Summary of Literature Estimates
Appendix Table M-1 Ethanol Production Research Estimates
| Type of Cost | Assumption | Value cited | Value in 2007 | Reference | ||
| Oil price | $60/barrel | Elobeid et al. (2006) | ||||
| Ethanol price | Analysis range | $1.50-$3.50/gal | Lambert and Middleton (2010) | |||
| Minimum for industry development | $1.70/gal | |||||
| Historical trend | Poil/29 | Elobeid et al. (2006) | ||||
| Energy equivalent factor (EV) | 0.667 | Elobeid et al. (2006) | ||||
| 0.667 | Tokgoz et al. (2007) | |||||
| Tax credit | Corn | $0.45/gal | $0.45/gal | 2008 Farm Bill | ||
| Cellulosic | $1.01/gal | $1.01/gal | 2008 Farm Bill | |||
| Byproduct credit | Cellulosic | $0.14-0.21/gal* | Aden et al. (2002) | |||
| $0.16/gal* | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) | |||||
| 2.61 kWh/gal | Aden (2008) | |||||
| $0.12/gal** | Khanna (2008) | |||||
| Rank from low to high excess electricity | Aspen wood Corn stover Poplar Switchgrass | Huang et al. (2009) | ||||
| Corn | $0.48/gal | Khanna (2008) | ||||
| Type of Cost | Assumption | Value cited | Value in 2007 | Reference |
| Investment cost | 69.3 MMGY | $197.4 million | Aden et al. (2002) | |
| (Cellulosic biorefineries) |
55.5 MMGY | $231.7 million | $231.7 million | Aden (2008) |
| 50 MMGY | $294 million | Wright and Brown (2007) | ||
| 100 MMGY | $400 million | Taheripour and Tyner (2008) | ||
| Stover (69.6) | $202.2 million | Huang et al. (2009) | ||
| Switchgrass (64) | (0.46/gal if 10-10) $212.1 million | $0.501 | ||
| Hybrid poplar (68) | (0.53/gal if 10-10) $203.3 million | $0.58 | ||
| Aspen wood (86) | (0.50/gal if 10-10) $187 million | $0.545 | ||
| (0.34/gal if 10-10) | $0.37 | |||
| $0.55/gallon | $0.55/gal | Jiang and Swinton (2008) | ||
| Other costs | Partial variable costs | $0.11/gal | Aden et al. (2002) | |
| “Other” costs | $0.11/gal | Aden et al. (2002) | ||
| Total non-feedstock costs | $1.48/gal | Chen et al. (2010) | ||
| Enzyme cost | $0.07-0.20/gal | Aden et al. (2002) | ||
| $0.32/gal | $0.32/gal | Aden (2008) | ||
| 2012 target | $0.10/gal | Aden (2008) | ||
| $0.14-0.18/gal | Bothast (2005) | |||
| $0.18/gal | Jha et al. (Presentation) | |||
| $0.40-$1.00/gal | $0.40-$1.00/gal | Industry Source | ||
| $0.10-0.25/gal | Tiffany et al. (2006) | |||
| Operating costs | Stover | $1.42/gal2 | $1.58/gal | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass (crop) | $1.73/gal | $1.92/gal | ||
| Switchgrass (grass) | $1.86/gal | $2.06/gal | ||
| Hybrid poplar | $1.83/gal | $2.03/gal | ||
| Aspen wood | $1.56/gal | $1.73/gal | ||
| $1.10/gal | $1.10/gal | Jiang and Swinton (2008) | ||
| Ethanol yield (Gal/dry ton) | Stover | 87.9 | Aden et al. (2002) | |
| Stover (current) | 71.9 | Aden (2008) | ||
| Stover (theoretical) | 112.7 | Aden (2008) | ||
| Stover (2012 target) | 90 | Aden (2008) | ||
| Stover Switchgrass Miscanthus (Nth generation plant) | 79.2 | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) | ||
| Type of Cost | Assumption | Value cited | Value in 2007 | Reference |
| Stover | 72 | McAloon et al. (2000) | ||
| Stover | 70 gal/raw ton | Tokgoz et al. (2007) | ||
| Stover | 70 | Petrolia (2008) | ||
| Stover | 96 | Comis (2006) | ||
| Switchgrass (range) |
60-140 | Crooks (2006) | ||
| Switchgrass (typical) |
80-90 | |||
| Stover | 80 | Perlack and Turhollow (2002) | ||
| Stover | 79.2 | Khanna (2008) | ||
| Miscanthus Switchgrass (Nth generation plant) | ||||
| Switchgrass | 80-90 | BRDI (2008) | ||
| Switchgrass | 110 | |||
| (theoretical) | ||||
| Woody | 89.5 | |||
| 80-120 | Atchison and Hettenhau (2003) | |||
| Stover (base) | 67.8 | Tiffany et al. (2006) | ||
| Stover (future) | 89.7 | |||
| Stover | 89.8 | Huang et al. (2009) | ||
| Switchgrass | 82.7 | |||
| Hybrid poplar | 88.2 | |||
| Aspen wood | 111.4 | |||
| Switchgrass | 54.4 | Jiang and Swinton (2008 | ||
| Stover | ||||
| Cellulosic (Nth plant) | 79 | Chen et al. (2010) | ||
| Stover (current) Stover (projected) | 67.4 | Sheehan et al. (2003) | ||
| 89.8 | ||||
| Stover (current) | 79.2 | Wallace et al. (2005) | ||
| Stover (theoretical) | ||||
| 107 | ||||
| Optimal plant size | Cellulosic | 2,294-4,408 | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| Online days | 350 | Aden et al. (2002) | ||
| 350 | Huang et al. (2009) | |||
1 Updated using building materials price index.
2 Updated using machinery price index.
*Updated using EIA (2008).
