 253

Lukeš, Julius, 3, 65-84

Lyell, Charles, 315, 332

Lysins, 258, 261

M

Macdonald, David, 85-86, 89-109

Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) domestication

chromosome morphology and number, 114

data analysis, 126-127

evolutionary process, 86, 116-119

flowering time, 119

genome diversity of teosinte, 111, 115-116

genome sequencing, 124

HapMap, 124

kernel oil content, 119

landrace collections, 124

large-effect vs. small-effect loci, 112, 116-119

morphology, 86, 112-113, 116, 117-118

origins, 86, 112-115, 117, 118-119

plant materials and DNA sequencing, 125-126

QTL analysis, 116-117, 118, 119

research needs, 111, 123-125

selective sweep on chromosome 10, 86, 111, 119-123, 125-127

starch biosynthesis, 118-119

Teosinte Hypothesis, 114-115, 116

tomato domestication compared, 116

Tripartite Hypothesis, 113-114, 116

yellow color, 123

Male-male combat, 140, 166, 172, 173, 184, 212, 214, 246, 247-250

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 293, 332

Mangelsdorf, Paul, 113, 114

Marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna), 102-103

Mate choice

anisogamy theory, 231-232

assortative mating, 9, 10, 25, 50-51, 54, 58, 89, 107, 108, 174-176

condition-dependent indicator (good genes) model, 178-179, 180, 217

condition-independent indicator model, 179, 180

costs of, 181, 219

Darwin-Fisher model, 174-176

Darwin’s view, 169, 173-174

direct-benefits models, 176-177, 180

divergent selection for, 25, 50

ecological constraints, 9, 10-11, 25, 50, 166, 216

empirical examples, 176

Fisherian model, 177-178, 180

fitness distributions, 166, 213, 214-215, 216-217, 219-221, 224-227

genetic compatibility model, 179, 180

harvesting of wildlife and, 142-144

indirect-benefits models, 177-179, 217, 218

latency in mating, 166, 213, 215, 216, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237-238, 240-241

ornaments and fancy traits, 173, 175, 177-178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 189, 214, 217-218, 232-233

parental investment theory and, 232

plant mating systems, 197-198

progress in research, 169, 174, 180, 189

reproductive compensation hypothesis, 217

research needs, 181, 190

sensory exploitation model, 179, 180

sex ratios, 198, 213, 225-226

sex role behavior and, 214-218, 231-232, 233

sexual conflict model, 179-180

survival probability, 166, 178, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 225, 226, 228, 234, 236, 240, 241

switch point theorem, 166, 218, 219-241

time available for mating and, 166, 213, 219, 227, 230

Mate searching algorithms, 186

Mating

compatibility measurement, 55

differentials, 184, 185-187, 214-215, 231, 249-250

ecological factors, 185-187

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

latency, 166, 213, 215, 216, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237-238, 240-241

mass, 210

multiple mating rates, 187, 194, 215

spatial and temporal distribution, 192, 204-208

time available for, 166, 213, 219, 227, 230

Mating system analyses

animal, 166, 191, 192-193, 197-200

common ground for plant and animal systems, 209-212

covariance methods, 201-202

crowding of sexual receptivity, 191, 208-209

Darwin’s contribution, 166, 191, 192, 194-195

mass matings, 210

molecular markers, 165, 189

plant, 166, 191, 192, 195-197

quantitative methodology, 191, 192, 201-212

research needs, 188

sex difference in opportunity for selection, 191, 202-204, 208

spatial and temporal distribution of matings, 192, 204-208

Mayr, Ernst, 6, 48, 251-252

Maximum likelihood methods, 30

Memes, 351

Mendel, Gregor, 34, 273, 274

Menidia menidia, 147

Mesolithic, animal domestication, 89

Mice, 51, 96-97, 102-103, 106, 176, 217, 227

Migration/migrants, 13, 15-17, 19, 49-50

Mill, James, 338

Mill, John Stuart, 263, 268, 272

Milton, John, 340-341

Mimulus

M. aurantiacus, 37

M. cardinalis, 29, 51

M. guttatus, 51, 53

M. lewisii, 29, 51

Miniexons, 73-74, 82

Minimum-evolution principle, 326

Mitochondrion, 78-82

Mockingbirds, 2, 28, 332

Molecular clock, 162

Molecular markers, 165, 189

Molecular phylogenetics, 29

Monkeyflowers, 29, 37, 51

Monophyletic clades, 2, 20, 28, 29, 39, 59, 66, 107

Morgan, Lloyd, 338

Morris, Simon Conway, 298, 346

Mouflon (Ovis orientalis), 94, 96-97, 102-103

mRNA, polycistronic processing, 74-76, 81, 82

Muller, H. J., 6

Multidimensional scaling analysis, 60, 62

Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 298

Mutations

beneficial, 52, 149, 151, 153-154, 156, 157, 158-160, 161, 162

color variation in flowers, 37-38

deleterious, 52, 76, 117, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 312

