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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland

Committee to Review the Health and Safety Risks of High-Biocontainment Laboratories at Fort Detrick

Board on Life Sciences

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by Contract No. W81K04-06-D-0023 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society ofdistinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE HEALTH AND SAFETYRISKS OF HIGH-BIOCONTAINMENT LABORATORIES AT FORT DETRICK

Members

CHARLES N. HAAS (Chair),

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

NANCY D. CONNELL,

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey

DONALD A. HENDERSON,

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland

MARK T. HERNANDEZ,

University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

BARBARA JOHNSON,

Barbara Johnson & Associates, LLC, Herndon, Virginia

HENRY M. MATHEWS, Independent Consultant,

Atlanta, Georgia

TIMOTHY C. RELUGA,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

JONATHAN Y. RICHMOND,

Jonathan Richmond and Associates, Southport, North Carolina

LEONARD M. SIEGEL,

Center for Public Environmental Oversight, Mountain View, California

Staff

SUSAN N. J. MARTEL, Project Director

FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director,

Board on Life Sciences

KATHI E. HANNA, Editor

MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager,

Technical Information Center

RADIAH ROSE, Manager,

Editorial Projects

TAMARA DAWSON, Program Associate

Sponsor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES

Members

KEITH R. YAMAMOTO (Chair),

University of California, San Francisco, California

ANN M. ARVIN,

Stanford University, Stanford, California

BONNIE L. BASSLER,

Princeton University, New Jersey

VICKI L. CHANDLER,

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California

SEAN EDDY,

HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia

MARK D. FITZSIMMONS,

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois

DAVID R. FRANZ,

Midwest Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland

LOUIS J. GROSS,

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

JO HANDELSMAN,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

CATO T. LAURENCIN,

University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut

JONATHAN D. MORENO,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

ROBERT M. NEREM,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

CAMILLE PARMESAN,

University of Texas, Austin, Texas

MURIEL E. POSTON,

Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York

ALISON G. POWER,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

BRUCE W. STILLMAN,

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York

CYNTHIA WOLBERGER,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

MARY WOOLLEY,

Research!America, Alexandria, Virginia

Staff

FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director

JO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project Director

ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer

ANN H. REID, Senior Program Officer

MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer

INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Program Officer

ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate

CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Senior Program Assistant

AMANDA P. CLINE, Senior Program Assistant

AMANDA MAZZAWI, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

Preface

There has been vocal public opposition to the expansion of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The laboratory studies infectious agents that could cause serious and potentially lethal diseases by the inhalation route of exposure. Although work with such agents must be conducted in laboratories designed and operated to prevent release of agents into the environment, the public is skeptical that public health considerations have been adequately considered in the Army’s Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which supports the construction of the new facility. To address these concerns, Congress directed the Secretary of Defense to commission a National Research Council study of the health and safety aspects of the EIS and other relevant information regarding health risks associated with work with infectious agents (PL 110-329).

The National Research Council convened the Committee to Review the Health and Safety Risks of High-Biocontainment Laboratories at Fort Detrick, which prepared this report. The members of the committee were selected for their expertise in biosafety, infectious diseases, industrial hygiene, environmental engineering, risk assessment, epidemiology, and stakeholder participation (see Appendix A for biographic information on the members).

The committee held two public meetings to gather information to address its task. At the first meeting, held September 22, 2009, in Frederick, Maryland, the committee met with USAMRIID staff (COL Roger Martin, Deputy Commander; Shawn Boesen, Chief of Safety; and LTC James Wadding, Chief of the Medicine Division) and contractors (John Beaver, BSA Environmental) to obtain background on the EIS, learn about the plans for the new biocontainment facilities, get an overview of the procedures and regulations currently in place to reduce exposure to pathogens, and learn about the history of laboratory-acquired infections at USAMRIID. The committee also heard from representatives of the Frederick County Board of Commissioners—Jan Gardner (President), David Gray (Vice President), and Kai Hagen—and from interested members of the general public. At the second meeting, held November 5, 2009, in Washington, D.C., the committee met with COL John Skvorak, Commander of USAMRIID, to learn about the institute’s biosurety plans for its facilities and personnel. Pres-

