List of Responses to Request for Information
Listed in Table I.1 are the responses received by the Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) in response to its request for information (RFI) sent in September 2010 to the solar and space physics community (see Appendix H). The full-text versions of the RFI responses are included in the compact disk that contains this report and are also available online through links at the survey’s website at http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/CurrentProjects/SSB_056864.
TABLE I.1 Responses to Request for Information
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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1 | Ali, Nancy A., et al. | Recommendations for Education/Public Outreach (EPO) Programs: A White Paper Submitted for Consideration to the NRC Decadal Survey in Solar and Space Physics | Addresses EPO as a major contributing factor to workforce development in solar and space physics as well as in creating a scientifically literate U.S. public. | |||
2 | Araujo-Pradere, Eduardo A. | Research to Operations (R2O) Activities, a Natural Conclusion of Research | Details transitions of academic models to operations, which require an organizational structure and a clear financial commitment that barely exists today. | |||
3 | Ayres, Thomas R., and D. Longcope | Ground-Based Solar Physics in the Era of Space Astronomy | Provides a synopsis of a 2009 report commissioned by AURA in advance of the Astro2010 decadal survey concerning the future of ground-based solar physics. | |||
4 | Bach, Bernhard, et al. | The Use of a Z-pinch Facility as a Platform for Laboratory Solar and Heliophysics | Explores the utilization of Z-pinch facilities to create and investigate the physics of high-energy-density plasmas. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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5 | Bailey, Scott M., et al. | A Mission to Study the Coupling of Atmospheric Regions by Precipitating Energetic Particles | Proposes a mission to understand the atmospheric response to energetic particles, specifically the coupling of atmospheric regions, as the particle energy is redistributed via dynamical, chemical, and radiative processes. | |||
6 | Baker, Joseph B.H., et al. | The Importance of Distributed Measurements of the Ionospheric Electric Field for Advancement of Geospace System Science and Improved Space Weather Situational Awareness | Explains the value of networks of ionospheric radars to the space physics community because they provide spatially distributed electric field measurements and should be further developed. | |||
7 | Bala, Ramkumar | Space Weather Forecasting through Association | Advocates for stronger community participation. | |||
8 | Balch, Christopher C. | The Next Step in Heliospheric Modeling—Increasing the Interplanetary Observing Network | Proposes an enhanced interplanetary observing network consisting of up to 1,000 CubeSats and recommends use of known technologies and modeling techniques to make order of magnitude improvements in the accuracy of physics-based models for the solar wind and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (CMEs). | |||
9 | Bandler, Simon R., et al. | High Spectral Resolution, High Cadence, Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeters for Solar Physics | Describes a solar-optimized X-ray microcalorimeter that provides high-resolution spectra at arcsecond scales to enable a wide range of studies, such as the detection of microheating in active regions, ion-resolved velocity flows, and the presence of non-thermal electrons in hot plasmas. | |||
10 | Bellan, Paul M. | Using Laboratory Experiments to Study Solar Corona Physics | Recommends that the next decade of heliospheric research include advanced laboratory plasma experiments designed to tackle specific, outstanding coronal issues. | |||
11 | Bernasconi, Pietro N., and N.-E. Raouafi | Solar Magnetized Regions Tomograph (SMART) Mission | Presents a mission to map the solar vector magnetic fields at high spatial resolution at several heights in the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the chromosphere across the magnetic transition region. | |||
12 | Bhattacharjee, Amitava, et al. | Advanced Computational Capabilities for Exploration in Heliophysical Science (ACCEHS)—A Virtual Space Mission | Recommends that NASA, perhaps in partnership with National Science Foundation (NSF) and other agencies, lead by establishing a new peer-reviewed program in which critical-mass groups of heliophysicists, computational scientists, and applied mathematicians are brought together to address transformational science quests. | |||
13 | Bishop, Rebecca L., et al. | Understanding Tropospheric Influences on the Mesosphere/Thermosphere/ Ionosphere Region | Presents specific science goals and observational platforms required to perform investigations into tropospheric and thermospheric/ ionospheric coupling. | |||
14 | Bishop, Rebecca L., and J. Roeder | The International Space Station: Platform for Future Upper Atmospheric Investigations | Presents potential upper atmospheric investigations, sensors, and customers utilizing the International Space Station. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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15 | Bookbinder, Jay, et al. | The Solar Spectroscopy Explorer Mission | Presents the Solar Spectroscopy Explorer, a small strategic mission built around an X-ray microcalorimeter and a high spatial resolution extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager. | |||
16 | Bortnik, Jacob, and Y. Nishimura | MMAP: A Magnetic-Field Mapping Mission Concept | Outlines a novel mission that aims to observationally map the geomagnetic field from geosynchronous Earth orbit to the ionosphere in near-real time using the recently described link between pulsating aurora and chorus waves. | |||
17 | Bortnik, Jacob | The Critical Role of Theory and Modeling in the Dynamic Variability of the Radiation Belts and Ring Current | Highlights the critical role that was played by theoretical and modeling projects in the preceding decade and urges the decadal committee to support further modeling efforts dealing with wave-particle interactions in controlling the structure and dynamics of the radiation belts. | |||
18 | Brown, Benjamin P., et al. | An Experimental Plasma Dynamo Program for Investigations of Fundamental Processes in Heliophysics | Advocates for community-scale laboratory plasma experiments that offer unique opportunities to probe heliophysically relevant phenomena. | |||
19 | Brown, Michael R., et al. | Intermediate-Scale MHD Wind Tunnel for Turbulence and Reconnection Studies | Proposes an intermediate scale magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wind tunnel for turbulence studies in order to illuminate MHD turbulence processes such as observed in the solar wind. | |||
20 | Budzien, Scott A., et al. | Evolved Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (ETIP): A Sensor for Ionospheric Specification | Addresses the requirements for space weather sensors with adequate flexibility for accommodation on a range of future flight opportunities, including microsatellite constellations. | |||
21 | Budzien, Scott A., et al. | The Volumetric Imaging System for the Ionosphere (VISION) | Describes a mission for volumetric characterization of the ionosphere using optical tomography. | |||
22 | Budzien, Scott A., et al. | Heterogeneous Measurements for Advances in Space Science and Space Weather Forecasting | Emphasizes that space weather forecasting with new, full-physics models requires heterogeneous datasets with complementary characteristics— not merely a higher volume of any single data type. | |||
23 | Burch, James L., et al. | Magnetospheric Causes of Saturn’s Pulsar-Like Behavior | Proposes a three-spacecraft mission to identify the cause of Saturn’s periodicity. | |||
24 | Burger, Matthew H., et al. | Understanding Mercury’s Space Environment-Magnetosphere-Exosphere System: A Unified Strategy for Observational, Theoretical, and Laboratory Research | Recommends a strong program to combine ground-based and spacecraft observations, laboratory measurements, and numerical modeling to maximize the science return from these missions. | |||
25 | Burkepile, Joan R., et al. | The Importance of Ground-Based Observations of the Solar Corona | Proposes the use of a new K-coronagraph that will provide dramatically better data of the very low corona. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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26 | Carpenter, Kenneth G., et al. | Stellar Imager (SI): Developing and Testing a Predictive Dynamo Model for the Sun by Imaging Other Stars | Proposes a mission to resolve surface magnetic activity and subsurface structure and flows of a population of Sun-like stars in order to accelerate the development and validation of a predictive dynamo model for the Sun and enable accurate long-term forecasting of solar/ stellar magnetic activity. | |||
27 | Cassak, Paul, et al. | The Development of a Quantitative, Predictive Understanding of Solar Wind-Magnetospheric Coupling | Proposes a multi-pronged and interdisciplinary effort to understand observationally and theoretically what controls solar wind-magnetospheric coupling and how to predict it. | |||
28 | Chakrabarti, Supriya, et al. | Domestication of Scientific Satellites | Proposes the use of a flexible and scalable satellite system design in order to fill the wide gap between CubeSats and small Explorer missions and make space accessible to a new generation of Explorers. | |||
29 | Chandran, Benjamin D.G., et al. | Theoretical Research on Solar Wind Turbulence | Describes several areas in which future research on theory of solar wind turbulence holds particular promise and offers brief policy recommendations. | |||
30 | Chau, Jorge L., et al. | An Ionospheric Modification Facility for the Magnetic Equator | Proposes the deployment of an ionospheric modification facility, also called ionospheric heater, near the geomagnetic equator. | |||
31 | Chi, Peter J., et al. | A National Ground Magnetometer Program for Heliophysics Research | Recommends the establishment of a national ground magnetometer program to help coordinate, maintain, and enhance the magnetometer networks in North America. | |||
32 | Chollet, Eileen E., et al. | Career Development for Postdoctoral and Early Career Scientists | Discusses some career development issues early career scientists face and recommends some community changes that will help the field retain young talent. | |||
33 | Christe, Steven D., et al. | The Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI) | Proposes a mission to learn how and where electrons are accelerated, along which field lines they travel away from the acceleration site, where they are stopped, and how some electrons escape into interplanetary space, using the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager. | |||