divergent selection under, 49

duplications, 30, 39, 76, 83

gain of function, 36

global suppressor, 158

loss-of-function, 29, 35-37, 38

neutral, 87, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159-160, 161, 162-163, 252, 312, 318, 324

parallel selection, 53

pleiotropic, 52

selective sweeps, 14, 15, 24, 117

speciation by, 47, 49, 52, 53, 63-64

stability-mediated epistasis, 87, 149, 157-159, 162

substitutions, 22, 30, 81, 150-151, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 285

transpositions, 30

Myoglobin, 150

Myzocytosis, 77

N

Nagel, Thomas, 346

Narwhals, 172

Natufians, 95

Natural selection

codiscovery claims, 290-291

and common ancestry, 264, 312-315, 321-328

and complexity, 308-309, 325

Darwin’s legacy, xvi, 1-2, 28, 48, 214, 271, 275-276, 280-284, 293, 296, 312-328, 334-340

defined, 91, 214

and domestication, 86, 89, 91, 96-99, 100

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

genomic effects, 10

group selection hypothesis, 310-311, 334, 338-339

individual selection, 310

as intelligent and moral force, 264-265, 295-296, 297, 298, 310-312, 329, 330, 332-340

intensity, 136

process in ecological speciation, 8-9

“random” variation, 309

sexual selection combined, 132, 136, 165, 171, 248

stabilizing, 9, 22, 52, 154-155, 158, 159, 162-163

“survival of the fittest,” 308

tree thinking, 328

uniform or balancing, 9, 20, 25, 48, 22-23

Neolithic

domestication of animals, 86, 89, 90, 93-98, 106, 107-108

preadaptive features of fauna, 102-103

Neutral theory of evolution, 66, 69, 81-82, 83, 120, 122-123, 162

Newton, Isaac, xv, 269, 274, 275, 329, 343

Newton’s laws, 270

Newtonian mechanics, 277, 283, 304

Nicotiana tobacum, 36, 38

Nubian wild ass (Equus asinus africanus), 98-99, 102-103

Nuclear genome characteristics, 73-76

Nuptial gifts, 187

O

O’Brien, Stephen J., 85-86, 89-109

Odysseus (Ody) gene, 18

Offspring viability, 166, 178, 184, 217, 218, 220, 232, 321

Oken, Lorenz, 288

Opsin gene, 54

Orangutans, 285

Orchids, xv, 271, 282, 283, 284, 303

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 288, 294

Outcrossing, 195-196, 210

Oxyrrhis, 80

P

Paley, William, xvi, 281, 282, 325

Pan-editing, 83

Pandalid shrimp, 210

Parallel selection

with gene flow, 53, 56, 59, 60

mutations, 53

of reproductive isolation, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64

threespine stickleback, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63

Parasperm, 256-257

Parental investment theory, 184, 185, 187, 192, 198, 201-202, 203-204, 215-216, 218, 232, 243

Parker, Geoff, 244-245

Pascal, Blaise, 273

Pasteur, Louis, 274

Pauling, Linus, 150, 151, 161

Pea aphids, 10, 13-17, 50, 51

Peacocks, 165, 178, 214, 250

Peirce, Charles S., 274

Pelargonidins, 33, 35, 36, 38

Penrose, Roger, 346

Peranema, 70, 71

Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica), 102-103

Persian onager (Equus hemionus hemippus), 102-103

Petunia, 36, 40-41, 42

P. axillaris, 36

Phacus, 70

Phosphotriesterase enzyme, 160

Photoreceptors, 72

Photosynthesis, 67-68, 73

Phylogeny

Aquilegia, 33

disciplines contributing to, 284

minimum-evolution principle for inferring, 326

tree thinking, 328

Pig (Sus domesticus), 94, 96-97, 108

Pigeon (Columba livia), 85, 96-97, 322

Plantinga, Alvin, 346-348, 353

Plants.

