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The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary (2010)

Chapter: 22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements

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Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

22
Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements

INTRODUCTION

Building on the discussions of the preceding workshops, a knowledgeable group of authorities from different stakeholder sectors convened to explore in greater detail the high-priority elements and strategies key to achieving 10 percent savings in healthcare expenditures within 10 years without compromising Americans’ health status, quality of care, or valued innovation. Participants, who drew from their experience as providers, payers, purchasers, health economists, researchers, quality analysts, and regulators, included Michael Bailit of Bailit Health Purchasing, Maureen Bisognano of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, David M. Cutler of Harvard University, Wendy Everett of New England Healthcare Institute, Richard J. Gilfillan of Geisinger Health System, Dolores L. Mitchell of the Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission, Meredith B. Rosenthal of Harvard University, Jonathan S. Skinner of Dartmouth College, John Toussaint of ThedaCare Center for Healthcare Value, and Reed V. Tuckson of UnitedHealth Group. This chapter summarizes the discussions, insights, and perspectives offered by the individual attendees at the meeting, and it should not be construed as consensus or recommendations on specific numbers or actions.

As the participants considered the opportunities present within the current delivery system to lower costs and improve outcomes, the substantial scale of the current inefficiencies was underscored. While the attendees discussed published literature and earlier workshop presentations indicating that 20 to 30 percent of current expenditures could be eliminated without

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

consequences for quality or outcomes (Fisher et al., 2003), certain attendees offered the view that, based on their experiences with ongoing improvement initiatives, the amount of waste present in the healthcare system may be even greater, perhaps in some circumstances and settings as much as 50 percent. As an example, the findings of the Health Care Value Leaders Network were discussed. Two of these findings were that: (1) 80 to 90 percent of steps in the care process were not value-additive, and (2) with the application of the Toyota Production System to streamline clinical services within an institution, systematic waste reduction could possibly trim as much as 50 percent of costs, while simultaneously improving quality.

The attendees discussed priority areas of opportunity, such as avoidable hospitalizations and readmissions and the provision of unnecessary services, focusing on high-yield strategies, ranging from decreasing the costs of episodes of care to medical liability reform and shared decision making, as well as on care-related costs, administrative costs, and related reforms. Several common insights were offered by multiple individual attendees as to the common elements of successful strategies:

  • Reorientation to patient-centered value among all stakeholders (patients, providers, payers, manufacturers, and regulators) is necessary, and eliminating the inefficiencies and waste replete in the costs of care and healthcare administration begins with the basics: better attention to patient needs and perspectives and payment mechanisms that drive the delivery of value over volume. However, it was also emphasized that the rewards involved must be quite large in comparison with the income at stake for providers if the effort is to both cover the implementation costs and justify the resources involved in maintaining a coordinated effort to minimize costs and improve outcomes.

  • Payment reform provides a critical tool to realign economic incentives within the delivery system. Additionally, targeting both utilization and pricing of clinical services is needed to ensure the full savings potential of any bundle of strategies to lower costs and improve outcomes.

  • Multimodality should characterize health reform plans because while payment reform appears to be the most likely to yield near- to midterm savings, infrastructure elements such as health information technology and comparative effectiveness research are necessary to facilitate and amplify the effectiveness of payment reforms. In particular, nonmedical industries provide many instructive lessons regarding successful cost-lowering practices, including use of data to inform quality improvements, incentive structures that reward value creation, and worker-driven processes and culture.

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×
  • Specificity with regard to policies, responsible actors, and assumptions enables focus of initiatives, not just in legislation but also through institutional leadership and public–private partnerships at both state and regional levels.

  • Incrementalism—the need for multiple small savings decisions related to realigned incentives and improved system efficiency—rather than a single large decision—will be necessary to achieve 10 percent savings. Apart from large savings likely to be possible from streamlining and harmonizing administrative claims forms and reporting requirements, success of the broad reform approaches required will likely depend on smaller gains—targeting utilization, pricing, and delivery—in each of the many strategic loci.

  • Transparency and accountability across public and private sectors can foster efficiency and quality improvement initiatives by providers, informed provider selection by patients, and value-based payments by payers.

  • Collaboration among all those affected by healthcare reforms, including subspecialty provider societies, payers and patients, is required to overcome inertia and fear of change.