**Not updated since author did not provide year of estimate.
Appendix Table M-2 Harvest and Maintenance1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited Cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference | ||
| Corn stover | Baling, stacking and grinding | 26 | 45 | Hess et al. (2007) | ||
| Corn stover | Collection | 31-36 | 66-77 | McAloon et al. (2000) | ||
| Corn stover | Collection | 35-46 | 64-84 | McAloon et al. (2000) | ||
| Corn stover | Collection | 17.70 | 17.70 | Perlack (2007) Presentation | ||
| Corn stover | Up to Storage | 20-21 | 36-39 | Sokhansanj and Turhollow (2002) | ||
| Corn stover | 28 | 36 | Suzuki (2006) | |||
| Corn stover | Baling and staging | 26 | 47 | Aden et al. (2002) | ||
| Corn stover | Harvest | 14 | 14 | Edwards (2007) | ||
| Corn stover | Custom Harvest | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | ||||
| Bale | 7.47 | 7.47 | ||||
| Rake and Bale | 8.84 | 8.84 | ||||
| Shred, Rake, and Bale | 10.70 | 10.70 | ||||
| Corn stover | Harvest | 35.41-36.58 | 35.41-36.58 | Khanna (2008) | ||
| Corn stover | Combine, Shred, Bale and Stack | 19.16 | 24.33 | Haung et al. (2009) | ||
| Corn stover | Harvest and Bale | 7.26 | 7.26 | Lamert and Middleton (2010) | ||
| Corn stover | Harvest cost | 19.6 | 36 | Jiang and Swinton (2008) | ||
| Corn stover or Switchgrass | Move to fieldside | 2 | 2 | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | ||
| Switchgrass | Collection | 12-22 | 16-28 | Kumar and Sokhansanj (2007) | ||
| Switchgrass | Harvest | 32 | 32 | Duffy (2007) | ||
| Switchgrass | Harvest | 35 | 58 | Khanna et al. (2008) | ||
| Switchgrass | Harvest, maintenance and establishment |
123.5/acre | 210/acre | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) | ||
| Switchgrass | Harvest | 15 | 26 | Perrin et al. (2008) | ||
| Switchgrass | Custom Harvest | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | ||||
| Bale | 2.01 | 2.01 | ||||
| Rake and Bale | 3.09 | 3.09 | ||||
| Shred, Rake and Bale | 4.79 | 4.79 | ||||
| Switchgrass | Harvest | 27.8-34.72 | 27.8-34.72 | Khanna (2008) | ||
| Switchgrass’ | Harvest (square bales) | 21.86 | 27.8 | Huang et al. (2009) | ||
| Switchgrass | Weed control | 9.36/acre | 9.36/acre2 | University of Tennessee switchgrass budget (2008) | ||
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited Cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference |
| Mow, rake, bale, equipment, repair, interest, operating capital | 242.92/acre | 242.92/acre | ||
| Switchgrass | Maintenance and fertilization | Mooney et al. (2009) | ||
| 0 lb N/acre | 17.23/acre | 17.23/acre | ||
| 60 lb N/acre | 46.5/acre | 46.5/acre | ||
| 120 lb N/acre | 72.7/acre | 72.7/acre | ||
| 180 lb N/acre | 99/acre | 99/acre | ||
| Switchgrass | Harvest cost (function of yield) | Mooney et al. (2009) | ||
| 7.7 tons/acre | 200/acre | 200/acre | ||
| 12.5 tons/acre | 311.85/acre | 311.85/acre | ||
| 2.4 tons/acre | 79/acre | 79/acre | ||
| 7.2 tons/acre | 190/acre | 190/acre | ||
| Switchgrass | Total production cost | 54.4 | 54.4 | Jiang and Swinton (2008) |
| Prairie grasses (include switchgrass) | Harvest | 17.7-19.3 | Tiffany et al. (2006) | |
| Miscanthus | Harvest | 33 | 54 | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | Harvest, maintenance, and establishment |
301/acre | 512/acre | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Miscanthus | Harvest | 18.72-32.65 | 18.72-32.65 | Khanna (2008) |
| Straw | Harvest and bale | 7.26 | 7.26 | Lamert and Middleton (2010) |
| Nonspecific | 10-30 | 15-45 | Mapemba et al. (2007) | |
| Nonspecific | 23 | 38 | Mapemba et al. (2008) | |
| Hybrid poplar and Aspen wood | Logging cost | Huang et al. (2009) | ||
| Range | 14-28 | 17.8-34.6 | ||
| Assumed | 14.5 | 18.4 | ||
| Chipping cost | ||||
| Range | 12-27 | 15.2-34.3 | ||
| Assumed (Minnesota) |
12.7 | 16.1 | ||
| Aspen wood | Stumpage | 51.9 | 66 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Woody biomass | Cut and extract to roadside | 35-873 | USFS (2003, 2005) | |
| Woody biomass | Roadside | 40-46 | 40-46 | BRDI (2008) |
| Woody biomass | Stumpage | 4 | 4 | BRDI (2008) |
| Short-rotation woody |
Harvest/collection | 17-29/acre | 17-29/acre | BRDI (2008) |
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited Cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference |
| Woody (slash) | Collect and transport 2.8 m | 24.32/Gt 31.17/Dt |
24.32/Gt 31.17/Dt |
Han et al. (2010) |
| Woody biomass | Up to roadside and on truck | 25/Dt | 25/Dt* | Sohngen et al. (2010) |
| Woody biomass | Up to roadside and on truck (high) | 34/Dt | 34/Dt (2009$) | Sohngen et al. (2010) |
| Delivered cost range | 34-65 | 34-65 (2009$) | ||
| Woody biomass | Up to roadside | 30-50 | 30-504 | Jenkins et al. (2009) |
| Woody residues | Delivered cost | |||
| West | 56/GMT | 86/Dt* (2008$) | Spelter and Toth (2009) | |
| North | 49/GMT | 75/Dt* (2008$) | Spelter and Toth (2009) | |
| South | 42/GMT | 66/Dt* (2008$) | Spelter and Toth (2009) | |
| Northeast | 38/GMT | 58/Dt* (2008$) | Spelter and Toth (2009) | |
1 Harvest and maintenance costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel, machinery, and labor prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Values are in 2008$.