See also Flowering plants

herbivore resistance, 36

UV protection, 36

Plasmodium, 67

Plastids, 67, 77-78

Plato, 289, 296

Pleiotropy, 10, 25, 36, 42, 50, 51, 52, 64, 161, 251-252

Pleistocene, 93, 94, 96

Ploeotia, 70

Polar bears, 93, 308, 323

Pollinators, 31-34, 44, 51

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Polycistronic mRNA processing, 74-76, 81, 82

Polygamy, environmental potential for, 185, 186, 197, 204, 208, 209

Polykrikos, 70, 71

Polyploidy, 9

Polyspermy, 258

Popper, Karl, 274, 283, 326

Population genetic theory, 115

Population pressure, 332

Postcopulatory sexual selection

analysis of effects of, 205

courtship behavior during and after copulation, 243-244, 253-255

cryptic female choice, 166-167, 243, 244, 245, 247-248, 249, 250, 252, 256-257, 258, 259, 260, 261

Darwin’s omission, 166, 244-245

defined, 171

egg-sperm molecular interactions, 243, 257-260

evolutionary consequences, 243, 250-261

female effects on male-male competition, 246, 247-250

flowering plants, 243, 260-261

free-spawning species contrasted, 258

genital evolution, 243, 248-249, 250-253

male contact organs, 243, 253, 254

parasperm, 256-257

and parental investments, 184, 243

research needs, 189

seminal products, 243, 257

sensory traps, 248-249

sexually antagonistic coevolution, 248-250, 252-253, 254, 255, 257, 258-259, 260, 261

sperm competition, 166, 194, 198, 243, 244, 245, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258

sperm morphology, 255-257

Proanthocyanidins, 36

Productivity, 131, 134, 136, 142, 145, 146, 217, 218, 220, 232, 334

Prokaryotes, nuclear gene expression, 74

Prorocentrum, 70, 71

Protein evolution. See Adaptive protein evolution;

Directed protein evolution

Protists.

See also Alveolata;

Euglenozoa

convergent evolution in cellular organization, 3, 65, 66, 68-73

phylogenetic diversity, 3, 82

Protoperidinium, 67

Provine, William, 289

Pundamilia neyereri, 54

Pundamilia pundamilia, 54

Q

Quantitative methodology, mating system analysis, 191, 192, 201-212

Quantitative trait loci analysis

ecological speciation under divergent selection, 11, 12, 13, 14-25, 50

flower color, 43, 44, 51

maize origins, 116-117, 118, 119

R

Ratterman, Nicholas L., 165, 169-190

Red alga, 77

Red clover, 13-17

Red deer (Cervus elaphus), 102-103, 138, 140, 143

Red fox (Canis vulpes; Vulpes vulpes), 102-103, 139

Reeves, Robert, 113, 114

Reproductive compensation hypothesis, 217

Reproductive isolation.

See also Ecological speciation

assortative mating, 50-51, 89

behavioral, 89

divergent selection to alternate environments, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, 28, 29, 49, 58

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 6-7, 22, 23, 24, 25, 53-54, 295

Fisher-Orr geometric model of adaptation, 52-53

genetics of, 49-53

immigrant inviability, 15-16, 49-50

intrinsic, 51, 52, 53, 63

mutation-order speciation, 63-64

parallel speciation, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64

postzygotic, 3, 23, 24, 25, 47, 48, 49, 51-53, 58, 63

premating/prezygotic, 25, 47, 48, 49-51, 55, 58, 63, 64

Resource-based divergence, 10, 11, 16, 19, 25

Rice, 112, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Richards, Robert J., 264-265, 288-289, 329-341

RNA editing and processing, 66, 73-76, 78-83

Roberts, Richard, 277

Rock dove, 96-97, 322

Roe deer, 140

ROSEA1 gene, 42

ROSEA2 gene, 42

R2R3-myb transcription factor, 36, 40, 41

Ruppell’s fox (Vulpes ruppellii), 102-103

Ruse, Michael, 264, 287-305, 329, 337-338

S

Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii.

See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium

Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii

Salmon, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144-145, 147

Salt tolerance gene, 50

Sand cat (Felis margarita), 102-103, 104

Scarab beetles, 172

Schluter, Dolph, 3, 47-64

Scientific method.

See also Hypotheses

Darwin’s legacy, 263-264, 267-271, 272, 282-283, 318, 323-328

hypothetical-deductive method, 263-264, 273-276, 282-285

induction and empiricism, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-273, 275, 276, 283, 293

Sea urchins, 257, 258, 259

Searle, John, 346

Seahorses (Hippocampus), 182, 204

Sebright, John, 291

Secondary sexual characteristics, 182

Sebright, James, 291

Selective breeding, 108-109.