CONSIDERING THE OPPORTUNITIES

Participants reviewed the range of strategies explored throughout the workshop series and, working in small groups followed by open discussion, considered opportunities for strategies aimed at providers, patients, and payers. Their discussion centered on care-related costs, administrative costs, and related reforms. Within each of these broad categories, they considered an array of specific initiatives, as well as the requirements and assumptions inherent to each. In addition, the participants discussed their views on the approximate range of savings that might be achieved through implementation of these strategies, drawing on workshop presentations and their own experiences.

Payment reform was discussed throughout the meeting as a necessary and potent component of a value-driven agenda to lower costs and improve outcomes. Many of the participants observed that payment reform may be implemented in a variety of forms, ranging from bundled payments to global payments and salaries for providers, but they emphasized payment reform as a tool and an underlying requirement for achieving many of the goals discussed at the meeting. For example, to stimulate initiatives to reduce medical errors, several attendees suggested that creation of bundled payments for hospitalizations include the costs of readmissions due to any cause within 30 days. Another form of payment reform akin to pay-for-performance included linking a portion of provider payments

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

to documented use of decision aids to encourage shared decision making. Regardless of the form, payment reform was noted throughout the meeting by various individuals as fundamental to aligning provider incentives with quality and efficiency.

In the discussions, the participants individually identified high-yield savings opportunities based on their own experiences. The 10 cost-reduction opportunities explored in greater detail during the meeting focused primarily on care-related costs, but also included administrative costs and related reforms (Box 22-1).

While acknowledging that substantial work is needed to refine and strengthen the analytics, based on estimates provided in previous workshops on excess costs, the sum of the individual opinions of the various participants, speaking not for all in the group but to their own areas of expertise and informed by their own individual knowledge bases, resulted in first approximations of approximately $360 billion to $460 billion in annual savings, which might be achieved by 2018 (in 2009 dollars) (Table 22-1). To account for the increased primary care practice costs necessary to achieve implementation of several of the strategies discussed, several participants suggested that a one-third offset be employed, yielding a total

BOX 22-1

Estimated Health Cost Savings
Selected approaches: individual perspectives

 

Estimated Savings in Year 10

 

Low

High

CARE-RELATED COSTS

 

 

• Prevent medical errors

$8 B

$12 B

• Prevent avoidable hospital admissions

$44 B

$48 B

• Prevent avoidable hospital readmissions

$16 B

$20 B

• Improve hospital efficiency

$38 B

$80 B

• Decrease costs of episodes of care

$32 B

$53 B

• Improve targeting of costly services

$9 B

$20 B

• Increase shared decision making

$6 B

$9 B

ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS

 

 

• Use common billing and claims forms

$181 B

RELATED REFORMS

 

 

• Medical liability reform

$20 B

$30 B

• Prevent fraud and abuse

$5 B

$10 B

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

TABLE 22-1 Opportunities and Strategies Discussed to Lower Costs and Improve Outcomes by 2018a

Opportunities

Annual Savings (Billions, 2009 dollars) (Range of Participant Estimates)

Assumptions

Requirements

Care-related costs

Reduce medical errors

$8-$12 B

  • Overall inpatient error cost = $16 B

  • 50 to 75% avoided by 2018

  • Savings substantially higher if outpatient errors also reduced

  • Metrics and transparent national reporting system

  • Leadership/stakeholder engagement

  • Technical assistance capacity

  • Bundled payments for hospitalizations

Prevent avoidable admissions

$44-$48B

  • Primary admissions cost for Medicare = $159 B and for commercial payers = $130 B

  • 27% avoided among Medicare beneficiaries by 2018

  • 4% avoided among commercial beneficiaries by 2018

  • Savings could be augmented by expanded use of palliative care services

  • Enhanced care coordination and disease management

  • Primary care payment reform within a value-focused medical home model

  • Leadership/stakeholder engagement

  • Palliative care and hospice integral to facilitating patient-centered care among the severely chronically ill

Prevent avoidable readmissions

$16-$20 B

  • Avoidable readmissions cost for Medicare = $28 B and for commercial payers = $12 B

  • 50% avoided among Medicare beneficiaries by 2018

  • 50% avoided among commercial beneficiaries by 2018

  • Bundled payments to cover all-cause readmissions within 30 days of index hospitalization

  • Shared savings among providers

  • Data base sharing among all providers

  • Community services to support enhanced post-discharge care

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

Opportunities

Annual Savings (Billions, 2009 dollars) (Range of Participant Estimates)

Assumptions

Requirements

Improve hospital efficiency

$38-$80 B

  • 2018 hospital expenditure level for Medicare = $420 B and for commercial payers = $477 B