34 | Christian, Eric R., et al. | Heliophysics Instrument and Technology Development Program (HITDP) | Describes a program to reinvigorate hardware development, provide a pathway for new technology to be infused into missions, develop the next generation of instrument scientists, and ensure a healthy science mission program. | |||
35 | Christensen, Andrew B., et al. | The International Space Station as a Space Physics Observation Platform V2 | Demonstrates that the Exposed Facility on the Japanese Experiment Module is suitable for siting optical instrumentation and conducting scientific experiments. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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36 | Chu, Xinzhao, et al. | Space Lidar Mission to Study Middle and Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Chemistry | Proposes a mission to make high-resolution temperature, wind, and Na-density measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region and to study the upper atmosphere chemistry, structure, and dynamics, especially the impact of gravity waves, using space Na Doppler lidar. | |||
37 | Chu, Xinzhao, and J. Thayer | Whole Atmosphere LIDAR for Whole Atmosphere Study | Proposes a mission to profile wind and temperature through the whole atmosphere from ground to 120 km with superlative accuracy and with whole atmosphere lidar. | |||
38 | Chua, Damien H., et al. | Geospace Dynamics Imager: A Mission Concept for Heliospheric and Magnetospheric Imaging and Space Weather Forecasting | Proposes a mission to provide the first direct, global images of the solar wind-magnetosphere system with the Geospace Dynamics Imager. | |||
39 | Chutjian, Ara, et al. | Laboratory Solar Physics from Molecular to Highly-Charged Ions: Meeting Future Space Observations of the Solar Plasma and Solar Wind | Describes an addition to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory facility to provide a compact storage ring with the new, required measurement capabilities. | |||
40 | Cirtain, Jonathan W., et al. | The High-Latitude Solar-C International Collaboration: Observing the Polar Regions of the Sun and Heliosphere | Proposes a mission to fly a focused suite of instruments designed to study the solar interior flows (by helioseismology), surface magnetic fields, transition region, and extended corona from an orbit inclined at least 40 degrees to the ecliptic plane. | |||
41 | Clarke, John T., et al. | White Paper on Comparative Planetary Exospheres | Recommends the observation of planetary and satellite exospheres by enhanced ground-based and new Earth-orbiting telescopic instruments. | |||
42 | Claudepierre, Seth G., et al. | A CubeSat Constellation to Study Magnetospheric Ultra-Low Frequency Pulsations | Proposes a mission to constrain the azimuthal mode number spectrum of magnetospheric ultralow-frequency pulsations. | |||
43 | CoBabe-Ammann, Emily, et al. | The Importance of Student Instrument Programs in the Workforce Development in Solar and Space Physics | Details how student instrument programs attract, retain, and move students through the higher education pipeline into graduate studies and the scientific and engineering workforce. | |||
44 | Codrescu, Mihail | Data Assimilation for the Thermosphere and Ionosphere | Develops global data assimilation schemes using coupled thermosphere ionosphere models and large amounts of diverse data. | |||
45 | Cohen, Christina M.S., et al. | Protecting Science Mission Investment: Balancing the Funding Profile for Data Analysis Programs | Addresses the necessary balance between data analysis funds and support for guest investigator programs. | |||
46 | Colgate, Stirling A. | Experiments to Demonstrate Solar and Astrophysical Dynamos | Explains how experiments have shown that turbulence leads primarily to enhanced resistive diffusion and not a dynamo. | |||
47 | Conde, Mark G. | Constructively Growing the Sounding Rocket Program: A Technology Development Line of Sounding Rocket Launches | Proposes that a competitive line of sounding rocket launches be added to the existing scientifically competed program. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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48 | Cooper, John F., et al. | Space Weathering Impact on Solar System Surfaces and Mission Science | Explains how surfaces and atmospheres directly exposed to space environments of planetary magnetospheres, the heliosphere, and the local interstellar environment are eroded and chemically modified. | |||
49 | Coster, Anthea J., et al. | Investigations of Global Space Weather with GPS | Proposes improvements in the global distribution of ionospheric sensors. | |||
50 | Cranmer, Steven R., et al. | Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectroscopy: A Key Capability for Understanding the Physics of Solar Wind Acceleration | Describes how ultraviolet coronagraph spectroscopy enables measurements of the collisionless processes responsible for producing the solar wind. | |||
51 | Davila, Joseph M., et al. | The International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) | Details the deployment of 100 new instruments in Africa and around the world, including GPS, magnetometers, particle detectors, H-alpha telescopes, and radio spectrographs. | |||
52 | Davila, Joseph M., et al. | Understanding Magnetic Storage, Reconnection, and CME Initiation | Recommends the tracing of magnetic fields with a high-resolution coronagraph. | |||
53 | de la Beaujardiere, Odile, and C. Fesen | Global scintillation prediction | Proposes a systems-approach mission to predict scintillations from ultra-high frequency to L-band at all latitudes. | |||
54 | de la Beaujardiere, Odile, and D. Ober | Long-Term Changes in the Ionosphere/ Magnetosphere System and Reliable Platform for Innovations in Space Sensors | Recommends that the Defense Weather Satellite System accommodate instruments that provide the observations required for long-term trends in the magnetosphere ionosphere system as well as provide a reliable “home” for flight opportunity to test new instruments. | |||
55 | Denig, William F., et al. | On the Utility of Operational Satellite Data to Solar and Space Physics Research | Recommends increased interaction between the operational and research communities. | |||
56 | Desai, Mihir I., et al. | Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (PATH) | Proposes a mission to determine the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration and propagation of SEPs through the inner heliosphere. | |||
57 | Donovan, Eric | The Great Geospace Observatory and Simultaneous Missions of Opportunity | Presents a novel concept of a cost-effective multiagency initiative to fly the “Great Geospace Observatory” and provide a revolutionary three-dimensional view of Earth’s plasma environment. | |||
58 | Dorelli, John C., et al. | A Proposal for a Computational Heliophysics Innovation Program (CHIP) | Proposes that NASA create a program to ensure that the heliophysics community keeps up with the rapidly advancing high performance computing frontier over the next decade. | |||
59 | Doschek, George A. | A Concept White Paper for a New Solar Flare Instrument Designed to Determine the Plasma Parameters in the Reconnection Region of Solar Flares at Flare Onset | Describes a possible Bragg crystal spectrometer experiment that could provide spectroscopic plasma diagnostics of the reconnection region of solar flares, such as electron temperature, turbulence, flows, and polarization. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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60 | Doschek, George A., et al. | The High Resolution Solar-C International Collaboration | Proposes a collaboration to observe simultaneously the photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona at high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution with proposed high-resolution Solar-C mission. | |||
61 | Dyrud, Lars, et al. | A Crucial Space Weather Effect: Meteors and Meteoroids | Describes the importance of the interplanetary meteoroid and dust environment to support studies of solar system evolution, solar wind, upper atmospheric physics, planetary atmospheres and ionospheres, planetary geology, and manned and unmanned spacecraft. | |||
62 | Dyrud, Lars, et al. | Commercial Access to Space for Scientific Discovery and Operations | Describes the observations required to achieve the greatest scientific advances with arrays of scientific sensors distributed throughout the system gathering data. | |||
63 | Eastes, Richard W. | Far Ultraviolet Imaging of the Earth’s Thermosphere and Ionosphere | Proposes a mission to provide full disk images of atmospheric temperature and composition during the daytime and electron densities in the F2 region of the ionosphere at night using far ultraviolet (FUV) spectral imaging from geostationary orbit. | |||
64 | Ebbets, Dennis, C., et al. | Flight Opportunities for Hosted Payloads on the Iridium NEXT Satellites | Invites ideas for flying sensors as hosted payloads on the NEXT constellation of commercial communications satellites being developed by Iridium Satellite. | |||
65 | Elkington, Scot R., and X. Li | MORE/ORBITALS: An International Mission to Advance Radiation Belt Science | Proposes support for the MORE/ORBITALS mission, an international collaboration to build a spacecraft to study the dynamical evolution of the radiation belts. | |||
66 | Emmert, John T., et al. | Geospace Climate Present and Future | Describes the importance of the systematic response of geospace to natural and anthropogenic forcing for societal utilization of this environment. | |||
67 | England, Scott, L et al. | Concept Paper: An Investigation of the Coupling of the Earth’s Atmosphere to Its Plasma Environment | Proposes a mission concept that addresses ion-neutral coupling. | |||
68 | Englert, Christoph, R., et al. | Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy: An Emerging Optical Technique for Heliophysics and Beyond | Proposes the use of the Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy for NASA missions. | |||
69 | Eparvier, Francis G. | The Need for Consistent Funding of Facilities Required for NASA Missions | Explores how to avoid the risk of the haphazard, precarious, and inconsistent funding of calibration and test facilities, which are necessary for the success of NASA missions such as NIST SURF Beamline-2. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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70 | Erickson, Philip J., et al. | Investigations of Plasmasphere Boundary Layer Processes in the Coupled Earth-Sun Geospace System | Proposes a focused attack on advancing knowledge of ionospheric structuring and space weather effects driven by magnetosphere/ ionosphere coupling in the critically important subauroral plasmasphere boundary layer, through use of multipoint measurement networks in both the American and Australian sectors. | |||
71 | Fennell, J.F., et al. | The Magnetospheric Constellation Mission | Reconsiders the original Magnetospheric Constellation Mission concept for implementation in the next decade. | |||
72 | Fennell, J.F., and P.T. O’Brien | Mission to Understand Electron Pitch Angle Diffusion and Characterize Precipitation Bands and Spikes | Proposes a mission to understand the processes and answer the questions raised by observations of precipitation bands. | |||