3 Price not updated.
4 This value was based on a summary of the literature and therefore does not have a relevant year for cost.
*Assume a conversion of 0.59 for green tons to dry tons.
Appendix Table M-3 Nutrient and Replacement1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited Cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference |
| Corn stover | 10.2 | 14.1 | Hoskinson et al. (2007) | |
| Corn stover | 4.6 | 8.4 | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) | |
| Corn stover | 7 | 14.4 | Aden et al. (2002) | |
| Corn stover | 4.2 | 4.2 | Petrolia (2008) | |
| Corn stover | 10 | 21 | Perlack and Turhollow (2003) | |
| Corn stover | 6.4-12.22 | Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003) | ||
| Corn stover | Whole plant harvest | 9.7 | 13.3 | Karlen and Birrell (2007) |
| Corn stover | Cob and top 50% harvest | 9.5 | 13.1 | Karlen and Birrell (2007) |
| Corn stover | Bottom 50% harvest | 10.1 | 13.9 | Karlen and Birrell (2007) |
| Corn stover | 15.64 | 15.64 | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | |
| Corn stover | 7.26 | 10 | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| Corn stover | 6.5 | 13.7 | Jiang and Swinton (2008) | |
| Corn stover | Replace N, P, K | 21.70 | 21.70 (2009$) | Karlen (2010) |
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited Cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference |
| Corn stover or Straw | 11.13 | 15.40 | Lambert and Middleton (2010) | |
| Switchgrass | 6.7 | 12.1 | Perrin et al. (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | 10.8 | 19.77 | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | Fertilizer, equipment, labor | 83.86/acre | 83.86/acre3 | University of Tennessee (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 2.5 | 4.6 | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Miscanthus | 4.20 | 7.73 | Cost using average fertilizer rates from literature summarized in Khanna et al. (2008) and updated Khanna et al. (2008) costs | |
1 Nutrient and replacement costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fertilizer prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Price not updated.
3 Value in 2008$.
Appendix Table M-4 Distance
| Distance (miles) |
Type | Reference |
| 46-134 | Round-trip | Mapemba et al. (2007) |
| 22-62 | One-way | Perlack and Turhollow (2003) |
| 22-61 | One-way | Perlack and Turhollow (2002) |
| 50 | Round-trip | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| 50 | One-way max | English et al. (2006) |
| 50 | One-way | Vadas et al. (2008) |
| 100 | One-way (wood) | USFS (2003, 2005) |
| 10-50 | One-way | Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003) |
| 5-50 | One-way | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a,b) |
| 16.6-47 | One-way average | Perlack and Turhollow (2002) |
| 50 | One-way max | Taheripour and Tyner (2008) |
| 75 | One-way max | BRDI (2008) |
| 50 | One-way | Tiffany et al. (2006) |
| 83 | One-way (wood) | Sohngen et al. (2010) |
| 46-138 | One-way range (wood) | Sohngen et al. (2010) |
| 50 | One-way (wood) | Spelter and Toth (2009) |
Appendix Table M-5 Transportation Cost1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cost cited ($) | Cost (2007$) | Reference |
| Corn stover | Per ton | 8.85 | 12.5 | English et al. (2006) |
| Corn stover | Per ton | 10.25 | 27 | Hess et al. (2007) |
| Corn stover | DVC2 | 0.15 | 0.35 | Kaylen et al. (2000) |
| Corn stover | Max DVC for positive NPV | 0.28 | 0.66 | Kaylen et al. (2000) |
| Corn stover | Per ton | 10.8 | 10.8 | Perlack (2007) |
| Corn stover | Per ton | 13 | 31 | Aden et al. (2002) |
| Corn stover | Per ton | 4.2-10.5 | 11-27.7 | Perlack and Turhollow (2002) |
| Corn stover | DVC | 0.08-0.29 | 0.17-0.63 | Kumar et al. (2005) |
| DFC3 | 4.5 | 9.8 | ||
| DFC range | 0-6 | 0-13.3 | ||
| Corn stover | DVC | 0.18 | 0.32 | Searcy et al. (2007) |
| DFC | 4 | 7.3 | ||
| Corn stover | DVC | 0.16 | 0.38 | Kumar et al. (2003) |
| DFC | 3.6 | 8.6 | ||
| Corn stover | 10 miles | 3.4 | Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003) | |
| 15 miles | 5.1 | |||
| 30 miles | 10.2 | |||
| 40 miles | 13.5 | |||
| 50 miles | 174 | |||
| Corn stover | DVC | Petrolia (2008) | ||
| 0-25 miles | 0.13-0.23 | 0.13-0.23 | ||
| 25-100 miles | 0.10-0.19 | 0.10-0.19 | ||
| >100 miles | 0.09-0.16 | 0.09-0.16 | ||
| DFC square bales | 1.70 | 1.70 | ||
| DFC round bales | 3.10 | 3.10 | ||
| Corn stover | Per ton | 10.9 | 13.8 | Vadas et al. (2008) |
| Corn stover | DFC | 6.9 | 9.71 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| DVC | 0.16 | 0.23 | ||
| Corn stover or Switchgrass | Average DVC | 0.20 | 0.20 | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a,b) |
| Corn stover or Switchgrass | Custom loading | 1.15 | 1.15 | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) |
| Custom DVC | 0.28 | 0.28 | ||
| Owned DVC | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||
| Custom per ton | ||||
| 10 miles | 3.92 | 3.92 | ||
| 20 miles | 6.69 | 6.69 | ||
| 30 miles | 9.46 | 9.46 | ||
| 40 miles | 12.23 | 12.23 | ||
| 50 miles | 15 | 15 | ||
| Corn stover | Own equipment (per ton) | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | ||
| 10 miles | 3.31-6.18 | 3.31-6.185 | ||
| 20 miles | 4.65-7.52 | 4.65-7.52 | ||
| 30 miles | 5.99-8.86 | 5.99-8.86 | ||
| 40 miles | 7.33-7.71 | 7.33-7.71 | ||
| 50 miles | 8.67-9.05 | 8.67-9.05 | ||
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cost cited ($) | Cost (2007$) | Reference |
| Switchgrass | Own equipment (per ton) | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | ||
