National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

Committee on Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

Board on Physics and Astronomy

Board on Life Sciences

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by the Department of Energy under Award No. DE-FG02-07ER46378, the National Science Foundation under Award No. CHE-0554275, the Department of Health and Human Services under Award No. N01-OD-4-2139, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund under Award No. 1007560, and the Research Corporation for Science Advancement under Award No. 7827. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-14751-4

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-14751-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010921434

Cover: Work at the intersection of the life sciences and the physical sciences has often been depicted in new ways of imaging or modeling biological specimens, some of which are illustrated on the cover: (1) three-dimensional distribution of membrane proteins within a cell revealed through iPALM imaging (courtesy of Harald F. Hess, Howard Hughes Medical Institute); (2) xylose isomerase crystal (courtesy of Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Research (BER)-funded neutron Protein Crystallography Station at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)); (3) simulation of confinement of DNA in viral capsid (courtesy of Molecular Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics Research Group, University of Wisconsin at Madison); (4) diffusion tension imaging of the human brain (courtesy of Thomas Schultz, University of Chicago); (5) chromosome pairs; (6) modeled structure for the enzyme D-xylose isomerase (courtesy of Department of Energy BER-funded neutron Protein Crystallography Station at LANL; (7) anglerfish ovary obtained using autofluorescence (courtesy of James E. Hayden, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia); and (8) rat cerebellum obtained using two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (courtesy of the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the University of California at San Diego and the National Institutes of Health.

IMAGE SOURCES: (1) Harald F. Hess, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; (2) Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Research (BER)-funded neutron Protein Crystallography Station at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); (3) Molecular Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics Research Group, University of Wisconsin at Madison; (4) Thomas Schultz, University of Chicago; (6) Department of Energy BER-funded neutron Protein Crystallography Station at LANL; (7) James E. Hayden, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia; and (8) National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the University of California at San Diego and the National Institutes of Health.

Copies of this report are available from:

National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet <http://www.nap.edu>;

and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; Internet <http://www.national-academies.org/bpa>.

Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH AT THE INTERSECTION OF THE PHYSICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES

ERIN K. O’SHEA, Co-Chair,

Harvard University

PETER G. WOLYNES, Co-Chair,

University of California at San Diego

ROBERT H. AUSTIN,

Princeton University

BONNIE L. BASSLER,

Princeton University

CHARLES R. CANTOR,

Sequenom, Inc.

WILLIAM F. CARROLL,

Occidental Chemical Corporation

THOMAS R. CECH,

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,

Carnegie Institution Department of Global Ecology

GRAHAM R. FLEMING,

University of California at Berkeley

ROBERT J. FULL,

University of California at Berkeley

SHIRLEY ANN JACKSON,

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

LAURA L. KIESSLING,

University of Wisconsin at Madison

CHARLES M. LOVETT, JR.,

Williams College

DIANNE NEWMAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MONICA OLVERA de la CRUZ,

Northwestern University

JOSÉ N. ONUCHIC,

University of California at San Diego

GREGORY A. PETSKO,

Brandeis University

ASTRID PRINZ,

Emory University

CHARLES V. SHANK,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (retired)

BORIS I. SHRAIMAN,

University of California at Santa Barbara

H. EUGENE STANLEY,

Boston University

GEORGE M. WHITESIDES,

Harvard University

Staff

DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director,

Board on Life Sciences

DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director,

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology

ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer,

Board on Life Sciences

JAMES C. LANCASTER, Program Officer,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KATHRYN J. HUGHES, Program Officer,

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology

NATALIA MELCER, Program Officer,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

LAVITA COATES-FOGLE, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE

BARBARA JONES, Chair,

IBM Almaden Research Center

MONICA OLVERA de la CRUZ, Vice-Chair,

Northwestern University

DANIEL AROVAS,

University of California at San Diego

COLLIN L. BROHOLM,

The Johns Hopkins University

PAUL CHAIKIN,

New York University

GEORGE CRABTREE,

Argonne National Laboratory

ANDREA J. LIU,

University of Pennsylvania

JOSEPH ORENSTEIN,

University of California at Berkeley

ARTHUR P. RAMIREZ,

LGS, a subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent, and Columbia University