  • Payment reductions will create financial incentives to increase efficiency

  • Use of Toyota Production System model can substantially improve efficiency—some demonstrate 30% to 50% reduction in costs

  • 1% per year efficiency across the system is achievable, yielding $38B if Medicare only, $80B if also commercial

  • Reengineering of clinical services must occur institution-wide to maximize quality improvements

  • System-wide application would diminish cost-shifting

  • Technical assistance capacity to implement continuous improvement

Decrease costs of episodes of care

$32-$53 B

  • Total spending for Medicare = $476 B, Medicaid = $356 B and for commercial payers = $749 B

  • Reducing the costs of episodes of care by 3% for Medicare, Medicaid and commercial payers = $47 B, 5% = $79 B.

  • Potential savings within the commercial sector > Medicare;

  • Reduce savings estimate by a third to allow for overlap with savings from prevention of avoidable admissions

  • Provider value measures based on resource utilization and episode treatment groups

  • National reporting of value metrics for individual providers

  • Payments based on measurement results

  • Patient choice incentives through value-based benefits design

  • Cap on out-of-network charges

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

Opportunities

Annual Savings (Billions, 2009 dollars) (Range of Participant Estimates)

Assumptions

Requirements

Improve targeting of costly services

$9-$20 B

  • 20% savings by reducing excessive and unnecessary use of imaging studies—$9 B of $43 B overall—and 50% reduction in costs from non-urgent use of emergency departments—$11 B of $21 B overall

  • Savings would be greater if other costly services, such as orthopedic services and radiation oncology, were also/better targeted

  • Limited physician-owned self-referral

  • Reset RBRVS

  • Transparency on cost and comparative effectiveness

  • Evidence-based guidelines addressing appropriate use of expensive technology

  • Value-based insurance to provide further incentives

Increase shared decision making

$6-$9 B

  • Patient decision aids available systemwide for 11 conditions currently addressed

  • Average savings of $2,700 per case achieved by increasing access to palliative care services to 90% of U.S. hospitals and 7.5% of all discharges

  • Savings would be greater if patient decision aids were widely available beyond the specified conditions

  • Readily accessible information on the comparative value, risks, and benefits of interventions

  • Tailored decision tools and aids available systemwide

  • Palliative care capacity expanded to all hospitals and communities

  • Payments based on documented use of available tools

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

Opportunities

Annual Savings (Billions, 2009 dollars) (Range of Participant Estimates)

Assumptions

Requirements

Administrative costs

Use common billing and claims forms

$181 B

  • Total 2009 BIR costs = $361 B

  • Approximately 50% of BIR costs saved through administrative simplification

  • NAIC successfully develops streamlining

  • If voluntary development and use of common forms is not achieved by 2018, the Secretary of HHS will develop and require for participation in insurance exchanges established by health reform legislation

Additional related reforms

Medical liability reform

$20-$30 B

  • Total estimated costs in 2009 = $60 B

  • About 33% to 50% can be saved by capping noneconomic damages and lowering premiums

  • Additional savings could be gained by reducing defensive medicine

  • State-based reform initiatives

  • Legislative action to institute national reform of the medical liability system

Prevention of fraud and abuse

$5-$10 B

  • Total estimated costs in 2009 = $75 B

  • Between 7% and 13% of costs preventable through increased detection, prevention and recoupment of fraudulently paid claims in commercial and public sectors

  • Significant potential savings exist in Medicare and Medicaid; creation of a central national health insurance claims clearinghouse facilitated by use of common billing and claims forms to expedite fraud prevention initiatives

  • Enhanced resources for detection require ongoing investment from public and private payers

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

Opportunities

Annual Savings (Billions, 2009 dollars) (Range of Participant Estimates)

Assumptions

Requirements

Total savings

$359-$463 B

 

 

aAs this table summarizes the discussions and ideas offered by the individual attendees at this meeting, it should not be construed as consensus or recommendations on specific numbers or actions.

bSavings accounted for within delivery system reforms.

NOTE: B = billion; BIR = billing and insurance-related; HHS = Department of Health and Human Services; NAIC = National Association of Insurance Commissioners; RBRVS = resource-based relative value scale.

savings of approximately $240 billion to $310 billion annually. In addition, participants pointed out that the estimates discussed had not accounted for implementation and overhead costs.