73 | Fennell, J.F. | Enhancement of POES Instruments to Provide Better Space Weather Electron Data | Encourages the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to seriously consider flying an electron sensor that measures the precipitating and trapped electron fluxes in the 40-2000 keV energy range on a continuous basis to fulfill operational and science needs discussed. | |||
74 | Fennell, J.F., et al. | Transition Region Exploration (TREx) Mission | Describes the science need for a mission that spans the L* region from 4.5 to 8.5 in the equatorial plane. | |||
75 | Fleishman, Gregory D., et al. | Uncovering Mechanisms of Coronal Magnetism via Advanced 3D Modeling of Flares and Active Regions | Recommends capitalizing on new (or soon to be available) facilities such as Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO), the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), and the Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope and the challenges they present. | |||
76 | Florinski, Vladimir, et al. | The Outer Heliosphere—Solar System’s Final Frontier | Discusses the need for a dedicated theoretical program to study the physics of the outer heliosphere and identifies four main thrust areas: global structure, pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays, and physics of the termination shock and heliopause. | |||
77 | Foster, John | DASI: Distributed Arrays of Scientific Instruments for Geospace and Space Weather Research | Demonstrates the importance of a larger-perspective point of view to appreciate how the individual features of geospace come together. | |||
78 | Frahm, Rudy A. | Interaction of the Solar Wind with a Partially Magnetized Planet | Proposes a spacecraft experiment that deals with our nearest neighbor planet, Mars, and its interaction with the space environment. | |||
79 | Frazier, Jr., Jesse R. | Alternate Magnetic Thermodynamics | Presents the author’s unconventional views on magnetism and energy. | |||
80 | Fritts, Dave, et al. | Solar Forcing of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere from Below: Coupling via Neutral Wave Dynamics | Describes the motivations for a mission addressing neutral atmosphere-ionosphere coupling via neutral waves propagating into the thermosphere and ionosphere from the lower atmosphere and the auroral zone. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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81 | Fritz, Theodore, A., and B.M. Walsh | Particle Acceleration and Entry of Solar Wind Energy into the Magnetosphere | Recommends the investigation of energetic particle acceleration in the cusp and the contributions of such a population to the plasma sheet and radiation belt. | |||
82 | Fry, Dan J., et al. | Solar Proton Event Risk Modeling for Variable Duration Human Spaceflight | Proposes a strategy that will utilize agency science to feed the development of needed near-term probabilistic models that assess solar proton event risk for long-duration human exploration. | |||
83 | Fuller-Rowell, Tim, et al. | Forecasting Ionospheric Irregularities | Discusses the pressing need to develop a capability to forecast the likely occurrence of ionospheric irregularities and their detrimental impact on communications and navigation. | |||
84 | Fung, Shing F., et al. | Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Connector (MAGIC): Investigation of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling from High-to-Low Latitudes | Proposes a mission with a high-altitude satellite for auroral and plasmaspheric imaging and multiple lower-orbiting spacecraft for simultaneous in situ and radio sounding measurements. | |||
85 | Fuselier, Stephen A., et al. | Stereo Magnetospheric Imaging (SMI) Mission | Proposes energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging mission using two spacecraft at the lunar L4 and L5 Lagrange points to investigate plasma processes at the bow shock and magnetopause, and in the cusps and magnetotail, lunar interactions, and heliospheric and interstellar phenomena. | |||
86 | Gary, Dale E., et al. | The Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR) | Proposes that a wide range of science goals can be addressed with a solar-dedicated radio telescope in a high state of readiness, with superior imaging capability and broad frequency coverage. | |||
87 | Gary, Dale E., et al. | Particle Acceleration and Transport on the Sun | Describes the comprehensive observations required to understand particle acceleration and particle transport on the Sun. | |||
88 | Gentile, L.C., et al. | Scintillation and Energy Input for Space Situational Awareness and Monitoring the Environment (SESSAME) | Provides a new generation of space environmental monitoring instruments to measure high-latitude energy input and scintillation at both high and equatorial latitudes. | |||
89 | Gentile, L.C., et al. | Constellation for Heliospheric and Ionospheric Equatorial Forecasting of Scintillation (CHIEFS) | Proposes to advance understanding of ionospheric effects on communication and navigation systems with a constellation of small, dedicated satellites orbiting the equator, combined with data from ground-based instruments. | |||
90 | Gentile, L.C., et al. | Polar and Equatorial Communication Outage Satellites (PECOS) | Gives a low-cost solution that meets many current space weather objectives with three paired constellations of small satellites flying in multiple orbits. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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91 | Giampapa, Mark S., et al. | Asteroseismology: The Next Frontier in Solar-Stellar Physics | Recommends comparative studies of the influence of parameters such as rotation and convection zone structure on dynamo-related magnetic activity at all relevant timescales. | |||
92 | Giampapa, Mark, S., et al. | Causes of Solar Activity | Emphasizes the critical importance of a sustained program of long-term, high-continuity observations of the solar magnetic field by a network of ground-based synoptic-type instruments. | |||
93 | Gilbert, Jason A. | What Composition Measurements Could Have Done for Solar Probe Plus | Examines the science benefits that composition data would have brought to the Solar Probe Plus missions, which explore the source regions of the solar wind and of inner-source pickup ions. | |||
94 | Gjerloev, Jesper W., et al. | Auroral Forms and Their Role in the Dungey Convection Cycle | Urges the committee to include the fundamental science objectives: What is the role of meso-scale auroral forms in the Dungey global convection cycle? | |||
95 | Gjerloev, Jesper W., et al. | SuperMAG: The Global Ground Based Magnetometer Initiative | Urges the decadal survey committee to acknowledge the strength of the ground-based magnetometer data set and the need for global collaborations such as SuperMAG. | |||
96 | Golub, Leon, et al. | RAM: The Reconnection and Microscale Mission | Outlines a new approach to understanding the dynamic activity of hot, magnetized plasmas using the best example available, the solar corona, with the goals of determining the configurations that lead to energy release and locating sources of high-energy particles. | |||
97 | Goncharenko, Larisa P., et al. | Coupling Through Planetary Waves: From the Stratosphere to Ionospheric Irregularities | Proposes an observational strategy that would investigate potential effects of planetary waves on irregularities. | |||
98 | Goode, Philip | The 1.6 m Clear Aperture Optical Solar Telescope in Big Bear—The NST | Describes how the largest aperture (1.6 m) solar telescope will provide an essential complement to SDO, Hinode, and other satellite data, especially as a probe of the space weather. | |||
99 | Gopalswamy, Nat, et al. | Earth-Affecting Solar Causes Observatory (EASCO): A New View from Sun-Earth L5 | Outlines the concept of a mission that will make remote sensing and in situ measurements from the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L5 to understand the origin and evolution of large-scale solar disturbances such as coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions. | |||
100 | Gross, Nicholas, and J. Sojka | Value and Need of Helio and Space Physics Summer Schools | Highlights the value of space physics summer schools and encourages the continued funding of similar efforts. | |||
101 | Gross, Nicholas | Value of Enhanced Mentoring in Space and Helio Physics | Outlines the value of enhancing mentoring that a center provides through exposure of students to a broad range of mentors and activities. | |||
102 | Grotheer, Emmanuel B., et al. | Determination of Optical Spectra and G-values for Negative Ions of Low-Mass Atoms and Molecules | Recommends research to determine negative ions’ emission spectra and g-values and discusses interactions of solar wind with Mercury’s magnetosphere and surface. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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103 | Habbal, Shadia R., et al. | Exploring the Physics of the Corona with Total Solar Eclipse Observations | Supports total solar eclipse observations in the visible and near infrared wavelength range to explore the physics of the corona, in particular on August 21, 2017. | |||
104 | Heelis, Rod | Magnetosphere Atmosphere Coupling Mission (MACM) | Proposes a mission to discover the spatial and temporal scales over which the ionosphere and thermosphere respond to magnetospheric energy inputs and determine how magnetospheric sources and wind dynamos contribute to the electric field in the ionosphere and thermosphere. | |||
105 | Heelis, Rod | Space-Atmosphere Boundary Layer Electrodynamics (SABLE) | Proposes a mission to uncover the pathways through which energy from the magnetosphere and solar wind is redistributed in Earth’s atmosphere. | |||
106 | Hess, Sebastien L.G., et al. | Exploration of the Uranus Magnetosphere | Proposes a middle-size mission to explore the Uranus magnetosphere with a minimal set of instruments that are necessary to address the most compelling questions about the Uranus magnetosphere and to improve understanding of the solar wind-magnetosphere interactions in general. | |||
107 | Hill, Frank, et al. | Helioseismology | Supports ground-based multi-wavelength observations and space-based multi-viewpoint measurements in order to further understanding of space physics. | |||
108 | Hill, Frank, et al. | The Need for Synoptic Optical Solar Observations from the Ground | Discusses the value of long-term observations in understanding the Sun and its activity cycle and the importance of providing sufficient resources to obtain and improve the measurements. | |||
109 | Holzworth, Robert H. | Lightning Influence on Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Plasma | Discusses the influence of lightning on ionoshere and magnetosphere processes, gives history behind current knowledge, and suggests that lightning-generated plasma waves may be much more important to magnetospheric and ionospheric physics than is realized. | |||