RICHARD A. REGISTER,

Princeton University

MARK STILES,

National Institute of Standards and Technology

DALE J. VAN HARLINGEN,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

FRED WUDL,

University of California at Santa Barbara

Staff

DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Associate Director

JAMES C. LANCASTER, Program Officer

LAVITA COATES-FOGLE, Senior Program Assistant

BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

MARC A. KASTNER, Chair,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ADAM S. BURROWS, Vice-Chair,

University of Arizona

JOANNA AIZENBERG,

Harvard University

JAMES E. BRAU,

University of Oregon

PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM,

Stanford University

PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,

Los Alamos National Laboratory

RONALD C. DAVIDSON,

Princeton University

ANDREA M. GHEZ,

University of California at Los Angeles

PETER F. GREEN,

University of Michigan

LAURA H. GREENE,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

MARTHA P. HAYNES,

Cornell University

JOSEPH HEZIR,

EOP Group, Inc.

MARK KETCHEN,

IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center

ALLAN H. MacDONALD,

University of Texas at Austin

PIERRE MEYSTRE,

University of Arizona

HOMER A. NEAL,

University of Michigan

JOSE N. ONUCHIC,

University of California at San Diego

LISA J. RANDALL,

Harvard University

CHARLES V. SHANK,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (retired)

MICHAEL S. TURNER,

University of Chicago

MICHAEL C.F. WIESCHER,

University of Notre Dame

Staff

DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director

MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Associate Director

ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer

JAMES C. LANCASTER, Program Officer

DAVID B. LANG, Program Officer

CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Research Associate

BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate

Page viii Cite
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×

BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES

KEITH YAMAMOTO, Chair,

University of California at San Francisco

ANN M. ARVIN,

Stanford University

BONNIE L. BASSLER,

Princeton University

VICKI L. CHANDLER,

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

SEAN EDDY,

HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus

MARK D. FITZSIMMONS,

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

DAVID R. FRANZ,

Midwest Research Institute

LOUIS J. GROSS,

University of Tennessee at Knoxville

JO HANDELSMAN,

University of Wisconsin at Madison

CATO T. LAURENCIN,

University of Connecticut

JONATHAN D. MORENO,

University of Pennsylvania

ROBERT M. NEREM,

Georgia Institute of Technology

CAMILLE PARMESAN,

University of Texas at Austin

MURIEL E. POSTON,

Skidmore College

ALISON G. POWER,

Cornell University

BRUCE W. STILLMAN,

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

CYNTHIA WOLBERGER,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

MARY WOOLLEY,

Research! America

Staff

FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director

JO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project Director

ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer

ANN H. REID, Senior Program Officer

MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer

INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Program Officer

ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate

CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Senior Program Assistant

AMANDA P. CLINE, Senior Program Assistant

AMANDA MAZZAWI, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

F. FLEMING CRIM, Co-Chair,

University of Wisconsin at Madison

GARY S. CALABRESE, Co-Chair,

Corning, Inc.

BENJAMIN ANDERSON,

Lilly Research Laboratories

PABLO G. DEBENEDETTI,

Princeton University

RYAN R. DIRKX,

Arkema, Inc.

MARY GALVIN-DONOGHUE,

Air Products and Chemicals Materials

PAULA T. HAMMOND,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CAROL J. HENRY, Advisor and Consultant

RIGOBERTO HERNANDEZ,

Georgia Institute of Technology

CHARLES E. KOLB,

Aerodyne Research, Inc.