Care-Related Costs

Discussions on care-related costs considered several key strategies focusing on improving hospital-based care, provider efficiencies, and use of evidence-based standards, each thought to have high prospects for yielding significant savings. Several attendees pointed to the need for additional collaborative work among stakeholders to facilitate the development of new tools, including valid metrics and implementation plans.

Reduce Medical Errors

Given prior workshop estimates that the costs of medical errors accounted for over $16 billion in annual healthcare expenditures (Jha et al., 2009), several participants highlighted medical errors as an obvious opportunity to lower costs and improve outcomes through systematic removal of errors in hospital care, such as adverse drug events, hospital-acquired infections, falls, and pressure ulcers. Two attendees, Bisognano and Toussaint, suggested that by engaging providers, regulators, and payers, between 50 and 75 percent of the costs due to medical errors could be eliminated by 2018; that is, between $8 billion and $12 billion annually (2009 dollars) could be saved through application of best practices and adoption of an improvement methodology that builds upon actionable, transparent performance data. Participants were not aware of any estimates encompassing

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

the costs of medical errors in the outpatient setting; all previously discussed estimates during the workshop series were of the costs incurred in a hospital setting. However, several believed that if the occurrence of medical errors could be prevented in ambulatory settings, the savings achieved could be even more significant. In addressing data requirements, attendees discussed the need for reliable, valid metrics and the development of a transparent national reporting system that could be based at the state or regional level. Engagement of leadership and stakeholders, including hospital trustees, would facilitate implementation, suggested Bisognano. Technical assistance would also assist integration of best practices and clinical improvement protocols and methods into current care processes. Finally, Rosenthal pointed out that bundled payments for hospitalizations, which also cover readmissions, provide financial incentives to achieve benchmark goals. Several attendees identified implementation of measurement and reporting within 4 years as a feasible interim goal.

Reduce Avoidable Hospital Admissions

Reduction of avoidable and unnecessary hospital admissions, such as those resulting from ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, including short-term complications of diabetes (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis), asthma, and urinary tract infections, was discussed as another priority with substantial potential. Assuming that the cost of an inpatient admission averaged $12,850 on average for Medicare in 2009 (MedPAC, 2009) and $13,300 on average for commercial payers, based on an estimate of approximately 20 percent greater hospital costs for the private sector and subsequent downward adjustment for a typical commercial population case-mix (estimated inpatient spending totals of $159 billion and $130 billion, respectively, for primary admissions), Gilfillan suggested that a reduction in the number of Medicare admissions from 275 admissions per 1,000 beneficiaries to a best-practice level of approximately 200 admissions per 1,000 beneficiaries (a 27 percent reduction) (MedPAC, 2009) would yield a savings of approximately $42 billion annually (assuming coverage of approximately 45 million lives [Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009]). Similarly, a reduction in the 55 commercial admissions per 1,000 covered lives to a best-practice level of 53 admissions per 1,000 lives (a 4 percent reduction) (National Committee for Quality Assurance, 2009) would save about $6 billion annually (assuming coverage of about 178 million lives [Davis, 2009]). Thus a reduction in avoidable admissions to best-practice levels could yield savings in the range of $44 billion to $48 billion annually, suggested Rosenthal, assuming that public payers could reduce avoidable admission rates to the levels described, and commercial payers could reduce

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

costs by at least one-third of the $6 billion goal initially. She added that collaborative work between providers, payers, and regulators, enhanced care coordination and disease management, such as through primary care payment reform with a value-focused medical home model, is needed to achieve these savings. Bisognano discussed palliative care and hospice as integral to facilitating patient-centered care among the severely chronically ill. Mitchell underscored the important need for investments in workforce development, especially in the education of primary care-focused mid-level practitioners (e.g., nurse practitioners and physician assistants).

Reduce Avoidable Hospital Readmissions

With 18 percent of Medicare hospital admissions and 10 percent of commercial hospital admissions resulting in readmissions within 30 days, many of which are avoidable (Klein, 2008; MedPAC, 2008), reducing preventable readmission rates was deemed a priority. Again, assuming the cost of an inpatient admission totaled $12,850 and $13,300 on average for Medicare and commercial payers, respectively, Rosenthal and Gilfillan noted that reducing avoidable hospital readmissions by 50 percent among Medicare (from 50 readmissions to 25 readmissions per 1,000 beneficiaries among 45 million total covered lives [MedPAC, 2008]), would yield savings of $14 billion annually from the estimated $28 billion in total costs of readmissions, while similarly reducing such readmissions among commercial payers (from 5 readmissions to 3 readmissions per 1,000 lives covered among 178 million total covered lives [Davis, 2009; Klein, 2008]) would yield savings of $6 billion annually from the $12 billion in total costs of readmissions. They said addressing care defects during initial hospitalizations and post-discharge care could lower costs significantly. If Medicare were able to reduce readmission rates by 50 percent and commercial payers could reduce their costs by at least one-third initially, then Cutler and Gilfillan surmised the total savings could be $16 billion to $20 billion annually.