See also Domestication

Selenidium, 67

Self-incompatibility, 195, 196

Selfing, 195-196, 210, 260

Self-splicing introns, 77

Sensory exploitation model, 179, 180

Sensory traps, 248-249

Sex differences

in fitness, 214-218

in opportunity for selection, 191, 202-204, 208

Sex ratios, 142-143, 186, 188, 194, 197-201, 203, 204, 206-208, 213, 225-226

Sex roles, 193, 198, 203, 204, 205, 214-218, 230, 231-232, 233, 255

Sexual conflict.

See also Intersexual;

Intrasexual

and intensity of sexual selection, 187, 201

mate choice model, 179-180

Sexual dimorphism, 166, 171, 173, 175, 177-178, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 186, 189, 192, 210, 214, 217-218, 232-233

Sexual receptivity, crowding of, 191, 208-209

Sexual selection.

See also Intensity of sexual selection;

Intrasexual conflict;

Mate choice;

Mating system analysis;

Postcopulatory sexual selection

age structure in, 188, 250

contextual models of multilevel selection, 202

Darwin’s legacy, xi, 163, 165, 169, 170-171, 172, 173-174, 182-183, 189, 192, 193, 214

defined, 91, 165, 170, 191

ecological factors, 185

Fisher’s runaway hypothesis, 202

group structure or membership and, 202

harvesting of wild animals and, 130, 137-139, 140, 142-145

in ecological speciation, 9, 10, 50

lock-and-key hypothesis, 251, 253

mechanisms, 172-181

monogamous, 174-175, 176

and natural selection, 132, 136, 165, 171, 248

plants, 191, 192, 195-197, 209-212, 260-261

pleitropism theory, 251-252

polygamous, 100, 183, 185, 186, 197, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215

precopulatory, 171, 185, 189

quantitative approaches, 193-194

research needs, 190

sex roles, 193, 198, 203, 214, 215-217, 218, 230, 231, 255

species isolation hypothesis, 251-252, 258-259, 260, 261

Sexually antagonistic coevolution, 248-250, 252-253, 254, 255, 257, 258-259, 260, 261

Sheep (Ovis aries), 94, 96-97, 102-103

Shuster, Stephen M., 166, 191-212

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

Sialia sialis, 215

Sickle cell anemia, 150

Singer, Peter, 296-297

Skull sutures, 327

Sober, Elliott, 264, 297, 307-328

Social Darwinism, 296

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 136, 143, 144-145

Socrates, xvi

Sod gene, 123

Spandrels, 318

Speciation.

See also Ecological speciation

allopatric, 6, 9-10, 20, 22, 23, 24-25, 28, 107

defined, 15, 48

error-then-solution model, 83

mechanisms, 48-49

models, 48, 54

mutation-order, 47, 49, 53-54, 63-64, 83

rates, 53, 54

sympatric, 2, 5, 9, 13, 24-25, 51, 89, 92, 106-108, 259

Species isolation hypothesis, 251-252, 258-259, 260, 261

Spencer, Herbert, 270, 291-292, 296, 336, 341

Sperm

competition, 166, 194, 198, 243, 244, 245, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258

morphology, 255-257

Spliced leaders (miniexons), 74, 82

Spliceosomal introns, 74-75

Sponge shrimp (Spongocola spp.), 210

Stability-mediated epistasis, 87, 149, 157-159, 162

Standing genetic variation, 3, 47, 49, 58-63, 64, 64

Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni), 102-103

Stevens, Natalie M., 86, 111-127

Stramenopiles, 68

Sunflower, 50

“Survival of the fittest,” 308

Survival probability, 166, 178, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 225, 226, 228, 234, 236, 240, 241

Switch point theorem

alternative to anisogamy theory, 231-232

alternative to parental investment theory, 232

changing more than one parameter at a time, 227, 229

derivation, 222-224, 234-241

fitness distributions, 219-220, 224-225, 232

flexibile reproductive decisions in both sexes, 231

model description, 221-222, 227, 230

number of potential mates, 225-226

predictability of fancy male traits, 232-233

reproductive time budgets, 219

results, 224-227, 240-241

sensitivity analysis, 228, 240

sex role ecology, 233

survival probability, 226-227, 228

time available for mating, 219, 227, 230

Symbiodinium, 67

Sympatric speciation, 2, 5, 9, 13, 24-25, 51, 89, 92, 106-108, 259

Syngnathus typhle, 182, 201

Syrian onager (Equus hemionus hemionus), 102-103

T

Taurine cattle (Bos taurus), 96-97, 102-103

Temin, Howard, 277

Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis).

