C
Revised Technology Area Breakdown Structure
The revised Technology Area Breakdown Structure (TABS) that appears below reflects all of the changes described in Chapter 3 and Table 3.1. The names of level 3 technologies that have been added, moved, or renamed relative to technologies as they appear in the roadmaps appear in bold. To avoid confusion, technologies that have not been changed have the same numerical designation in both the steering committee’s revised TABS and the TABS generated by NASA. As a result, the numbering scheme for the level 3 technologies is discontinuous where technologies have been deleted or moved.
TA01 Launch Propulsion Systems
1.1 Solid Rocket Propulsion Systems
1.1.1 Propellants
1.1.2 Case Materials
1.1.3 Nozzle Systems
1.1.4 Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Systems
1.1.5 Fundamental Solid Propulsion Technologies
1.2 Liquid Rocket Propulsion Systems
1.2.1 LH2/LOX Based
1.2.2 RP/LOX Based
1.2.3 CH4/LOX Based
1.2.4 Detonation Wave Engines (Closed Cycle)
1.2.5 Propellants
1.2.6 Fundamental Liquid Propulsion Technologies
1.3 Air Breathing Propulsion Systems
1.3.1 TBCC
1.3.2 RBCC
1.3.3 Detonation Wave Engines (Open Cycle)
1.3.4 Turbine Based Jet Engines (Flyback Boosters)
1.3.5 Ramjet/Scramjet Engines (Accelerators)
1.3.6 Deeply-cooled Air Cycles
1.3.7 Air Collection and Enrichment System
1.3.8 Fundamental Air Breathing Propulsion Technologies
1.4 Ancillary Propulsion Systems
1.4.1 Auxiliary Control Systems
1.4.2 Main Propulsion Systems (Excluding Engines)
1.4.3 Launch Abort Systems
1.4.4 Thrust Vector Control Systems
1.4.5 Health Management and Sensors
1.4.6 Pyro and Separation Systems
1.4.7 Fundamental Ancillary Propulsion Technologies
1.5 Unconventional / Other Propulsion Systems
1.5.1 Ground Launch Assist
1.5.2 Air Launch / Drop Systems
1.5.3 Space Tether Assist
1.5.4 Beamed Energy / Energy Addition
1.5.5 Nuclear
1.5.6 High Energy Density Materials/Propellants
TA02 In-Space Propulsion Technologies
2.1 Chemical Propulsion
2.1.1 Liquid Storable
2.1.2 Liquid Cryogenic
2.1.3 Gels
2.1.4 Solid
2.1.5 Hybrid
2.1.6 Cold Gas/Warm Gas
2.1.7 Micro-propulsion
2.2 Non-Chemical Propulsion
2.2.1 Electric Propulsion
2.2.2 Solar Sail Propulsion
2.2.3 Thermal Propulsion
2.2.4 Tether Propulsion
2.3 Advanced (TRL <3) Propulsion Technologies
2.3.1 Beamed Energy Propulsion
2.3.2 Electric Sail Propulsion
2.3.3 Fusion Propulsion
2.3.4 High Energy Density Materials
2.3.5 Antimatter Propulsion
2.3.6 Advanced Fission
2.3.7 Breakthrough Propulsion
2.4 Supporting Technologies
2.4.2 Propellant Storage and Transfer
TA03 Space Power and Energy Storage
3.1 Power Generation
3.1.1 Energy Harvesting
3.1.2 Chemical (Fuel Cells, Heat Engines)
3.1.3 Solar (Photo-Voltaic and Thermal)
3.1.4 Radioisotope
3.1.5 Fission
3.1.6 Fusion
3.2 Energy Storage
3.2.1 Batteries
3.2.2 Flywheels
3.2.3 Regenerative Fuel Cells
3.2.4 Electric and Magnetic Field Storage
3.2.5 Thermal Storage
3.3 Power Management and Distribution
3.3.1 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Recovery (FDIR)
3.3.2 Management and Control
3.3.3 Distribution and Transmission