| 10 miles | 3.13-3.93 | 3.13-3.936 | ||
| 20 miles | 4.47-5.27 | 4.47-5.27 | ||
| 30 miles | 5.81-6.61 | 5.81-6.61 | ||
| 40 miles | 7.15-7.95 | 7.15-7.95 | ||
| 50 miles | 8.49-9.29 | 8.49-9.29 | ||
| Switchgrass | Per ton | 14.75 | 14.75 | Duffy (2007) |
| Switchgrass | Per ton | 19.2-23 | 27-32.4 | Kumar and Sokhansanj (2007) |
| Switchgrass | Per ton | 13 | 28 | Perrin et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Per ton | 10.9 | 13.8 | Vadas et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | DFC | 3.39 | 4.78 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| DVC | 0.16 | 0.23 | ||
| Switchgrass | Stage and load | 19.15/acre | 19.15/acre (2008$) | UT (2008) |
| Native prairie (include switchgrass) | Per ton | 47 | Tiffany et al. (2006) | |
| Switchgrass or Miscanthus |
Per ton for 50 miles | 7.9 | 17.1 | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Nonspecific | Per ton | 7.4-19.3 | 13.7-35.6 | Mapemba et al. (2007) |
| Nonspecific | Per ton | 14.5 | 31.5 | Mapemba et al. (2008) |
| Hybrid poplar and Aspen wood | DFC | 4.13 | 5.8 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| DVC | 0.16 | 0.23 | ||
| Woody biomass | Per ton | 11-22 | 11-22 | Summit Ridge Investments (2007) |
| Woody biomass | DVC | 0.2-0.6 Used 0.358 | USFS (2003, 2005) | |
| Woody biomass | DVC | 0.22 | 0.22 | Sohngen et al. (2010) |
| Wood | DVC | 0.20-0.60 | 0.20-0.60 | Jenkins et al. (2009) |
1 Transportation costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 DVC is distance variable cost in per ton per mile.
3 DFC is distance fixed cost per ton.
4 Prices not updated.
5 Authors used 2006 wages and March 2008 fuel costs.
6 Authors used 2006 wages and March 2008 fuel costs.
7 Price not updated.
8 Price not updated.
Appendix Table M-6 Storage1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited cost per ton ($) | Cost per ton (2007$) | Reference |
| Corn stover | 4.44 | 5.64 | Hess et al. (2007) | |
| Corn stover | Round bales | 6.82 | 6.82 | Petrolia (2008) |
| Square bales | 12.93 | 12.93 | ||
| Corn stover | 4.39-21.95 | 4.39-21.95 | Khanna (2008) | |
| Stover or switchgrass | Square bales | 7.25 | 7.9 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | 16.67 | 16.67 | Duffy (2007) | |
| Switchgrass | 4.14 | 5.18 | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | 4.43-21.68 | 4.43-21.68 | Khanna (2008) | |
| Miscanthus | 4.40 | 5.50 | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Miscanthus | 4.64-23.45 | 4.64-23.45 | Khanna (2008) | |
| Nonspecific | 2 | 2.18 | Mapemba et al. (2008) | |
| Hybrid poplar or Aspen wood | Keep on stump until needed | 0 | 0 | Huang et al. (2009) |
1 Storage costs were updated using USDA-NASS Agricultural building material prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
Appendix Table M-7 Establishment and Seeding1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Land rent included | Cited cost per acre ($) | Cost per acre (2007$) | Reference |
| Switchgrass | Yes | 200 | 200 | Duffy (2007) | |
| Switchgrass | No Yes |
25.76 85.46 |
46 153 |
Perrin et al. (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | PV per ton 10 yr PV per acre Amortized 4% over 10 years 8% over 10 years |
No | 7.21/ton 142.3 17.3 20.7 |
12.6/ton 249 30.25 36.25 |
Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Yes | 72.5-110 | 88.5-134 | Vadas et al. (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | Grassland Cropland (includes fertilizer) |
No | 134 161 |
180 216 |
Huang et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | Prorated Establishment and Reseeding (10 years) |
45.69 | 45.692 | UT (2008) | |
| Switchgrass | Plots with seeding: | ||||
| 2.5 lb/acre | No | 150 | 150 | Mooney et al. (2009) | |
| 5 lb/acre | No | 202.6 | 202.6 | ||
| 7.5 lb/acre | No | 255 | 255 | ||
| 10 lb/acre | No | 306.6 | 306.6 | ||
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Land rent included | Cited cost per acre ($) | Cost per acre (2007$) | Reference |
| 12.5 lb/acre | No | $359 | $359 | ||
| Switchgrass | Seed and fertilizer cost per acre (no equip/machinery) | No | $171 | $171 (2008$) | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | PV per ton 20 yr PV per acre Amortized 4% over 20 years 8% over 20 years |
No | 2.29/ton 261 19 26.20 |
4/ton 457 33.2 45.87 |
Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | Total Amortized 4% over 20 years 8% over 20 years |
No | 1,206-2,413 88-175 121-242 |
176-350 242-484 |
Lewandowski et al. (2003) |
| Miscanthus | Total rhizome cost perNo acre (no equip/labor) | No | 8,194 | 8,194 (2008$) | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Total rhizome cost perNo acre – projected (no equipment/labor) | No | 227.61 | 227.61 (2008$) | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Plugs | No | 3,000-4,000/ha | 1,215-1,619/ac | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Rhizomes in Illinois | No | 2,957/ha | 1,197/ac | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Hybrid poplar | Total cutting cost per acre | No | 242 | 242 (2008$) | James et al. (2010) |
| Hybrid poplar | Includes nutrients (cropland) | No | 35 | 47 | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Timber | Yellow pine (South average) | 386 | 386 (2008$) | Cubbage et al. (2010) | |
| Timber | Yellow pine (NC) | 430 | 430 (2008$) | Cubbage et al. (2010) | |
| Timber | Douglas fir (NC, OR) | 520 | 520 (2008$) | Cubbage et al. (2010) | |
1 Establishment and Seeding costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural fuel and seed prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Value in 2008$.