Rosenthal cited the application of bundled payments for hospital admissions to cover all-cause readmissions within 30 days of an index hospitalization and shared savings among providers as central to this strategy. To allow efficient information exchange, Bisognano suggested that an infrastructure to permit secure data sharing among all providers is needed. In addition, Bailit and Mitchell identified community services and improved patient capacity to self-manage chronic conditions through enhanced education, management tools, and peer support as necessary to support enhanced post-discharge care. A stronger linkage between hospitals and primary care was also identified as integral to improving disease management. Through engagement of providers, payers, and regulators, several participants priori-

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

tized the supportive elements of data infrastructure (including examination of episode groupers1) and community services as early goals.

Improved Hospital Efficiency

With non-value added activities adding unneeded costs to the healthcare system (Mecklenburg and Kaplan, 2009; Pittenger, 2009; Toussaint, 2009), increasing the efficiency of hospital-based clinical care through reengineering of clinical services by applying the Toyota Production System (TPS) model was identified as a potent strategy to lower costs and improve outcomes. The assumption underlying the estimate discussed by Bisognano and colleagues was that straightforward hospital efficiency and continuous improvement initiatives prompted by lowering Medicare hospital costs by 1 percent annually would result in savings of $38 billion annually by 2018 (2009 dollars), assuming $420 billion in Medicare spending for hospital care in 2018 (CMS, 2007). If commercial costs were included as a method to prevent shifting cost to this sector, they suggested about $80 billion could be saved in the same time period, assuming $477 billion in private sector spending for hospital care in 2018 (CMS, 2007). More efficient hospital performance and lower payments would mean savings for providers and payers, and thus, ultimately, for consumers. Toussaint also noted that the application of TPS and similar methodologies (e.g., lean, Virginia Mason Production System) to hospitals must occur institution-wide (i.e., in both ambulatory care and inpatient settings) to maximize quality improvements and cost savings.

Decrease the Costs of Care Episodes

Focusing on the tremendous variation in resource utilization and costs, none of which yielded any significant gains in quality (Baicker and Chandra, 2004; Fisher et al., 2003), participants identified increasing utilization of high-efficiency (low cost, high quality) providers as a method of decreasing the high costs of care episodes. If this strategy could lower the costs in the public and private sectors by 3 to 5 percent, Gilfillan suggested, then the Medicare program (assuming healthcare spending of $476 billion) could save between $14 billion and $24 billion annually, the Medicaid program (assuming spending of $356 billion) could save between $11 billion and $18 billion annually, and commercial payers (assuming spending of $749 billion) could save between $22 billion and $37 billion annually (CMS, 2007), yielding prospective total savings of $47 billion to $79 billion

1

Episode groupers are proprietary software programs that organize claims data into a set of clinically coherent episodes, usually linked by diagnosis.

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

annually. If these estimates were reduced by one-third to allow for overlap with savings from the prevention of avoidable admissions, Rosenthal noted, the annual savings would then total between $32 billion and $53 billion. Tuckson noted that per-episode savings opportunities within the commercial sector could exceed those within Medicare because of the higher (and greater variation in) prices paid. Toussaint outlined several requirements for achieving the savings, including development of provider value measures based on resource utilization and episode treatment groups through multi-stakeholder payment reform initiatives involving providers, regulators, purchasers, and patients. This would allow national reporting on the basis of individual providers, which would presumably induce changes in provider behavior. Several attendees also suggested that progress could also be facilitated by development of an all-payer database of provider value, which could be used for reporting as well as quality improvement purposes. Rosenthal elaborated that further reinforcement through incentives for use of high efficiency providers could also be achieved through payments based on measurement results and value-based benefits design. She and Gilfillan added that collaboration between payers and employers to cap out-of-network charges would provide additional incentives to use efficient providers. Bailit also suggested that there existed significant opportunity to apply known evidence on the comparative value of treatments and interventions to public and private payer coverage policies, while other participants considered taxation of overly generous health insurance coverage—i.e., “Cadillac” plans—as methods of lowering costs. Some participants suggested that implementation of measurement and reporting could potentially occur within 4 years.