110 | Horanyi, Mihaly, et al. | iDUST: Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust Near Earth: A Mission Concept for “Dust Tomography” of the Heliosphere | Proposes a mission to observe the inward transport of interstellar dust and the outflow of near-solar dust and explore dusty plasma processes throughout the heliosphere. | |||
111 | Huang, Cheryl | A Satellite Mission Concept to Study Thermosphere-Ionosphere Coupling | Presents a satellite mission concept to study ion-neutral coupling with an improvement in satellite drag modelling. | |||
112 | Huba, Joseph D., et al. | A Comprehensive, First-Principles Model of Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularities and Turbulence | Discusses the development of a new modeling capability that describes the onset and development of equatorial ionospheric irregularities covering a spatial range of tens of centimeters to thousands of kilometers. |
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RFI Response Number | First Author | Response Title | Summary Description | |||
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113 | Hudson, Hugh S., et al. | Solar Flares and the Chromosphere | Emphasizes the need to put new programs in place to follow up the Hinode and SDO successes and take advantage of modern modeling prowess and ground-based data to understand this complicated but physically fundamental domain. | |||
114 | Hughes, W. Jeffrey | The Future of Modeling the Space Environment | Details the need for a cohesive team of space and computational scientists and software engineers to develop a modern space environment model. | |||
115 | Intrator, Thomas P., et al. | Fundamental Heliophysics Processes: Unsteady Wandering Magnetic Field Lines, Turbulence, Magnetic Reconnection, and Flux Ropes | Suggests the use of complementing Earth-based experimental collaborations and observations, simulations, and theory to understand unsteady, three-dimensional, MHD-like energy conversion. | |||
116 | Israel, Martin H., et al. | The Effect of the Heliosphere on Galactic and Anomalous Cosmic Rays | Recommends improving observations of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous cosmic rays to better understand how the interplanetary magnetic field modulates both galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the inner solar system. | |||
117 | Jackson, Bernard V., et al. | SWIRES, a Solar Wind Instrument for Remote Sensing | Proposes a visible-light imager that provides solar wind bulk density measurements from an 840 km Sun-synchronous terminator polar orbit. | |||
118 | Jackson, Bernard V., et al. | PERSEUS, A Pegasus Explorer for Remote Sensing and In-Situ Space Science | Proposes PERSEUS instruments to provide all-sky coverage to enable mapping and three-dimensional reconstruction of the heliosphere. | |||
119 | Jensen, Elizabeth A., et al. | Campaign Observations of the Heliosphere During the STEREO Superior Conjunction | Recommends the simultaneous measurement of the magnetic, velocity, and density fields of the heliosphere using the radio signal from natural sources and spacecraft in superior conjunction. | |||
120 | Ji, Hantao, et al. | Next Generation Experiments for Laboratory Investigations of Magnetic Reconnection Relevant to Heliophysics | Describes the scientific opportunity for next-generation laboratory experiments to study magnetic reconnection in regimes directly relevant to space and solar plasmas. | |||
121 | Ji, Hantao, and S. Prager | Strengthening Heliophysics Through Coordinated Plasma Astrophysics Programs with Laboratory Plasma Physics and Astrophysics | Introduces scientific opportunities articulated by the Workshop on Opportunities in Plasma Astrophysics and recommends close coordination with laboratory plasma physics and astrophysics to strengthen heliophysics programs. | |||
122 | Johnson, Les, et al. | Solar Sail Propulsion: Enabling New Capabilities for Heliophysics | Reports on a sampling of missions enabled by solar sails, the current state of the technology, and what funding is required to advance the current state of technology such that solar sails can enable these missions. | |||
123 | Johnston, Janet C., and D.F. Webb | Detecting and Tracking Solar Ejecta with Next-Generation Heliospheric Imaging Systems | Discusses the need for a low-risk L5 imager, and/or an L1 or LEO Sun-Earth line imager, to bank on knowledge gained from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager and STEREO. |
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124 | Jones, Andrew R., and F. Eparvier | The Importance of Fundamental Laboratory Measurements to NASA Heliophysics | Stresses the importance of fundamental laboratory measurements of quantities such as cross sections, atomic scattering factors, and reaction rates that are vital to interpreting data from existing and future missions, as well as essential for instrument design. | |||
125 | Judge, Philip G. | Measuring Magnetic Free Energy in the Solar Atmosphere | Offers a credible method for measuring free magnetic energy in the solar atmosphere with infrared imaging technology. | |||
126 | Kanekal, Shrikanth G., et al. | Heliospheric Particle Explorer: Advancing Our Understanding of Magnetospheric, Solar Energetic Particle, and Cosmic Ray Physics | Proposes a low-Earth-orbiting satellite with an instrument payload that measures energetic particles over a wide range of energies and species. | |||
127 | Kashyap, Vinay L., et al. | The Sun as a Star | Argues for increased focus on studies that target solar-stellar connections. | |||
128 | Keeley, Helena | Using KEEL Technology for Vehicle Prognostics and Diagnostics, and for Other Space Applications | Addresses how Compsim’s KEEL (Knowledge Enhanced Electronic Logic) technology can be applied horizontally in the heliophysics realm (theory and modeling; innovations: technology, instruments, and data systems) and describes how KEEL can satisfy NASA’s future space needs, which would otherwise cost billions of dollars. | |||
129 | Keesee, Amy M., et al. | A Campaign to Understand Mechanisms Responsible for Ion Heating in Magnetic Reconnection | Proposes a multidisciplinary campaign to address the mechanisms of ion heating in magnetic reconnection. | |||
130 | Keil, Stephen L., et al. | Science and Operation of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope | Outlines the science goals for ATST and expresses its ability to impact understanding of the Sun. | |||
131 | Keil, Stephen L., et al. | Generation, Evolution, and Destruction of Solar Magnetic Fields | Proposes a project to measure the Sun’s magnetic fields on their natural physical scales with a large-aperture solar telescope, namely ATST. | |||
132 | Keiling, Andreas | Science and Mission Concept of a Holistic Ionosphere-Auroral Zone-Magnetosphere Investigation | Outlines a holistic ground-spacecraft mission with four-point conjunctions along magnetic flux tubes connecting the ionosphere, the auroral acceleration region, and the outer magnetosphere. | |||
133 | Kepko, Larry, et al. | A NASA-funded CubeSat Program | Argues for a small augmentation to the Suborbital and Special Orbital Projects program to allow for CubeSats as an available science and technology platform. | |||
134 | Kepko, Larry, and G. Le | Magnetospheric Constellation | Describes a mission to trace the transport of mass and energy across the boundaries of and within Earth’s magnetosphere using a constellation of up to 36 small satellites. |
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135 | Klimchuk, James A. | Maximizing NASA’s Science Productivity | Argues that the science productivity of NASA’s Heliophysics Science Division is not maximized by the current program balance and recommends that research and analysis (R&A) funding be gradually increased by 10% of the Heliophysics Science Division budget to an eventual target of 20-25% of the total budget. | |||
136 | Klumpar, David M., et al. | The Technological Case for TinySats (CubeSats and Nanosatellites) in Support of Heliophysics Research and the National Space Weather Program | Establishs that rapid developments in electronics miniaturization, new manufacturing techniques, and new materials and the development of a cadre of commercial suppliers of small satellite subsystems fortify the technical readiness of CubeSats for heliophysics research. | |||
137 | Ko, Yuan-Kuen et al. | Breakthrough Toward Understanding the Solar Wind Origin | Argues that a breakthrough in the next decade toward understanding the origin of the solar wind will require the continued collection and analysis of solar spectroscopic and in situ solar wind ion composition data, and future mission designs that address the solar wind origins need to take into account the coexistence and coordination of these two types of instruments. | |||
138 | Ko, Yuan-Kuen, and G.A. Doschek | Systematic Science for Future Missions | Examines strategies for future fleets of space missions to achieve systematic, optimal science, identifies key measurements that should not be sacrificed, and proposes coordination of the locations and timing of data availability. | |||
139 | Komjathy, Attila, et al. | Detecting Tsunami Generated Ionospheric Perturbations Using GPS Measurements | Argues for a concept of ionospheric sounding that would provide a method of tsunami confirmation using NASA’s global network of real-time GPS receivers. | |||
140 | Korendyke, Clarence M., et al. | Fine-Scale Advanced Coronal and Transition Region Spectrometer (FACTS) Mission: An Imaging Spectroscopy Mission to Observe Physical Processes of the Solar Chromosphere, Transition Region, and Corona | Proposes a mission to determine and characterize the dominant physical processes responsible for the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the upper solar atmosphere. | |||
141 | Kosovichev, Alexander, et al. | Solar Dynamo | Proposes that a significant breakthrough can be made to advance understanding of the physical mechanisms of magnetic field generation and formation of magnetic structures on the Sun with the help of targeted funding to support coordinated interdisciplinary groups of observers, theorists, and modelers, working together on solar dynamo as a single complex problem. | |||
142 | Krall, Jonathan, and J.D. Huba | Physics-Based Modeling of the Plasmasphere | Argues the case that a key priority of U.S. space physics enterprise should be to develop a physics-based numerical model of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system that will describe the plasmasphere and its interactions with the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and ring current. |
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143 | Kucharek, Harald, et al. | Multi-Scale Investigations of Fundamental Physical Processes | Proposes research to understand the role of coupling between different scales in particle acceleration, energy dissipation, and plasma transport in shocks, reconnection, and turbulence. | |||