Appendix Table M-8 Opportunity Cost1
| Type of Feedstock | Type of Cost | Cited cost per acre ($) | Cost per acre (2007$) | Reference |
| Corn stover | Feed value less harvest and nutrient cost | 24/ton | 24/ton | Edwards (2007) |
| @ 2.4 tons/acre | 57/acre | 57/acre | ||
| Corn stover | Lost profits | 22-58 | 22-58 | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Corn stover | Lost profits when switch to continuous corn | 94-140 | Scenarios derived using Duffy (2010) | |
| Switchgrass | Cash rents | 70 ($14/ton) |
70 ($14/ton) |
Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) |
| Switchgrass | Lost profits | 78-231 | 78-231 | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Switchgrass | Cash rental rate – alternative land use (TN) | 68 | 68 | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | Forgone profits per ton | 46-103/Mt | 42-93/ton | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass or Miscanthus |
Forgone profits – Michigan | 366/ha | 148/ac | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass or Miscanthus |
Forgone profits – Illinois | 785/ha | 318/ac | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass or Miscanthus |
Lost profits | 78 | 76 | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | Forgone profits per ton | 19-103/Mt | 17-93/ton | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Lost profits | 78-231 | 78-231 | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Nonspecific | Lost Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) payments if harvest every year | 35 | 36 | Mapemba et al. (2008) |
| Nonspecific | Lost CRP payments if harvest once every 3 years | 10.1 | 10.4 | Mapemba et al. (2008) |
| Nonspecific | Non-CRP land crops | 10/ton | 10.3/ton | Mapemba et al. (2008) |
| Nonspecific | 78 | 76 | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Woody biomass | Alternative use | 0-25 | 0-25 | Summit Ridge Investments (2007) |
| Woody biomass | Chip value | 30/ton | 30/ton2 | USFS (2003, 2005) |
1 Opportunity costs were updated using USDA-NASS agricultural land rent prices from 1999-2007 (USDA-NASS, 2007a,b).
2 Price not updated since no year was provided for initial estimate.
Appendix Table M-9 Yield
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Corn stover | Soil tolerance | 2.02 | IL | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Corn stover | 2.4 | IA | Edwards (2007) | |
| Corn stover | 2000-2005 mean | 2.31-3 | WI | Vadas et al. (2008) |
| Corn stover | 2-3.8 | Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003) | ||
| Corn stover | 130 bu/acre yield 170 bu/acre yield 200 bu/acre yield |
0-2.6 0-3.6 0-4.3 |
Atchison and Hettenhaus (2003) | |
| Corn stover | Bale Rake and bale Shred, rake, and bale |
1.62 2.23 2.98 |
IN | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) |
| Corn stover | 1.1 | Perlack and Turhollow (2002) | ||
| Corn stover | Produced Delivered |
3.6 1.5 |
Midwest | Sokhansanj and Turhollow (2002) |
| Corn stover | Produced Delivered |
2.4-4 1.8-1.9 |
IL | Khanna (2008) |
| Corn stover | 3 | BRDI (2008) | ||
| Corn stover | Total produced 125 bu/acre 140 bu/acre >140 bu/acre |
3.5 3.92 4 |
Lang (2002) | |
| Corn stover | Total produced Removable |
4.2 2.94 |
IA | Quick (2003) |
| Corn stover | Collected | 0.8-2.2 | KY | Prewitt et al. (2003) |
| Corn stover | Collected (trial) | 1.25-1.5 | IA, WI | Schechinger and Hettenhaus (2004) |
| Corn stover | Four scenarios (assumed) | 1.5, 3, 4, and 6 | IA | Duffy and Nanhou (2001) |
| Corn stover | Produced | 2.54 | MN | Haung et al. (2009) |
| Corn stover | Previous study | 1.6 | MI | James et al. (2010) |
| Corn stover | Produced (150 bu/ac) | 2.93 | Corn Belt | Jiang and Swinton (2008) |
| Corn stover | Harvested (50%) | 1.46 | Corn Belt | Jiang and Swinton (2008) |
| Corn stover | No-till | 0.67 | Average | Chen et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | Field Trials | 2.58 | IA, IL | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Switchgrass | 4 | IA | Duffy (2007) | |
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Switchgrass | Farm-scale | 2.23 (5 year average) (Range = 1.7-2.7) 3.12 (10 year average) (Range = 2.6-3.5) |
SD, NE | Perrin et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Delivered yield (years 3-10) | 3.13 | IL | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Peak yield | 4.2 | IL | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 10 year PV | 19.74 | IL | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Nitrogen level | 4-5.8 | Upper Midwest | Vadas et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Research blocks | 7.14 (average) 9.8 (best) |
Southern and Mid-Atlantic | Lewandowski et al. (2003) |
| Switchgrass | Plot trials | 3.6-8.9 (previous) 2.3-4 (own) |
United States Northern | Shinners et al. (2006) |
| Switchgrass | Plot trials | 6.33 4.64-8.5 |
SE | Fike et al. (2006) |
| Switchgrass | Field trials Mean | 1.12-4.1 | ND | Berdahl et al. (2005) |
| Strains: Dacotah |
1.11-4.22 | |||
| ND3743 | 0.91-3.92 | |||
| Summer | 1.18-4.38 | |||
| Sunburst | 1.43-5.57 | |||
| Trailblazer | 1.15-4.88 | |||
| Shawnee | 1.06-4.5 | |||
| OK NU-2 | 0.89-4.18 | |||
| Cave-in-Rock | 0.97-4.27 | |||
| Switchgrass | Plot trials | 5.2-5.6 4.7-5 |
IA NE |
Vogel et al. (2002) |
| Switchgrass | Field trials Mean Range |
0.5-3.2 0-6.4 |
Northern Great Plains | Schmer et al. (2006) |
| Switchgrass | Peer-reviewed articles |
4.46 | Heaton et al. (2004a) | |