Improve Targeting of Costly Services

Participants also considered measures aimed at application of best evidence on appropriate use of diagnostic testing and therapeutic interventions to reduce overuse of inappropriate and unnecessary services. As the Medicare program and commercial payers each cover approximately 45 million and 178 million lives (Davis, 2009; Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009), respectively, Gilfillan suggested that a reduction in excessive and unnecessary use of imaging services by 20 percent in Medicare (from an estimated baseline spending of $20 per member per month on high-tech radiology services, based on his experience) and in the commercial sector (from baseline spending of $15 per member per month, based on his experience) could yield a total of $9 billion in annual savings. If overuse of nonurgent emergency department (ED) services—which costs $21 billion annually (Delaune and Everett, 2008)—were also reduced by 50 percent, Everett suggested, an additional $11 billion could be saved, increasing the

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

total annual savings estimate from $9 billion to $20 billion. Tuckson suggested that the savings could be even greater if other costly services, such as orthopedics and radiation oncology, were also more carefully targeted. Several attendees cited transparency on cost and comparative effectiveness as required to facilitate utilization and coverage determinations; they also called for initiatives targeting self-referral to physician-owned facilities. Evidence-based guidelines, which are expected within 2 years to address appropriate use of expensive technologies developed and supported by medical subspecialties, would also facilitate initiatives to address variations in provider practice patterns and consumer demand, surmised Tuckson. Value-based insurance design was also discussed as a method of providing incentives for patients to increase appropriate use of diagnostics and therapies. In addition, increased access to primary care services through expanded employment of mid-level practitioners could help decrease non-urgent use of EDs, according to Everett and Mitchell.

Increase Shared Decision Making

Considering strategies to engender patient-centered care that fully informs patients of the risks and benefits of treatment options, the attendees discussed evidence that shared decision making (SDM) utilizing decision aids could facilitate patient understanding and participation in the decision-making process, which often reveals preferences for lower-cost, less-invasive treatments. Assuming that patient decision aids tailored to the clinical circumstance were available systemwide for 11 conditions (coronary revascularization for angina, mastectomy for early breast cancer, lumbar spine surgery for low-back pain, prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy, medical stroke prevention therapy, treatment of hypertension, tube feeding in dementia patients, routine colorectal cancer screening, routine prostate cancer screening, treatment of menorhaggia [excessive menstrual bleeding], and use of mechanical ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), based on published estimates in the literature, Skinner surmised that SDM could yield savings of approximately $1 billion annually (Schoen et al., 2007). Drawing on work presented during the workshop series, SDM (involving caregivers and family) was also considered in the context of palliative care for very sick patients as likely to yield better targeting of necessary interventions and additional savings, amounting to an additional $5 billion annually (assuming increasing access to palliative care services so that they were available at over 90 percent of American hospitals, were able to reach 7.5 percent of all hospital discharges, and achieve average savings of $2,700 per admission) (Meier, 2009). If the use of SDM could be expanded beyond the 11 conditions listed above, several participants suggested, an additional 50 percent could be saved, increasing the total

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

savings estimate from $6 billion to $9 billion annually. However, Bailit suggested that these savings could only be achieved if information on the comparative value, risk, and benefits of various interventions were readily accessible and comprehensible to providers and patients in the form of decision tools and aids. Payments based on documented use of available tools were suggested as another method of providing further incentives to engage in the shared decision-making process. Mitchell proposed that the development of infrastructure to support enhanced use of shared decision making, including workforce training and decision aid development, are critical needs that should be addressed immediately.

Administrative Costs

With increasing administrative complexity placing significant burdens on providers and payers, attendees considered administrative simplification a high-yield, high-priority strategy for lowering costs over the next decade. Predicated on industry commitment to lowering unnecessary administrative costs, use of common administrative processes, such as the development of common billing and claims forms for use by providers interacting with both public and commercial payers and common processing protocols, was emphasized as a key to easing the administrative burden for all stakeholders involved.