144 | Laming, J. Martin, et al. | Science Objectives for an X-Ray Microcalorimeter Observing the Sun | Presents the science case for a broadband X-ray imager with high-resolution spectroscopy, including simulations of X-ray spectral diagnostics of both active regions and solar flares. | |||
145 | Laming, J. Martin, et al. | Understanding the Coronal Abundance Anomalies of the Sun | Emphasizes the importance of the first ionization potential abundance anomaly in regions of the solar corona and wind, especially for the insight it provides into wave-particle interactions in the solar atmosphere and how these might inform models of coronal heating. | |||
146 | Larsen, Miguel F., and G. Lemacher | Diffusion and Transport Near the Turbopause | Addresses the poorly understood turbulent diffusion and transport processes in the lower thermosphere and the need for more extensive in situ observations of the neutral dynamics in the region. | |||
147 | Lawrence, David J., et al. | Using Solar Neutrons to Understand Solar Acceleration Processes | Explains the need for robust neutron measurements in concert with coordinated observations of gamma rays, energetic ions, and electrons, extreme ultraviolet, and radio waves to fully understand solar acceleration mechanisms. | |||
148 | Lazio, Joseph, et al. | Magnetospheric Emission from Extrasolar Planets | Describes the effort needed to detect and use magnetospheric emissions from extrasolar planets to help with understanding the nature of planets and magnetospheres. | |||
149 | Lehmacher, Gerald | Small-Scale Neutral-Ion Coupling in the Mesosphere | Addresses the fundamental science questions, What governs the coupling of neutral and ionized species in the mesosphere? and What is responsible for the variability of the ionization layers in the mesosphere?, and urges mesospheric investigations for the revitalization of the sounding rocket program. | |||
150 | Lemon, Colby L., et al. | The Importance of Ion Composition and Charge State Measurements for Magnetospheric Physics | Advocates for more ion composition instruments in the magnetosphere on future missions in order to resolve outstanding questions in magnetospheric physics. | |||
151 | Lepri, Susan T., et al. | Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Measurements: An Essential Element of Current and Future Space Missions | Discusses the vital role of solar wind and suprathermal composition measurements in resolving major outstanding science questions regarding reconnection, particle acceleration, and improving space weather predictions. | |||
152 | Lessard, Marc R., et al. | The Importance of Ground-Observations and the Role of Distributed Arrays in Polar Regions | Describes the importance of high-latitude ground-based observations, emphasizing the importance of instrument development, distributed arrays of instruments, and multi-instrument observations. |
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153 | Lewis, Laurel M. | The Determination of the Effects of Major Impacts on Global Geophysical and Geological Parameters | Proposes the study of global geologic and geophysical parameters in response to solar/ galactic fields in order to better understand the past influence impact has had on Earth history as well as to better determine the probability of future events. | |||
154 | Li, Gang, et al. | A “Swarm” Mission to Study Particle Acceleration at Interplanetary Shocks | Proposes a mission to study particle acceleration at interplanetary shocks via a swarm of spacecraft. | |||
155 | Li, Xinlin, et al. | Energetic Particles from a Highly Inclined Constellation (EPIC) | Addresses solar flares and solar energetic particles reaching at Earth, the loss rate of Earth’s radiation belt electrons, and the effect of these energetic particles on the chemistry and dynamics of Earth’s middle and upper atmosphere. | |||
156 | Liewer, Paulett C., et al. | Solar Polar Imager: Observing Solar Activity from a New Perspective | Proposes a mission to target the unexplored polar regions by enabling crucial observations not possible from lower latitudes with a 0.48-AU orbit with an inclination of 75° and a solar sail. | |||
157 | Lin, Chin S., and F.A. Marcos | Predict Neutral Density | Proposes research to improve predictions of satellite drag with physics-based atmospheric density models. | |||
158 | Lin, Chin S., and F.A. Marcos | Research-to-Operation of Predicting Neutral Density | Proposes research to use physics-based atmospheric density models to improve research-to-operation of predicting satellite. | |||
159 | Lin, Chin S., and F.A. Marcos | CubeSat Orbital Drag Experiment | Proposes an experiment to exploit the CubeSat opportunity, which provides the unprecedented capability of long-term, routine, high-accuracy measurements of thermospheric variability by accelerometers. | |||
160 | Lin, Robert P., et al. | Expansion of the Heliophysics Explorer Program | Points out that Heliophysics Explorer missions have the best success record in all respects of any space missions. | |||
161 | Lin, Robert P., et al. | The Multi-Spacecraft Inner Heliosphere Explorer (HELIX) | Proposes a five-spacecraft mission to study large-scale solar transients in the inner heliosphere and their acceleration of particles to high energies. | |||
162 | Lin, Robert P., et al. | Solar Eruptive Events (SEE) 2020 Mission Concept | Proposes a complement of advanced new instruments that focus on the coronal energy release and particle acceleration sites of major solar eruptive events. | |||
163 | Lind, Frank D. | Next Generation Space Science with the Geospace Array | Addresses science topics from the lower atmosphere through the ionosphere and heliosphere and to the surface of the Sun and beyond with a globally deployed geospace array. | |||
164 | Livi, Stefano A., et al. | Solar Wind Ion Composition Measurements | Proposes an instrument to establish physical links between the outward transport of solar energy and the solar wind by providing direct measurements of solar eruption products in coronal mass ejections. |
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165 | Love, Jeffrey J. | Long-term Coordinated Ground and Satellite Monitoring of the Ring Current | Proposes improved, long-term, low-latitude ground-and space-based magnetometer monitoring for at least an entire solar cycle. | |||
166 | Luhmann, Janet G., et al. | Guest Investigator and Participating Scientist Programs | Expresses that Guest Investigator and Participating Scientist programs and mission modeling and theory teams provide major enhancements to the science potential of NASA’s missions. | |||
167 | Luhmann, Janet G., et al. | Extended Missions: Engines of Heliophysics System Science | Summarizes arguments for supporting the Heliophysics Systems Observatory, the engine of heliospheric systems science. | |||
168 | Lyons, Larry R. | Conceptual Framework for Space Weather Dynamics: An Interplay of Large and Mesoscale Structure within the Nightside Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere System | Describes a concept to allow for unprecedented comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system with new facilities and model development and to coordinate the use of these capabilities for transformational understanding of structure, dynamics, and disturbances. | |||
169 | Lystrup, Makenzie, et al. | A Multi-Spacecraft Jupiter Space Plasma Explorer | Proposes a multi-spacecraft Jupiter explorer mission to measure the jovispace plasma environment in key locations simultaneously— within and without the magnetosphere, in the plasma disc, in boundary regions, in the dawn and dusk flanks—all while monitoring solar wind and auroral energy output. | |||
170 | Mabie, Justin J. | A Comprehensive and Continuous Record of Ground Based Space Weather Observations | Recommends steps to modernize a comprehensive climatology of ground-based space weather observations collected from magnetometers, ionosondes, and other methods. | |||
171 | MacDonald, Elizabeth A., et al. | A Science Mission Concept to Actively Probe Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling | Describes how directly mapping magnetic field lines from a magnetospheric satellite to their ionospheric footpoints using an on-board electron emitter and ground-imaging techniques can answer long-standing fundamental questions of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. | |||
172 | MacDowall, Robert J., et al. | A Radio Observatory on the Lunar Surface for Solar Studies (ROLSS) | Proposes an observatory to image solar radio bursts at frequencies <10 MHz with a lunar-based radio telescope. | |||
173 | Makela, Jonathan J., et al. | A North American Thermosphere Ionosphere Observation Network | Recommends a network of ground-based multi-instrument sites to understand fundamental spatio-temporal processes in Earth’s ionosphere/ thermosphere/mesosphere system. | |||
174 | Mannucci, Anthony J. | Global Ionospheric Storms | Discusses global ionospheric storms as an important subfield of study within solar and space physics. | |||
175 | Mannucci, Anthony J. | Research to Operations: Continuous Improvement | Suggests a path forward that, over time, will lead to steadily improving operational capabilities in space weather. |
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176 | Mannucci, Anthony J., et al. | GNSS Geospace Constellation (GGC): A CubeSat Space Weather Mission Concept | Recommends technology investment in miniaturized GPS receivers that can be deployed on CubeSats for ionospheric remote sensing. | |||
177 | Mannucci, Anthony J., et al. | Estimating the Forces That Drive Ionosphere and Thermosphere Variability: Continuous Data and Assimilative Modeling | Advocates for developing a model-based approach to retrieving the driving forces from measurements of electron density structure and dynamics. | |||
178 | Marshall, Robert A. | Ionospheric Forcing from Below: Effects of Lightning | Demonstrates that extension of single-discharge studies to global effects are required to quantify the coupling in ionosphere forcing. | |||
179 | Marshall, Robert A. | Ground-based Space Weather Instrument Suites | Proposes that the geoscience community foster a class of instrumentation that involves multi-instrument, ground-based suites similar to satellite instrumentation. | |||
180 | Martinis, Carlos | Neutral Winds in the Upper Atmosphere | Discusses the need to measure neutral winds in the upper atmosphere in a global spatial and temporal scale to understand many processes involving electro-dynamics and ion-neutral coupling. | |||
181 | Matthaeus, William H., et al. | Turbulence and Nonlinear Dynamics and Its Many Effects in Solar and Heliospheric Physics | Calls attention to the broad implications of nonlinearity and turbulence within the complex, coupled solar and heliospheric system. | |||
182 | Mauel, Michael E., et al. | Development and Validation of Space Weather Models Using Laboratory Dipole Experiments | Describes the value of laboratory dipole experiments to develop and validate space weather models of magnetospheric dynamics. | |||
183 | Mazur, Joseph E. | Ultra-Heavy Nuclei in Solar Flare: The Rarest Elements in the Sun | Discusses the measurement of ultra-heavy energetic particles to understand nucleosynthesis and further processing of matter in flare acceleration, interplanetary acceleration, and transport. | |||