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Switchgrass | Farm trials (avg) Alamo (1 cut) |
6.2 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | McLaughlin and Kszos (2005) |
| Alamo (1 cut) | 5.4 | IA | ||
| Alamo (1 cut) | 5.8-7.2 | AL, GA | ||
| Alamo (2 cut ) | 7 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | ||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 7.2-10.3 | AL | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 6.2 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 5.8 | IA | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 5.2-7 | AL, GA | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 9.2 | NE | ||
| Kanlow (2 cut) | 6.9-8.1 | AL | ||
| Cave-in-rock (1 cut) | 7.3 | NE | ||
| 4.2 | KS | |||
| Rockwell (1 cut) | 4.2 | KS | ||
| Shelter (1 cut) | 4.9 | ND | ||
| Sunburst (1 cut) | 4.4 | ND | ||
| Trailblazer (1 cut) | ||||
| Best | 12.2 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | ||
| Alamo (1 cut) | 11 | TX, AR, LA | ||
| Alamo (1 cut ) | 7.8 | IA | ||
| Alamo (1 cut) | 15.4 | AL | ||
| Alamo (1 cut) | 11.3 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | ||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 15.4 | Al | ||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 10.4 | VA, TN, WV, KY, NC | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 11 | AL, GA | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 6.2 | ND | ||
| Sunburst (1 cut) | 5.4 | ND | ||
| Trailblazer (1 cut) | ||||
| Switchgrass | U.S. average | 4.2 | McLaughlin et al. (2002) | |
| Switchgrass | 5 | IN | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a) | |
| Switchgrass | Alamo | 5.35-6.9 | 18 sites | Walsh (2008) |
| Kanlow | 5.2-6.9 | 18 sites | ||
| Max one year | 15.4 | AL | ||
| Switchgrass | Delivered | 2.3-2.5 | IL | Khanna (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 4.2-10.3 | BRDI (2008) | ||
| Switchgrass | First | 0 | AR | Popp and Hogan (2007) |
| Second year | 3 | |||
| Third+ year | 5 | |||
| Switchgrass | Assumptions | Kszos et al. (2002) | ||
| Lake states | 4.8 | |||
| Corn Belt | 5.98 | |||
| Southeast | 5.49 | |||
| Appalachian | 5.84 | |||
| North Plains | 3.47 | |||
| South Plains | 4.3 | |||
| Northeast | 4.87 | |||
| Switchgrass | 4 | Northern Plains | Tiffany et al. (2006) | |
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Switchgrass | 7-16 | Southeast | Comis (2006) | |
| 5-6 | Western Corn Belt | |||
| 1-4 | ND | |||
| Switchgrass | 1-4 | IA | Gibson and Barnhart | |
| 2-6.4 | (2007) | |||
| Switchgrass | Cropland and grassland | 4.9 | MN | Huang et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | 80% of Miscanthus | Smeets et al. (2009) | ||
| 2004 | 6.7 | Poland | ||
| 7.1 | Hungary | |||
| 5.4 | United Kingdom | |||
| 9 | Italy | |||
| 5.8 | Lithuania | |||
| 2030 (1.5% increase/year) | 9.4 | Poland | ||
| 9.8 | Hungary | |||
| 7.6 | United Kingdom | |||
| 12 | Italy | |||
| 8 | Lithuania | |||
| 3 experiments on loss | 3.8-6.7 | Italy | Monti et al. (2009) | |
| Sustainable yield (124 kg N/acre) |
6.7 | United States | ||
| Switchgrass | One cut | 5.8 | OK | Thomason et al. (2005) |
| Two cut | 5.6 | |||
| Three cut | 7.3 | |||
| Max yield (2 harvests) | 16.4 | |||
| Switchgrass | Predicted yields | KS | Nelson et al. (2006) | |
| 0-200 lbs/acre N | 2.5-5.9 | |||
| 100 lbs/acre N | 4.6 | |||
| Switchgrass | Max (Alamo) | 10 | TX | Muir et al. (2001) |
| Average (2 sites) | 4.8-6.5 | |||
| Switchgrass | 3 years of data (avg) | 5.5 | LA | Kiniry et al. (2005) |
| 7.7 | AR | |||
| 8.3-10 | TX | |||
| 7 years of data (avg) | 6.6 | TX | ||
| Switchgrass | Cave-in-Rock (2 cut) | 2.8 | PA | Sanderson (2008) |
| Shawnee (2 cut) | 2.7 | |||
| Trailblazer (2 cut) | 2.6 | |||
| Mean (2 cut) | 2.7 | |||
| Cave-in-Rock (3 cut) | 3.2 | |||
| Shawnee (3 cut) | 3.2 | |||
| Trailblazer (3 cut) | 3.2 | |||
| Mean (3 cut) | 3.2 | |||
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Switchgrass | One-cut range | 5-9 | TN | Reynolds et al. (2000) |
| Two-cut range | 6.8-10.3 | |||
| Cave-in-rock (2 cut) | 8.7 | |||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 8.9 | |||
| Kanlow (2 cut) | 8.2 | |||
| Shelter (2 cut) | 8.1 | |||
| Switchgrass | Alamo (1 cut) | 5.4-5.9 | TX, Upper South | Lewandowski et al. |
| 11.6 | AL | (2003) | ||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 15.4 | AL | ||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 4.5-5.5 | TX, Upper South | ||
| 8.3 | AL | |||
| Kanlow (2 cut) | 10.3 | AL | ||
| Kanlow (3-4 years) | 5 | Britain | ||
| Cave-in-Rock (1 cut) | 2.4-4.2 | TX, Upper South | ||
| 4.2 | AL | |||
| Cave-in-Rock (2 cut) | 4.6 | AL | ||
| Cave-in-Rock (3-6 years) | 4.7 | Britain | ||
| Switchgrass | Alamo (3-4 years) | 4.9-8.8 | TX | Cassida et al. (2005b) |
| Caddo (3-4 years) | 2.2-2.7 | |||
| Alamo (3 years) | 4.8 | LA | ||
| Caddo (3 years) | 0.5 | |||
| Alamo (3 years) | 7.5 | AR | ||
| Caddo (3 years) | 3.3 | |||
| Switchgrass | Kanlow (avg) | 5.9 | AL | Bouton et al. (2002) |
| Alamo (avg) | 6.0 | |||
| Switchgrass | Cave-in-rock (1 cut) | 3.9-7.3 | Southeast (6) | Fike et al. (2006b) |
| Shelter (1 cut) | 3.7-6.8 | |||
| Alamo (1 cut) | 4.8-9.8 | |||
| Kanlow (1 cut) | 5.4-9.5 | |||
| Cave-in-rock (2 cut) | 5.8-9.5 | |||
| Shelter (2 cut) | 4.9-9.1 | |||
| Alamo (2 cut) | 6-10 | |||
| Kanlow (2 cut) | 6-9.5 | |||
| Switchgrass | Alamo (1 cut) | 1.2-9 | Texas | Ocumpaugh et al. (2003) |
| Alamo (2 cut) | 1.3-8.6 | |||
| Switchgrass | Upland (1 cut) | 4.8-5.3 | Parrish et al. (2003) | |