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

entations also were given by David Eskildsen, the Fort Detrick Fire Chief, on fire and emergency services, and by Robert VanAtta, the Fort Detrick Emergency Manager, on USAMRIID’s biological mishap and incident response program. The committee also was briefed by Carol Tobias of the Barquist Army Health Clinic about the memorandums of understanding and agreement between the clinic and Frederick Memorial Hospital. The committee also had separate meetings with the medical and security staff of Frederick Memorial Hospital, officials from Frederick County’s emergency management and health departments, and representatives from the community. In particular the committee wishes to thank the following individuals for their time and constructive comments: Frederick County representatives Jack Markey, Director of Emergency Management, and Dr. Barbara Brookmyer, Health Officer; Frederick Memorial Hospital staff Dr. Manuel Casiano, Chief of Staff, John Veltri, Director of Safety and Security, and Phil Guiliano, Security Manager; and community members Paul Gordon, Barry Kissin, Bob White, Beth Willis, and John Willis.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of the independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Michael S. Ascher, California Emergency Management Agency; Richard A. Berman, Manhattanville College (retired); Gerardo Chowell, Arizona State University; Margaret E. Coleman, Upstate New York Society for Risk Analysis; Robert P. Ellis, Colorado State University; Richard Frothingham, Duke University School of Medicine; Paul Langevin, Merrick Canada ULC; and Paul A. Locke, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Michael R. Ladisch, Purdue University, and Georges C. Benjamin, American Public Health Association. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

The committee is grateful for the assistance of National Research Council staff in preparing the report. It particularly wishes to acknowledge the support of Project Director Susan Martel, who coordinated the project and contributed to the committee’s report. Other staff members who contributed to this effort are Frances Sharples, director of the Board on Life Sciences; Joyce Wondolowski,

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

Christine Mirzayan Fellow; Tamara Dawson, program associate; Kathi Hanna, editor; Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic, manager of the Technical Information Center; and Radiah Rose, manager, editorial projects.

Finally, I thank all the members of the committee for their efforts throughout the development of this report.


Charles N. Haas, Ph.D., Chair

Committee to Review the Health and Safety Risks of High-Biocontainment Laboratories at Fort Detrick

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
×

Abbreviations

ABSA American Biological Safety Association

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association

ANSI American National Standards Institute

APHA American Public Health Association

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

AR Army Regulation

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

ASM American Society of Microbiology

AWWA American Water Works Association

BMBL Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

BSAT biological select agents and toxins

BSC biological safety cabinet

BSL biosafety level

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DA PAM Department of the Army Pamphlet

DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security

DOD Department of Defense

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

DOJ Department of Justice

DSB Defense Science Board

DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

GAO Government Accountability Office

GSU Georgia State University

HEPA high-efficiency particulate air

HHS U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

HPAC Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability

IBC Institutional Biosafety Committee

LBM Laboratory Biosafety Manual

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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MCE maximum credible event

NADC National Animal Disease Center

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

NICD National Institute for Communicable Diseases

NIH National Institutes of Health

NRC National Research Council

PPE personal protective equipment

SIP special immunization program

SOP standard operating procedure

USAG U.S. Army Garrison

USAMRIID U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

USAMRMC U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

UTMB University of Texas Medical Branch

VEE Venezuelan equine encephalitis

WEF Water Environment Federation

WHO World Health Organization

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×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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BOXES, FIGURE, AND TABLES

BOXES

1-1

 

Excerpts from DOE (2004) Recommendations for Analyzing Human Health Impacts in EISs,

 

16

2-1

 

Pathogenic Agents Recently Studied or Potentially Studied in the Near Future at USAMRIID,

 

30

FIGURE

2-1

 

USAMRIID’s Biosurety Program,

 

19

TABLES

2-1

 

Timeline of Significant Advances in Biocontainment, Biosafety, Biosurety, and Biosecurity, and Listing (by Decade) of Laboratory-Acquired Infections at USAMRIID,

 

25

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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4-1

 

Personnel Hours Worked and Outcomes of Accidental Exposures to Infectious Agents: Intramural National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 1982-2003,

 

50

4-2

 

Personnel Hours Worked and Outcomes of Accidental Exposures to BSL-4 Agents 1972-2003,

 

50

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12871.
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The U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Frederick, Maryland, is designed to handle pathogens that cause serious or potentially lethal diseases, which require the research performed on them be contained to specialized laboratories. In 2007 a decision was made to expand those facilities causing concern among area residents that public health and safety risks, and strategies to mitigate those concerns were not adequately considered in the decision to go forward with the expansion. In Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland a group of experts in areas including biosafety, infectious diseases, industrial hygiene, environmental engineering, risk assessment and epidemiology, explored whether measures were being taken to ensure prevention and mitigation of risk to the health and safety of workers and the public. They also assessed whether the procedures and regulations employed meet accepted standards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health.

Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland evaluates the health and safety aspects of the environmental impact statement developed to support the construction of the new laboratories and explores the institute's operating requirements, medical and emergency management response plans and communication and cooperation with the public. The book recommends that USAMRIID continue to set high standards for advancing security, operational, and biosurety measures, and that additional measures be taken to provide assurance that experienced medical professionals are readily available to consult on unusual infectious diseases. It also suggests that USAMRIID expand its two-way communications with the public.

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