184 | Mazur, Joseph E. | Low-Impact Space Environment Sensors Required on Every NASA Space Vehicle | Recommends that space vehicles be required to include low-impact sensors and that the data be collected and synthesized in a centralized repository. | |||
185 | Mazur, Joseph E. | Need to Measure Solar Energetic Particle Ionization States from ~1 to Above 100 MeV/nucleon | Proposes one or more charged particle sensors in low-Earth polar orbit to infer the ionization state using the geomagnetic cutoff technique. | |||
186 | Mazur, Joseph E. | Unintended Effects of Increasing Reliance on Science Requirements | Details the unintended consequences of the practice of tracking NASA science missions with project management systems that establish and monitor requirements for science. | |||
187 | Mazur, Joseph E. | Unexploited Heliophysics Data Sets | Explains the value of the particle and plasma data sets collected from highly inclined and low-Earth-orbit research into the sources and dynamics of the near-Earth trapped and precipitating particle environments. | |||
188 | McComas, David J., et al. | Interstellar Mapping Probe (IMAP) Mission Concept: Illuminating the Dark Boundaries at the Edge of Our Solar System | Proposes the IMAP mission concept for the discovery of the detailed processes of the heliosphere/local interstellar medium interaction. |
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189 | McConnell, Mark L., et al. | X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Polarimetry of Solar Flares | Reviews the study of polarization at X-ray and gamma-ray energies for a greater understanding of particle acceleration in solar flares. | |||
190 | McCormack, John P., and S. Eckermann | High Altitude Data Assimilation: Characterizing the Effects of Solar Variability from the Ground to the Thermosphere | Proposes a high-altitude data assimilation system capable of exploiting satellite-and ground-based observations using state-of-the-art assimilation techniques to improve the observational characterization of the atmospheric response to solar variations. | |||
191 | McDonald, Sarah E., et al. | The Importance of Thermospheric Winds for Ionospheric Modeling | Presents specific examples where neutral wind measurements are needed to enable reliable ionospheric modeling due to variations in the neutral wind, which drive a complex system of ionospheric currents and electric fields, profoundly influencing the structure and composition of the ionosphere. | |||
192 | McHarg, Matthew G., and D. Knipp | Measuring Energy Inputs and ITM Response Using a Constellation of Small Satellites | Proposes a constellation of inexpensive small satellites to provide measurements for understanding the fundamental physics that will enable ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere forecasting. | |||
193 | McIntosh, Scott W., et al. | The Solar Chromosphere: The Inner Frontier of the Heliospheric System | Discusses the status of chromospheric physics and the frontiers that are opening up following recent observational discoveries. | |||
194 | McIntosh, Scott W., et al. | ChroMag: The Community Synoptic Chromospheric Magnetograph | Proposes a chromospheric magnetometry mission to provide a comprehensive, synoptic spectro-polarimetric observational data set from spectral lines formed at multiple “heights” of the chromosphere and the very base of the corona. | |||
195 | McNutt, Ralph L., Jr., et al. | Interstellar Probe | Proposes an interstellar probe that can be launched during the coming decade. | |||
196 | Merkin, Viacheslav G., et al. | Synergy Between Large Data Sets, First-Principles and Empirical Models of the Magnetosphere | Advocates for the need of support for programs that build on synergy between currently available and future large data sets of ionospheric and magnetospheric measurements and physics-based models of the ionosphere-thermosphere-magnetosphere system. | |||
197 | Mertens, Christopher J., et al. | Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety | Describes the Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety, a prototype operational model for predicting commercial aircraft radiation exposure from galactic and solar cosmic rays. | |||
198 | Mertens, Christopher J., et al. | Ionospheric E-Region Chemistry and Energetics | Proposes an Earth-observing, multisatellite science mission to explore the last remaining frontier in upper atmospheric research—the ionospheric E-region. |
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199 | Miesch, Mark S., et al. | The Importance of Polar Observations in Understanding the Solar Dynamo | Supports an out-of-ecliptic heliophysics mission that focuses on observations of the magnetic structure, dynamics, and solar-cycle evolution of the polar regions of the Sun that will provide data of critical importance for understanding the solar dynamo mechanism and the cyclic nature of solar activity. | |||
200 | Millan, Robyn M., et al. | NASA’s Balloon Program: Providing World-Class Science, Technology Development, and Vital Training of the Next Generation of Space Physicists | Summarizes examples of balloon-based science accomplishments and future opportunities and advocates continued support of the Ultra Long Duration Balloon Program, increased support for small and mid-sized payloads and balloon flotillas, and appropriately scaled funding for development of new experiments. | |||
201 | Miller, Ethan S. | Initiation of Irregularities in the Equatorial F-Region Ionosphere | Explores several theories and a variety of space-and ground-based measurements that will be useful to test theories on the initiation of irregularities in the equatorial F region ionosphere. | |||
202 | Mitchell, Donald G., et al. | Geospace Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Neutral Interaction (GEMINI) | Describes GEMINI, which uses two identical spacecraft in an 8 RE circular polar orbit for global, continuous imaging of the ring current, plasma sphere, atmospheric ultraviolet, and auroral emissions. | |||
203 | Mitchell, Elizabeth J. | Center for Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Decoupling Investigations | Outlines an initiative to correct the erroneous assumption of polar cap symmetry in ring current and radiation belt models. | |||
204 | Mlynczak, Martin G., et al. | Spectral Signatures of Geospace Climate Change | Proposes continued measurement of infrared spectral signatures of the energy balance of the geospace environment in order to identify and attribute causes and consequences of geospace climate change. | |||
205 | Moebius, Eberhard, et al. | NASA’s Explorer Program as a Vital Element to Further Heliophysics Research | Details the importance of Explorers to a mix of large and small mission opportunities for heliophysics in maintaining innovative research and a diverse infrastructure and in training the future workforce. | |||
206 | Moore, Thomas E., et al. | Mechanisms of Energetic Mass Ejection (MEME) | Proposes MEME to achieve the overarching objective of the 2009 Heliophysics Roadmap: Origins of Near Earth Plasmas—to understand the transport of terrestrial gas and plasma from its atmospheric source into the Magnetosphere and downstream Solar Wind. | |||
207 | Moore, Thomas E. | Laboratory for Active Space Experiment Research (LASER) Program | Presents a case for the resumption of active space experimentation in heliophysics. | |||
208 | Moses, J.D. | Magnetic Properties of the Solar Atmosphere (SolmeX Cosmic Vision Mission) | Summarizes the Solar Magnetism Explorer (SolmeX) mission proposal being submitted to the 2010 ESA Cosmic Vision call, which proposes to overcome the observational gap in the measurements of the coronal magnetic field. |
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209 | Nossal, Susan M. | Long Term Observations for Trend Studies | Addresses the importance of long-term observations for understanding the chemical and physical processes affecting the whole atmosphere system and recommends observations to enable long-term trend studies into the future. | |||
210 | Oberheide, Jens, et al. | Short-term Variability of the IT System | Proposes a comprehensive observation program to untangle the complex web of interacting processes and wave coupling that causes day-today variability in the ionosphere-thermosphere system. | |||
211 | Oberoi, Divya, et al. | Heliospheric Science at Low Radio Frequencies | Describes how the new generation of low-radio-frequency telescopes provides effective means to exploit the electromagnetic propagation effects to probe the heliosphere and presents the possibility of characterizing it in unprecedented detail. | |||
212 | Oberoi, Divya, et al. | High-Fidelity Coronal Imaging at Low Radio Frequencies | Describes how spectroscopic imaging of the Sun at low radio frequencies with next-generation radio interferometers can play a crucial role in addressing many long-standing puzzles related to magnetic fields and heating mechanisms in the solar corona. | |||
213 | O’Brien, Thomas P. | Long-term Monitoring of the Global Space Environment | Proposes a long-term inner magnetosphere monitor in a geosynchronous transfer orbit, NASA-to-NOAA (research to operations) transfer of future NASA explorers after the end of their science mission. | |||
214 | Onsager, Terrance G. | Need for Explicit Basic and Applied Research Funding | Advocates for distinct lines of funding by the U.S. civilian agencies for basic space physics research and the development of space weather applications, maintaining distinct requirements for both. | |||
215 | Osten, Rachel A. | Deepening the Solar/Stellar Connection for a Better Understanding of Solar and Stellar Variability | Encourages deepening of the solar/stellar connections, by recognizing a mutual relationship from which both solar physicists and stellar astronomers can benefit. | |||
216 | Oza, Nikunj C., et al. | Data Mining for Heliophysics | Recommends new data mining techniques that are needed to support breakthroughs in heliophysics. | |||
217 | Papadopoulos, Dennis | Active Experiments in Space— Ionospheric Heaters | Describes a program that uses ionospheric heaters with ground and space diagnostics to study “cause and effect” space plasma processes of key importance to space plasma physics and geophysics. | |||
218 | Pevtsov, Alexei A. | Current and Future State of Ground-Based Solar Physics in the U.S. | Draws attention to need for development of a comprehensive long-term plan for ground-based solar physics. |
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219 | Pfaff, Robert, et al. | Understanding Geospace on a Grand Scale: The Global Ionosphere/ Thermosphere Constellation | Proposes a Frontier mission consisting of a constellation of observing platforms that would sample the ionosphere and thermosphere at all local times and latitudes and hence provide a revolutionary advance for understanding the processes that define this critical region of geospace. | |||