MARTHA A. KREBS,

California Energy Commission

CHARLES T. KRESGE,

Dow Chemical Company

SCOTT J. MILLER,

Yale University

DONALD PROSNITZ,

RAND Corporation

MARK A. RATNER,

Northwestern University

ERIK J. SORENSEN,

Princeton University

WILLIAM C. TROGLER,

University of California at San Diego

THOMAS H. UPTON,

ExxonMobil

Staff

DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director

ANDREW CROWTHER, Postdoctoral Research Associate

KATHRYN J. HUGHES, Program Officer

TINA MASCIANGIOLI, Senior Program Officer

ERICKA McGOWAN, Associate Program Officer

JESSICA L. PULLEN, Administrative Assistant

SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Research Assistant

LYNELLE VIDALE, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
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×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Marlene Belfort, New York State Department of Health

Robert Dimeo, National Institute of Standards and Technology

James Heath, California Institute of Technology

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, National Institutes of Health

Andrea Liu, University of Pennsylvania

Peter Moore, Yale University

Aravi Samuel, Harvard University

Philip Sharp, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Erik Sorensen, Princeton University

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×

review of this report was overseen by W. Carl Lineberger, University of Colorado at Boulder. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12809.
×
   

 Agriculture as a Resource for Food and Energy,

 

25

   

 Building Better Plants and Getting More Out of Them,

 

26

   

 Hydrogenases and Synthetic Photosynthesis,

 

27

   

 Beyond Combustion,

 

27

   

 Materials Science,

 

28

   

 Opportunities,

 

28

   

 References,

 

29

4

 

COMMON THEMES AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

 

30

   

 Interaction and Information: From Molecules to Organisms and Beyond,

 

30

   

 Dynamics, Multistability, and Stochasticity,

 

36

   

 Self-organization and Self-assembly,

 

42

   

 Conclusion,

 

48

   

 References,

 

49

5

 

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR RESEARCH

 

51

   

 Introduction,

 

51

   

 Physical Basis of Molecular Recognition,

 

52

   

 Structures and Dynamics Within Cells,

 

53

   

 Cellular Environment,

 

53

   

 Interactions Within Cells,

 

55

   

 Examining Structures Within Cells,

 

56

   

 Theory and Simulations,

 

60

   

 Collective Dynamics,

 

64

   

 Complex Community Signals and Shared Resources at Large Length Scales,

 

65

   

 References,

 

68

6

 

ENABLING RESEARCH AT THE INTERSECTION: PROMOTING TRAINING, SUPPORT, AND COMMUNICATION ACROSS DISCIPLINES

 

69

   

 Connections Between Disciplines,

 

70

   

 Culture of Separation Between the Life and Physical Sciences,

 

70

   

 Culture and Organization of Academia,

 

72

   

 Organization of Support for Research,

 

73

   

 Supporting Transformative Research,

 

78

   

 Educating Scientists at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences,

 

82

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Traditionally, the natural sciences have been divided into two branches: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Today, an increasing number of scientists are addressing problems lying at the intersection of the two. These problems are most often biological in nature, but examining them through the lens of the physical sciences can yield exciting results and opportunities. For example, one area producing effective cross-discipline research opportunities centers on the dynamics of systems. Equilibrium, multistability, and stochastic behavior--concepts familiar to physicists and chemists--are now being used to tackle issues associated with living systems such as adaptation, feedback, and emergent behavior.

Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences discusses how some of the most important scientific and societal challenges can be addressed, at least in part, by collaborative research that lies at the intersection of traditional disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics. This book describes how some of the mysteries of the biological world are being addressed using tools and techniques developed in the physical sciences, and identifies five areas of potentially transformative research. Work in these areas would have significant impact in both research and society at large by expanding our understanding of the physical world and by revealing new opportunities for advancing public health, technology, and stewardship of the environment.

This book recommends several ways to accelerate such cross-discipline research. Many of these recommendations are directed toward those administering the faculties and resources of our great research institutions--and the stewards of our research funders, making this book an excellent resource for academic and research institutions, scientists, universities, and federal and private funding agencies.

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