Use Common Billing and Claims Form

Given the significant resource costs of billing and insurance-related (BIR) activities, participants identified utilization of common administrative processes, such as a common system-wide form for all billing and claim submissions to public and commercial payers and use of a centralized common processing center, as critical to reducing administrative complexity for providers and payers. If approximately 50 percent of the total estimated $361 billion costs of BIR activities among payers and providers could be saved through administrative simplification (Kahn, 2009), a participant suggested that $181 billion could be saved annually. Toward these savings, Toussaint noted that voluntary public–private cooperation among payers and providers could result in development and implementation of common billing and claims forms within 5 years. One approach discussed to increase the incentives was that if implementation is not achieved by 2018, mandatory standards could be issued by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services as an alternative. Participants also discussed the possibility of requiring use of common forms as a prerequisite for participation in insurance exchanges established by health reform legislation as another method of stimulating adoption.

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×
Additional Related Reforms

Noting the $60 billion spent annually on defensive medicine (Chandra, 2009) and the $75 billion lost due to fraud (FBI, 2007), participants discussed the prevention of fraud and abuse and defensive medicine as opportunities for eliminating waste within the delivery system.

Medical Liability Reform

Addressing defensive medicine as a driver of unnecessary services, some participants pointed to tort reform as having the potential to save $20 billion to $30 billion annually by lowering court awards and reducing malpractice premiums (Bovbjerg, 2009). Options discussed included disclosure-and-offer programs, in which providers disclose adverse outcomes to patients and offer prompt compensation in appropriate cases; adjudication of medical malpractice claims in specialized tribunals by neutral experts overseen by judges with medical expertise; and, “safe harbors,” which insulate providers from liability if they followed evidence-based best practices in their care. To achieve these savings within the next decade, Toussaint suggested that legislative action at the state or federal levels, or both, must occur with the input of providers.

Prevention of Fraud and Abuse

Several participants suggested reduction of ongoing fraudulent billing, including unjustified upcoding of claims and billing for services never provided, could lower unnecessary and unindicated payments to providers by $5 billion to $10 billion annually. This assumes a 7 to 13 percent reduction in the estimated $75 billion annual costs due to fraud (FBI, 2007) could be achieved through increased detection, prevention, and recoupment of fraudulent payments in the public and private sectors. Tuckson said that the potential savings in Medicare and Medicaid are significant. Creation by legislators and regulators of a central national health insurance claims clearinghouse, facilitated by use of common administrative billing and claims forms, would expedite fraud prevention initiatives. However, Tuckson also noted that enhanced resources devoted to detecting fraud and abuse would require ongoing investment from public and private payers.

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

The rising epidemic of obesity, an aging population with an increasing burden of chronic illness, and the influence of current health behaviors on future health status were also cited as considerations during the conversa-

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

tions. With levels of obesity projected to exceed 40 percent by 2015 (Wang and Beydoun, 2007) and over 80 million Americans expected to have multiple comorbidities by 2020 (Anderson and Horvath, 2002), Cutler and Tuckson underscored the importance of considering how health demographic trends would impact future healthcare expenditures and thus the priority strategies to address them. Given the connection between health behaviors and these health trends, including the rising levels of multiple co-occurring chronic illnesses and the low rate of recommended preventive care, Everett and Mitchell drew attention to the issue of prevention, including community health programs that encourage healthy eating habits in schools, antitobacco legislation, and primary-through-tertiary prevention. Acknowledging that uncertainty exists about the cost effectiveness of many prevention initiatives, Tuckson noted that, regardless of its cost effectiveness, prevention is of critical importance to making gains in public and population health.

While the participants highlighted a selection of particularly high-yield, cost-lowering strategies during the meeting, Mitchell and several others noted that many promising strategies, such as increased use of mid-level practitioners, additional ancillary providers (such as health coaches and nutritionists), salaried physicians, and a reassessment of the link between funding for medical education and hospital reimbursement, deserve further exploration and study as potential methods of lowering healthcare costs.

Attendees also explored the underlying notion of accountability as critical to improving the health of the nation and to creating a culture in health care that values efficiency and quality. They emphasized that all stakeholders in health must bear responsibility if the delivery system is to be reformed. For example, while Gilfillan and Toussaint suggested that providers bear responsibility for ensuring that care is delivered in the most efficient, safe, patient-centered manner possible, Mitchell added that patients are responsible for improving their engagement in the decision-making process. Without a mission and common understanding of collaborative engagement and accountability, Cutler noted that successful development and implementation of policies that address stakeholder concerns would fall short of their full potential.