220 | Pfaff, Robert, et al. | Sounding Rockets as Indispensable Research Platforms for Heliophysics Research and Development of a High Altitude Sounding Rocket | Provides an overview of the sounding rocket program’s capabilities, which are critical for heliophysics research, and describes the High Altitude Sounding Rocket initiative. | |||
221 | Pilewskie, Peter, et al. | The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor: Response to the National Academy of Science Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics | Recommends continuity of the measurements of total and spectral solar irradiance from space. | |||
222 | Podesta, John, et al. | High-resolution, High-accuracy Plasma, Electric, and Magnetic Field Measurements for Discovery of Kinetic Plasma Structures and Processes in the Evolving Solar Wind | Addresses the need for high-cadence, high-accuracy plasma and field measurements to diagnose kinetic scale processes in the solar wind and interplanetary medium. | |||
223 | Rast, Mark P., et al. | Next Steps in Solar Spectral Irradiance Studies | To understand the solar spectral output and its coupling to climate is a challenge in the next decade with full-disk radiometric imaging of the Sun, high-resolution observation and modeling of globally unresolved dynamics, and coupling to models of radiative and dynamical processes at Earth. | |||
224 | Reardon, Kevin P., et al. | Approaches to Optimize Scientific Productivity of Ground-based Solar Telescopes | Explains the value in the broader use of high-resolution, ground-based solar observations and the need for university programs to train young scientists in the analysis of such data. | |||
225 | Rempel, Matthias, et al. | Modeling of Magnetic Flux Emergence Across Scales | Summarizes recent progress in modeling flux emergence from the base of the convection zone into the solar corona and details the need for modeling capabilities and large coordinated teams of investigators that are currently not supported through available programs. | |||
226 | Retterer, John M. | Next Gen IT Modeling Infrastructure for Space Weather Forecasting | Describes new infrastructure required for progress in ionosphere/thermosphere modeling, both for scientific progress and operational utility. | |||
227 | Richardson, John D., et al. | The Heliospheric Interaction with the LISM: Observations and Models | Emphasizes the scientific progress to be made by continuation of the Voyager mission with appropriate theoretical and modeling support. | |||
228 | Rickard, Lee J., et al. | The Long Wavelength Array (LWA): A Large HF/VHF Array for Solar Physics, Ionospheric Science, and Solar Radar | Provides a new approach for studying the Sun-Earth environment from the surface of the Sun through Earth’s ionosphere. | |||
229 | Ridley, Aaron J., et al. | A Constellation Mission to Understand the Thermospheric Reaction to Energy Input Across Scales | Proposes an ionosphere/thermosphere constellation mission utilizing micro-satellites to study the dynamics of the upper atmosphere after energy input. |
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230 | Roberts, D. Aaron, et al. | The Heliophysics Data Environment as an Enabler of HP Science of the Next Decade | Argues for the continued support of a “heliophysics information system,” as recommended in the previous decadal survey, as is being developed by many groups. | |||
231 | Roddy, Patrick A., and J.O. Ballenthin | The Atmospheric Density Specification Experiment | Proposes a neutral mass spectrometer mission to feed these models of the neutral thermosphere and improve atmospheric drag forecasts. | |||
232 | Roelof, Edmond C., and G.B. Andrews | Telemachus Redux | Describes Telemachus, a technologically ready low-to-medium-cost, dual-mode mission that addresses basic science questions of the dynamics of the subsurface, surface, and coronal dynamics of the polar regions of the Sun and the non-ecliptic solar wind, fields, and energetic particles. | |||
233 | Rowland, Douglas E., et al. | The Tropical Coupler Mission | Proposes a mission to provide a complete understanding of the forcing of the ionosphere and lower thermosphere by stratospheric and tropospheric effects at low latitudes and to determine the causes and consequences of internal ionospheric instabilities. | |||
234 | Russell, Christopher T., et al. | Determination of How Charged Interplanetary Dust Affects the Flowing Magnetized Solar Wind | Recommends funding opportunities and mission opportunities for research on solar wind turbulence, such as multiscale, multisatellite measurements in the undisturbed solar wind with dust detectors capable of measuring the mass, speed, charge, and elemental/chemical composition of the solar wind entrained grains, as well as sensitive plasma and field instruments. | |||
235 | Ryan, James M., et al. | Ground Based Measurements of Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays | Discusses the merits of measuring and monitoring solar and galactic cosmic rays at ground level. | |||
236 | Rymer, Abigail M. | The Case for Exploring Uranus’ Magnetosphere | Advocates support from the heliophysics community for a dedicated mission to Uranus, launched in the time frame 2020-2023 and designed to make detailed in situ observations of the unique Uranian magnetosphere. | |||
237 | Sanchez, Ennio R., et al. | Magnetic Meridian Ring of Incoherent Scatter Radars: Supporting Science Discovery and Tracing AIM Weather, Climate, and Global Change | Advocates the concept of positioning atmospheric observatories built around incoherent scatter radars at points all around a single geomagnetic meridian to provide global system scientists, modelers, and data consumers with the high-quality data they require. | |||
238 | Scherb, Frank | The Abundance of Deuterium and He3 in the Solar Wind | Describes a novel instrument for detecting and measuring solar wind deuterium. | |||
239 | Schreiner, William S. | Using Space-Based GNSS Radio Occultation Data for Ionospheric and Space Weather Applications | Addresses the scientific and operational needs for continuing global observations of the ionosphere and lower neutral atmosphere with Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation data. |
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240 | Schrijver, Karel, et al. | The Solar Magnetic Dynamo and Its Role in the Formation and Evolution of the Sun, in the Habitability of Its Planets, and in Space Weather around Earth | Addresses the needs and opportunities for dynamo-related studies in the coming decade(s), including understanding the solar magnetic dynamo by combining numerical studies and theory with observations of the evolving surface field of Sun and stars and of solar and stellar internal flows. | |||
241 | Schwadron, N.A., et al. | Research to Operations (Res2Ops)— Opportunities for Center Development | Discusses the development of research-to-operations centers at universities and laboratories to develop highly successful operational tools to fill demonstrated or emerging needs and combines best practices in engineering, physics, computer science, and management. | |||
242 | Schwadron, Nathan A., et al. | NESSC Summer School for Undergraduates in Space Physics | Describes the New England Space Science Consortium (NESSC), which can provide both governance and lecturers in a new 1-or 2-week summer school for undergraduate students that provides students with an intellectual background to help in the pursuit of research projects (e.g., an REU gateway) and graduate programs. | |||
243 | Semeter, Joshua, et al. | Energy Transfer from the Solar Wind to the Solid Earth | Recommends distributed measurements from ground and from space, coupled through first-principles modeling, to establish the global force balance governing the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. | |||
244 | Shih, Albert Y., et al. | Solar Ion Acceleration and the Flaring Atmosphere | Discusses the open science questions, the remotely observable signatures (e.g., gamma rays, neutrons, and energetic neutral atoms), and several instrument concepts that are associated with understanding solar ion acceleration, as well as the aspects of the flaring atmosphere that are probed by energetic ions. | |||
245 | Siskind, David E., et al. | Dynamical Ground-to-Space (G2S) Coupler | Outlines the recent science linking the lower to the upper atmosphere and discusses measurement strategies to understand these couplings. | |||
246 | Smith, Charles W., et al. | The Case for Continued, Multi-Point Measurements in Space Science | Argues for preservation of the distributed assets of space science that constitute the heliospheric “Great Observatory” and of this unique creation with all the opportunities it represents. | |||
247 | Smith, David M., et al. | The High-Energy Sun at High Sensitivity: A NuSTAR Solar Guest Investigation Program | Describes the extraordinary solar science expected from NuSTAR, a NASA small Explorer satellite to be launched in 2012 primarily for astrophysical observations, and outlines the advantages of a dedicated guest investigator program specifically to support NuSTAR solar observations. |
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248 | Smith, Steven M. | Gravity Wave Coupling Processes Between the Lower Atmosphere and the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere | Proposes a research strategy to forecast space weather phenomena with a fundamental understanding of the dynamics (e.g., energy and momentum flux budgets, chemistry, etc.) of Earth’s atmosphere as a whole system. | |||
249 | Smith, Steven M. | Neutral Temperature and Wind Measurements of Earth’s Thermosphere | Discusses the need for more accurate neutral temperature and wind climatologies of Earth’s lower thermosphere in the altitude range 100-300 km. | |||
250 | Snow, Martin A., et al. | The Importance of Solar EUV and FUV Irradiance Measurements for Space Weather and Atmospheric Modeling | Argues that extending the data record of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and far ultraviolet (FUV) irradiances should continue to be a priority of the heliophysics community for understanding both the long-term (climate) and short-term (space weather) influence of the Sun on the atmosphere. | |||
251 | Sojka, Jan J. | Adoption of a Paradigm Shift for Space Exploration | Presents a case for collaboration between all space science funding agencies to support synergistic activities that benefit all and provides the links between science and applications that will produce the expected societal benefits. | |||
252 | Solomon, Stanley C., and L. Qian | Modeling and Measurement of Upper Atmosphere Climate Change | Proposes a program of model development and space-based measurements for understanding and quantifying the increasing temperatures of the upper atmosphere. | |||
253 | Spann, James F., et al. | A Cross-Agency Enabling Effort Focused on Space Weather Observations and Research-to-Operation Transition | Presents an approach to address the lack of a robust national coordinated research-to-application program for space weather and a lack of sufficient relevant space-and ground-based observations by proposing a joint federal agency program involving NASA, NOAA, and NSF. | |||