| Upland (2 cut) | 6.5-6.7 | |||
| Lowland (1 cut) | 6.6-7 | |||
| Lowland (2 cut) | 6.8-7.3 | |||
| Switchgrass | Alamo | 1.6 | KS | Taliaferro (2002) |
| 2.8 | AR | |||
| 2.8 | VA | |||
| 2.8 | OK | |||
| Kanlow | 1.4 | KS | ||
| 2.9 | AR | |||
| 2.5 | VA | |||
| 2.8 | OK | |||
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Switchgrass | Cave-in-rock 3 year average |
2.2 5.2 |
Northern Illinois Central Illinois |
Pyter et al. (2007) |
| 2.7 | Southern Illinois | |||
| Switchgrass | POLYSYS assumption |
4.87 | Northeast | De La Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| 5.84 | Appalachian | |||
| 5.98 | Corn Belt | |||
| 4.8 | Lake states | |||
| 5.49 | Southeast | |||
| 4.30 | Southern Plains | |||
| 3.47 | Northern Plains | |||
| Switchgrass | Calibrated values for 2008 (assumed 2% growth following 2008) |
3.5-6.5 | Appalachian | Marshall and Sugg (2010) |
| 5.16-6.4 | Corn Belt | |||
| 3.8-6.5 | Delta states | |||
| 4.5-6.0 | Lake states | |||
| 3 | Mountain states | |||
| 4.8-6.0 | Northern Plains | |||
| 3.2-6.2 | Northeast | |||
| 3.5-6.3 | Southern Plains | |||
| 4.4-6.5 | Southeast | |||
| Switchgrass | Assumption | 4 | Southern MI | James et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | Previous Literature | 4.46-6.69 | Reijnders (2010) | |
| Switchgrass | Plots – varying seed and nitrogen | 3.8-7.9 | TN | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | One year max – plot | 10.2 | TN | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | Plots | 4 | IA | Lemus et al. (2002) |
| Switchgrass | Assumption (prev studies) | 3.6 | Corn Belt | Jiang and Swinton (2008) |
| Switchgrass | Simulated (MISCANMOD) |
3.8 | U.S. Average | Chen et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | Average model yield (range) | 6.8 (3.6-17.8) | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | Farm-gate yield (annualized yield after losses) | 3.75-4.2 | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | Average observed peak yield | 6.6 | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Wheat straw | 1 | BRDI (2008) | ||
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Wheat Straw | Estimated | 0.27 | Average | Chen et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Simulated | 8.9 | IL | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Miscanthus | 14.5 avg 12-17 range 114.58 (20 year PV) |
IL | Khanna et al. (2008) | |
| Miscanthus | Potential Delivered |
12-18 8.1-8.5 |
IL | Khanna (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 3 year average | 9.8 | Northern Illinois | Pyter et al. (2007) |
| 15.5 | Central Illinois | |||
| 15.8 | Southern Illinois | |||
| 1 year | 14.1 | Urbana, Illinois | ||
| Miscanthus | Field experiment | 5.71 (14 year) 3.43-11.73 (3 year) |
EU | Christian et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 1.8-19.6 | EU | Lewandowski et al. (2003) | |
| Miscanthus | Projection | 13.36 (mean) 10.93-17.81 |
Heaton et al. (2004b) | |
| Miscanthus | Peer-reviewed articles |
10 | U.S. and EU | Heaton et al. (2004a) |
| Miscanthus | 3 year state average | 13.2 | IL | Heaton et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 3 year max state average | 17 | IL | Heaton et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | Assumption | 10 | MI | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Peak Delayed |
7.5-17.2 4.3-11.6 |
EU | Clifton-Brown et al. (2004) |
| Miscanthus | Autumn yields without irrigation | 4.5-11.15 | EU | Lewandowski et al. (2000) |
| Miscanthus | Yield range (high- end irrigated) | 0.9-19.6 | EU | Lewandowski et al. (2000) |
| Miscanthus | Modeled harvestable yield | 6.2-9.4 | EU | Stampfl et al. (2007) |
| Miscanthus | Above ground Mean harvested |
6.6-14.9 5.2 |
Germany | Kahle et al. (2001) |
| Miscanthus | First year average First year max First year min Second year average Second year max Third year max |
0.85 2.6 0.16 3.8 12 18.2 |
EU | Clifton-Brown et al. (2001) |
| Miscanthus | 1996 (drought) 1997 |
3.4 5.9 |
Denmark | Vargas et al. (2002) |
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Miscanthus | First year average First year max Second year average Second year max Third year average Third year max |
0.85 1.34 2.8 4.3 7.3 11. |
Germany | Clifton-Brown and Lewandowski (2002) |
| Miscanthus | Assumption | 9.81 | Southern MI | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Previous literature | 4.46-5.8 | Reijnders (2010) | |
| Miscanthus | Simulated (MISCANMOD) |
11.6 | U.S. average | Chen et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Average model yield (range) | 19 (0-27.7) | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Farm-gate yield (annualized yield after losses) | 6.3-8.6 | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | Average observed peak yield | 16.6 | Midwest | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Hybrid poplar | Assumption |
3.5-5.3 3.43-4 4 |
Lake states MN |
Huang et al. (2009) |
| Poplar | 10 year average (best growing taxa) |
3.7 | Upper MI | Miller and Bender (2008) |
| Poplar | Assumption | 5 | Southern MI | James et al. (2010) |
| Hybrid poplar | POLYSYS assumption |
3.99 | NE | De La Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| 3.56 | Appalachian | |||
| 4.63 | Corn Belt | |||
| 4.41 | Lake states | |||
| 4.50 | Southeast | |||
| 3.75 | Southern Plains | |||
| 3.83 | Northern Plains | |||
| 5.73 | Pacific Northwest | |||
| Willow | 10 year average (best taxa) | 3.4 | Upper Michigan | Miller and Bender (2008) |