PARTICIPANT LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES

Building on the idea of accountability, several attendees cited the need to identify specific entities that would assume primarily responsibility for oversight of implementation and evaluation to ensure that the maximum savings potential were realized. Within the context of ongoing efforts to enact healthcare reform legislation, participants pointed to the public sector, including government at the local, state, and federal levels, as critical to

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

providing oversight and ongoing support to the overall healthcare system infrastructure. Gilfillan stated that the role for government extended beyond the legislative branch to the executive branch as well. The Department of Health and Human Services and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) were specifically viewed as setting important examples in payment reform and coverage, inasmuch as spending on the Medicare and Medicaid programs account for almost 40 percent of national health expenditures (CMS, 2007). Mitchell suggested that the increased provision of Medicare claims data as a public good to purchasers, plans, researchers, and the public would be a vital aid in analyses of cost and quality. Bailit termed the government, especially at the state and local levels, as critical to efforts at organizing providers and payers to affect changes in concert with the ongoing national initiatives and in improving public and population health, including the physical and social determinants of health, such as education and community safety. In addition, several participants observed that state governments play a critical role in overcoming problems in commercial insurance markets through insurance regulation. For example, Rosenthal suggested that states could adopt all-payer regulations that could align the basic structure of pay for performance or risk-sharing methods in a marketplace.

Several participants highlighted the responsibilities that healthcare providers—ranging from nurses and physicians to acute, intermediate, and long-term care facilities—and commercial payers must bear to successfully reform the delivery system. For example, Tuckson cited the Healthcare Administrative Simplification Coalition, a collaboration between providers and payers to streamline administration by simplifying the credentialing process, standardizing data exchange, and leveraging health information technology. Providers, payers, and purchasers were also seen as playing important roles in improving patient health behaviors by encouraging preventive care and educating consumers on both the value of receiving care and the impact of individual health decisions on personal and population health.

Patients and consumers were also said to bear significant responsibilities for their care. Opportunities to participate in a shared decision-making process that stimulates patients to fully understand the risks and benefits of the diagnostic and therapeutic options specific to their clinical condition could increase consumer awareness of the value of alternative treatments, suggested Bailit and colleagues. In addition, consumers need to gain better understanding of the evidence indicating that more is not always better, suggested another participant.

Regardless of the specific stakeholder engaged, several attendees emphasized that none of these stakeholder groups should act in isolation without consideration of the other groups. It was suggested that effective

Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
×

policies that result in short- and long-term beneficial changes will require that all affected sectors of the healthcare system share leadership responsibilities grounded in accountability and motivated by the goals of improving quality and value.

CONCLUSION

In their conversations, multiple participants emphasized that: (1) the amount of waste and inefficiency in the current delivery system is substantial, and (2) a multitude of strategies exist to lower expenditures over the short- and long-term. The discussions focused on three specific areas—care-related costs, administrative costs, and related reforms—which were identified by individual discussants as presenting significant opportunities to realize cost savings while improving quality. The estimates and savings goals offered by individual attendees were based both on published evidence and the practical, on-the-ground experiences of the individual participants with healthcare improvement initiatives, and thus preliminary in nature. While a select number of particularly high-yield, cost-lowering strategies were discussed, several attendees suggested that many strategies, such as increased use of mid-level practitioners, have the potential to lower costs and improve outcomes, but the evidence base for cost savings requires additional exploration. Finally, many discussants emphasized the importance of accountability and leadership responsibilities among all stakeholders as critical components in the drive to successfully reform the nation’s healthcare delivery system.

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Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
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Suggested Citation:"22 Getting to 10 Percent: Opportunities and Requirements." Institute of Medicine. 2010. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12750.
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The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation but continually lags behind other nations in health care outcomes including life expectancy and infant mortality. National health expenditures are projected to exceed $2.5 trillion in 2009. Given healthcare's direct impact on the economy, there is a critical need to control health care spending.

According to The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes, the costs of health care have strained the federal budget, and negatively affected state governments, the private sector and individuals. Healthcare expenditures have restricted the ability of state and local governments to fund other priorities and have contributed to slowing growth in wages and jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the number of uninsured has risen from 45.7 million in 2007 to 46.3 million in 2008.

The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes identifies a number of factors driving expenditure growth including scientific uncertainty, perverse economic and practice incentives, system fragmentation, lack of patient involvement, and under-investment in population health. Experts discussed key levers for catalyzing transformation of the delivery system. A few included streamlined health insurance regulation, administrative simplification and clarification and quality and consistency in treatment.

The book is an excellent guide for policymakers at all levels of government, as well as private sector healthcare workers.

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