See also Maize domestication

chromosome morphology and number, 114

Euchlaena classification, 113

genome diversity, 111, 115-116

hypothesis, 114-115, 116

morphology, 86, 112-113

mutation rate, 115

peopraphical distribution, 126

selective sweep on chromosome 10, 86, 111, 119-123

Teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene, 117-118, 122, 125

Teosinte glume architecture1 (tga1) gene, 116-117, 122, 123, 125, 127

Terrestrial slugs, 210

Tetrapody, 326-327

Thermostable chorismate mutase, 158

Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

assortative mating, 58

body size, 55, 58

defensive body armor, 55, 56-57, 58-59, 62-63

ecological speciation, 47, 49, 51, 55-63

freshwater-marine hybridization, 3

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
×

gene flow, 56, 59, 60, 62

hybrid fitness, 51, 58

male parental care, 204

multidimensional scaling analysis, 60, 62

parallel speciation, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63

phylogenies of populations and genes, 56-57

postzygotic isolation, 58

premating isolation, 55, 58, 63

selection from standing genetic variation, 47, 58-63

skin pigmentation, 56-57, 59

transporter hypothesis, 59-63

Tian, Feng, 86, 111-127

Tigers, 93, 310

Tomato, 116

Toxoplasma, 67

Trans-splicing, 73, 74-75, 76, 78, 81

Tree snails (Liguus and Orthicalus spp.), 141

Trichocysts, 70, 71

Tripartite hypothesis, 113-114, 116

Tripsacum, 113-114, 121

T. dactyloides, 122, 126, 127

tRNA, 80

Trypanosoma, 66, 74

T. brucei, 76, 80, 83

Turing, Alan, 265, 343, 345-346, 348, 350, 353

2-ODDs gene family, 39-40

U

UDP flavonoid glucosyltransferse, 34, 35

Uniform or balancing selection, 9, 20, 25, 48

University of Cambridge, xvi, 279, 281, 298, 299, 331

Unnatural selection in harvested wildlife

artificial selection compared, 86, 87, 130, 135

Darwin’s legacy, 86-87, 130-131, 132

defined, 131-132

and dispersal/migration, 131, 143

fishing, 86, 129, 130-131, 134-137, 142-143

genetic effects on populations, 129, 130, 133, 138-141

history of, 132-141

hunting, 86, 129, 130, 134, 137-141, 142, 143

intensity, 134, 136-137

and management practices, 131, 145-147

recovery from overharvesting, 129-130, 146-147

and sexual selection, 130, 137, 138-139, 140, 142-145

from specimen collection, 141

and sustainability, 129

traits likely to be affected, 86, 129, 131

V

VENOSA gene, 42

Via, Sara, 2, 5-26

Virus-induced gene silencing, 43

W

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 271, 290-291, 293-294, 308, 335, 341

waxy gene, 123

Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 102-103

Whewell, William, 274, 293, 303

Wild boar (Sus scrofia), 93, 96-97, 102

Wildcat, 98-99, 101, 102-103, 104-106

Wilkes, H. G., 114

Wilson, Edward O., 296

Windermere pike (Esox lucius), 137

wingless gene, 50, 51

Wollaston, T. V., 336

Wright’s island model, 10

Y

Yeast, 51

Young, Robert M., 290

Young earth creationists, 296

Younger Dryas, 95

Z

Zeboid cattle (Bos indicus, Bos primigenius namadicus), 97-98

Zuckerkandl, Emile, 150, 151, 161

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12692.
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Two Centuries of Darwin is the outgrowth of an Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 16-17, 2009. In the chapters of this book, leading evolutionary biologists and science historians reflect on and commemorate the Darwinian Revolution. They canvass modern research approaches and current scientific thought on each of the three main categories of selection (natural, artificial, and sexual) that Darwin addressed during his career. Although Darwin's legacy is associated primarily with the illumination of natural selection in The Origin, he also contemplated and wrote extensively about what we now term artificial selection and sexual selection. In a concluding section of this book, several science historians comment on Darwin's seminal contributions.

Two Centuries of Darwin is the third book of the In the Light of Evolution series. Each installment in the series explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. The ILE series aims to interpret phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution and address some of the most intellectually engaging, as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times.

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