| Willow | POLYSYS assumption |
4.9 | Northeast | De La Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| 4.50 | Appalachian | |||
| 4.70 | Corn Belt | |||
| 4.60 | Lake states | |||
| Aspen wood | 0.446 (dry) | MN | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| SRWC | 5-12 | BRDI (2008) | ||
| Woody biomass | Stock | 4.6-39 | USFS (2003, 2005) | |
| Biomass Type | Assumptions | Estimated Yield (tons acre-1) |
Location | Reference |
| Wood residue | 2006 average removal rate in Mississippi (lower bound) | 1.1 | Mississippi | USDA Forest Service data |
| Yellow pine | 15 m3/hectare/yr | 4.3 (2.3 – 4)1 | Southern U.S. | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Yellow pine | 12.5 m3/hectare/yr | 3.6 (2 – 3.3) | North Carolina | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Douglas fir | 14 m3/hectare/yr | 4 (3.3) | Oregon | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Douglas fir | 18 m3/hectare/yr | 5.1 (4.25) | North Carolina | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Sorghum | Previous literature | 16.41 | Reijnders (2010) | |
1 The first value is derived using a general conversion factor of 0.64 dry metric tons per cubic meter (DMT/m3) for softwoods. The yields in parentheses are based on conversion factors provided by engineeringtoolbox.com of 0.35-0.60 DMT/m3 and 0.53 DMT/m3 for Yellow Pine and Douglas Fir, respectively. (Accessed September 15, 2010) http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html.
Appendix Table M-10 Interest Rate
| Details | Rate | Reference |
| 8% | Brechbill and Tyner (2008a,b), Brechbill et al. (2008) | |
| 7.5% | Quick (2003) | |
| 7.5% | Sokhansanj and Turhollow (2002) | |
| Establishment and seeding | 8% | Duffy and Nanhou (2001) |
| Operating expenses | 9% | Duffy and Nanhou (2001) |
| Real discount rate | 4% | Popp and Hogan (2007) |
| Farmer’s real opportunity cost of machinery | 5% | James et al. (2010) |
| Real discount rate (PV calc) | 6.5% | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Nominal interest rate | 8% | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Real discount rate | 5.4% | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Establishment and seeding | 4% | Jain et al. (2010) |
Appendix Table M-11 Stand Length
| Crop | Length | Reference |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Brechbill et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Duffy and Nanhou (2001) |
| Switchgrass | 12 years | Popp and Hogan (2007) |
| Switchgrass | 20 years | Tiffany et al. (2006) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Khanna (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Switchgrass | 10+ years | Lewandowski et al. (2003) |
| Switchgrass | 10+ years | Fike et al. (2006) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | James et al. (2010) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | 5 years1 | Mooney et al. (2009) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Miller and Bender (2008) |
| Switchgrass | 10 years | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | 20 years | Khanna (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 20 years | Khanna et al. (2008) |
| Miscanthus | 20 years | Khanna and Dhungana (2007) |
| Miscanthus | 20-25 years | Lewandowski et al. (2003) |
| Miscanthus | 10 years | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | 15 years | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | 10 years (sensitivity) | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Short-rotation poplar | 10 years | James et al. (2010) |
| Poplar | 10 year analysis | Miller and Bender (2008) |
| Poplar | 6-10 years | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Willow | 10-year analysis | Miller and Bender (2008) |
| Willow | 22 years | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Yellow pine (South U.S.) | 30 years | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Yellow pine (NC) | 23 years | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
| Douglas fir | 45 years | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
1 Based on the assumption that it will be optimal to replace with improved seed and contracts.
Appendix Table M-12 Yield Maturity Rate
| Type of Feedstock | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Reference |
| Switchgrass | 20-35% | 60-75% | 100% | Walsh (2008) |
| Switchgrass | No harvest | - | - | |
| Switchgrass | 30% | 67% | 100% | Kszos et al. (2002) |
| Switchgrass | 0 | 60% | 100% | Popp and Hogan (2007) |
| Switchgrass | ~33% | ~66% | 100% | McLaughlin and Kszos (2005) |
| Switchgrass | Max at 3 years | James et al. (2010) | ||
| Switchgrass | 30% | 67% | 100% | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Switchgrass | 14% of 3rd year | 59% of 3rd year | Mooney et al. (2009) | |
| Switchgrass | 30-100% | 67-100% | 100% | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | 2-5 years for full | - | - | Heaton et al. (2004) |
| Miscanthus | Max at 4 years | - | - | Atkinson (2009) |
| Miscanthus | 2 years in warm climate | - | - | Clifton-Brown et al. (2001) |
| 3 years in cooler climates | ||||
| Miscanthus | Max at 3 years | - | - | James et al. (2010) |
| Miscanthus | 0 | 40-50% | 100% | Jain et al. (2010) |
| Willow | 60% in year 4, 100% after | - | - | de la Torre Ugarte et al. (2003) |
| Timber | 5-year establishment period | - | - | Cubbage et al. (2010) |
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