254 | Spann, James F., et al. | A NASA Applied Spaceflight Environments Office Concept | Presents a solution to the NASA problem that there is no coordinated activity to harness the valuable knowledge and products across the field centers related to spaceflight environments, which includes space weather. | |||
255 | Spann, James F., et al. | Dynamic Geospace Coupling Mission | Addresses fundamental questions related to plasma processes that determine how energy and momentum from the solar wind propagate downward through geospace to Earth and proposes a multi-spacecraft implementation with imaging and in situ instruments. | |||
256 | St. Cyr, O.C., et al. | Space Weather Diamond: A 10x Improvement in Real-Time Forecasting | Promotes an applied heliophysics mission concept to facilitate the connection between science and societal needs (e.g., improvements in space weather prediction) by providing an order of magnitude improvement over present-day L1 monitors. | |||
257 | St. Cyr, O.C., et al. | Solar Orbiter: Exploring the Sun-Heliosphere Connection | Describes the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission, including the science and mission design. |
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258 | Stephan, Andrew W., et al. | Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere (ITM) Mapping Across Temporal and Spatial Scales | Provides a robust method for obtaining necessary routine space weather maps of the near-Earth space weather volume for both scientific inquiry and operational users by combining global imaging and low-altitude sensors measuring ultraviolet airglow. | |||
259 | Stevens, Michael H., et al. | Direct Observations of Global-Scale Transport in the Lower Thermosphere | Describes a mission to study global-scale dynamics by observing tracers injected by vehicles launched from a satellite in geosynchronous orbit. | |||
260 | Stoneback, Russell A. | Effective Aperture Behavior on the Earth and Sun | Proposes continued research on a model to investigate the apparent equivalence between high-latitude currents on both Earth and the Sun and currents used to calculate the diffracted field produced by an aperture. | |||
261 | Streltsov, Anatoly V. | Multi-scale Electrodynamics of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Interactions | Proposes comprehensive, multi-fluid, wave-particle numerical models with predictive capabilities to address observations from satellites, sounding rockets, and radars conducted in the high-latitude magnetosphere and the ionosphere, which frequently measure intense unexplained electromagnetic fields and currents. | |||
262 | Strong, Keith T., et al. | 4PI: A Global Understanding of the Solar Cycle | Proposes a mission to provide the first continuous view of the solar magnetic field and plasma dynamics mapped from below the surface into the corona, over all solar longitudes with extended polar coverage, and tracks the evolution of the dynamo(s) throughout at least a solar cycle. | |||
263 | Swenson, Charles M., et al. | CubeSats in Heliophysics Research | Emphasizes that CubeSat technologies represent a significant opportunity for achieving multipoint observations from within the space environment. | |||
264 | Swenson, Gary R. | Remote Sensing the Upper Atmosphere with Lidar from Space | Advocates development of lidar technology for remote sensing of the upper atmosphere/ ionosphere. | |||
265 | Szabo, Adam, et al. | Solar Wind Kinetic Physics: High Time Resolution Solar Wind Measurements from the DSCOVR Mission | Advocates refurbishment of the DSCOVR spacecraft to obtain unprecedented high time resolution solar wind measurements from the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point at minimal NASA cost. | |||
266 | Szabo, Adam, et al. | Energetic Particle Propagation and Coronal Mass Ejection Evolution in the Inner Heliosphere: Multi-point In-Situ Solar Sentinels Observations | Proposes the Solar Sentinels mission to provide in situ particle and field observations to answer questions of solar energetic particle transport and interplanetary coronal mass ejection evolution in the inner heliosphere. |
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267 | Talaat, Elsayed R., et al. | Electrodynamics Observations with Numerous Satellites | Proposes a suite of small satellites distributed in local time at F-region altitudes with essential instrumentation to address ion-neutral coupling and the roles of the disturbance dynamo, tidal dynamos, and magnetospheric penetration electric fields in determining the global electrodynamics. | |||
268 | Tomczyk, Steven, et al. | COSMO—The Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory | Presents the science justification and technical overview of the Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO), a facility dedicated to the measurement of magnetic fields and plasma properties in the solar corona to advance understanding of the Sun’s generation of space weather. | |||
269 | Tylka, Allan J. | Heliophysics System Science and Funding for Extended Missions | Offers suggestions and recommendations regarding adequate funding for extended missions concerning all areas of heliophysics science. | |||
270 | Valladares, Cesar E. | On Understanding the Origin of Plasma Density Variability Within the Polar Cap | Describes two ionospheric processes that contribute to the high variability of the plasma density within the polar cap: polar cap patches and Sun-aligned arcs. | |||
271 | Velli, Marco, et al. | SAFARI: Solar Activity Far Side Investigation | Proposes a mission to explore the origins of solar magnetic activity by carrying out observations of the velocity and magnetic fields at the solar surface from a vantage point widely separated from Earth in longitude. | |||
272 | Vial, Jean-Claude | Fast UV Spectro-imagery for Solar Physics | Argues that imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy should be pursued to measure temperature, density, ionization, and abundance, along with magnetic and velocity fields in the solar atmosphere in three dimensions and time, in the high chromosphere, corona, and the transition region. | |||
273 | Vourlidas, Angelos, et al. | Mission to the Sun-Earth L5 Lagrangian Point: An Optimal Platform for Heliophysics and Space Weather Research | Argues that a research-to-operations approach is the best strategy to foster the vibrancy of the field in the next decade, spearheaded by a mission to the L5 Lagrangian point. | |||
274 | Vourlidas, Angelos, and A. Rymer | A Proposal to Lighten the Burden of International Traffic in Arms Regulations on Heliophysics Research | Describes the problem of the overly restricted regulatory regime on science missions classified as “defense systems” and provides a set of recommendations to improve this situation. | |||
275 | Walterscheid, Richard, et al. | Gravity Wave Propagation in the Dissipative and Diffusively Separated Thermosphere | Advocates further understanding of the upward coupling of waves from the lower atmosphere and new observations combined with models of acoustic-gravity waves for thermospheric regions where rapid dissipation and diffusive separation prevail. |
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276 | Walterscheid, Richard L., and J.H. Hecht | Effects of Large Amplitude Planetary Waves in the Ionosphere and Thermosphere | Demonstrates clear evidence that tides and planetary waves strongly affect each other, including the particularly interesting case of the rapid amplification of the Southern Hemisphere two-day wave to very large amplitudes via interactions with tides. | |||
277 | Walterscheid, Richard L., et al. | The Paired Ionosphere-Thermosphere Orbiters (PITO) Mission: Multipoint Geospace Science in 3D | Proposes a mission to utilize two spacecraft in equal but opposite eccentric orbits, so that when one is at apogee the other is at perigee and located within the field of view of the other, using combined measurements of the best features of remote sensing (coverage) with in situ measurements (detail). | |||
278 | White, Stephen M., et al. | Coronal Magnetic Fields | Outlines the difficulties in making advances in coronal magnetism and describes the developments needed to make progress over the next decade. | |||
279 | Wilson, Gordon R., and D. Ober | Local Response of the Ionosphere/ Thermosphere to High-Latitude Energy Deposition | Designs a mission to monitor the atmospheric response in a local high-latitude region while simultaneously measuring the magnetospheric energy input to that region. | |||
280 | Wood, Kent S., et al. | Continuous FUV/EUV Imaging of the Ionosphere from Geosynchronous Orbit | Recommends new imaging systems to generate measurements in two-dimensional formats continuously for large regions with high spatial resolution. | |||
281 | Wu, Qian | Global Airglow Interferometer Limb-scanner (GAIL)—A New Thermospheric Wind Instrument | Describes a concept for a high-altitude limb-scan instrument that will measure the thermospheric winds (200 to 300 km) by recording wind-induced Doppler shift in the O 630-nm airglow emission day and night. | |||
282 | Yizengaw, Endawoke, et al. | Understanding the Unique Equatorial Electrodynamics in the African Sector | Proposes ground-based scientific instrument arrays in the African sector, a region that has been devoid of ground-based instrumentation for space science, in order to address the physics behind the unique equatorial ionospheric irregularities and bubbles often observed. | |||
283 | Zank, G.P., and J.R. Jokipii | A White Paper Advocating a Heliophysics Theory Mission | Recommends a major theory program that has the status of a mission. | |||
284 | Zank, G.P. | Role of the National Science Foundation ATM/GEO Directorate in Promoting and Supporting Space Physics | Recommends that the NSF Division of Atmospheric Sciences (ATM) Geosciences Directorate (GEO) not limit funding of heliospheric research to within 1 AU. | |||
285 | Zhang, Shunrong, et al. | Understanding Upper Atmospheric Climate and Change | Details the effects that the changes in Earth’s upper atmosphere, thermospheric density, and ionospheric electron density will have on human activities. | |||
286 | Zhang, Yongliang, and L.J. Paxton | Partition and Variability of the Magnetospheric Energy Input into the Polar Ionosphere | Addresses questions on partition and variability of the magnetospheric energy input to the polar ionosphere, its dissipation, and its relation to the solar wind condition with multisatellite and ground-chain measurements. |
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287 | Zhou, Xiaoyan, et al. | Dayside Aurora and Auroral Conjugacy | Discusses the scientific significance of dayside and conjugate auroras that have less ambiguity in the connection to their causes. | |||
288 | Zhu, Ping | Meso Scale Transients in Magnetotail and Their Roles in Substorm Dynamics | Proposes to systematically investigate meso-scale transients in the magnetotail, which may play key roles in mediating and regulating the transition process from the late substorm growth phase to the beginning of onset expansion. | |||
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