3.3.4 Wireless Power Transmission
3.3.5 [Power] Conversion and Regulation
3.4 Cross-Cutting Technology
3.4.1 Analytical Tools
3.4.2 Green Energy Impact
3.4.3 Multi-functional Structures
3.4.4 Alternative Fuels
TA04 Robotics, TeleRobotics, and Autonomous (RTA) Systems
4.1 Sensing and Perception
4.1.1 Vision
4.1.2 Tactile Sensing
4.1.3 Natural Feature Image Recognition
4.1.4 Localization and Mapping
4.1.5 Pose Estimation
4.1.6 Multi-Sensor Data Fusion
4.1.7 Mobile Feature Tracking and Discrimination
4.1.8 Terrain Classification and Characterization
4.2 Mobility
4.2.1 Extreme Terrain Mobility
4.2.2 Below-Surface Mobility
4.2.3 Above-Surface Mobility
4.2.4 Small Body/Microgravity Mobility
4.3 Manipulation
4.3.1 Robot Arms
4.3.2 Dexterous Manipulators
4.3.3 Modeling of Contact Dynamics
4.3.4 Mobile Manipulation
4.3.5 Collaborative Manipulation
4.3.6 Robotic Drilling and Sample Processing
4.4 Human-Systems Integration
4.4.1 Multi-Modal Human-Systems Interaction
4.4.2 Supervisory Control
4.4.3 Robot-to-Suit Interfaces
4.4.4 Intent Recognition and Reaction
4.4.5 Distributed Collaboration
4.4.6 Common Human-Systems Interfaces
4.4.7 Safety, Trust, and Interfacing of Robotic/Human Proximity Operations
4.5 Autonomy
4.5.1 Vehicle System Management and FDIR
4.5.2 Dynamic Planning and Sequencing Tools
4.5.3 Autonomous Guidance and Control
4.5.4 Multi-Agent Coordination
4.5.5 Adjustable Autonomy
4.5.6 Terrain Relative Navigation
4.5.7 Path and Motion Planning with Uncertainty
4.6 Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking
4.6.1 Relative Navigation Sensors (long, mid, and near range)
4.6.2 Relative Guidance Algorithms
4.6.3 Docking and Capture Mechanisms/Interfaces
4.7 RTA Systems Engineering
4.7.1 Modularity / Commonality
4.7.2 Verification and Validation of Complex Adaptive Systems
4.7.3 Onboard Computing
TA05 Communication and Navigation
5.1 Optical Comm. and Navigation
5.1.1 Detector Development
5.1.2 Large Apertures
5.1.3 Lasers
5.1.4 Acquisition and Tracking
5.1.5 Atmospheric Mitigation
5.2 Radio Frequency Communications
5.2.1 Spectrum Efficient Technologies
5.2.2 Power Efficient Technologies
5.2.3 Propagation
5.2.4 Flight and Ground Systems
5.2.5 Earth Launch and Reentry Comm.
5.2.6 Antennas
5.3 Internetworking
5.3.1 Disruptive Tolerant Networking
5.3.2 Adaptive Network Topology
5.3.3 Information Assurance
5.3.4 Integrated Network Management
5.4 Position, Navigation, and Timing
5.4.1 Timekeeping and Time Distribution
5.4.3 Onboard Auto Navigation and Maneuver
5.4.4 Sensors and Vision Processing Systems
5.4.5 Relative and Proximity Navigation
5.4.6 Auto Precision Formation Flying
5.4.7 Auto Approach and Landing
5.5 Integrated Technologies
5.5.1 Radio Systems
5.5.2 Ultra Wideband
5.5.3 Cognitive Networks
5.5.4 Science from the Comm. System
5.5.5 Hybrid Optical Comm. and Nav. Sensors
5.5.6 RF/Optical Hybrid Technology
5.6 Revolutionary Concepts
5.6.1 X-Ray Navigation
5.6.2 X-Ray Communications
5.6.3 Neutrino-Based Navigation and Tracking
5.6.4 Quantum Key Distribution
5.6.5 Quantum Communications
5.6.6 SQIF Microwave Amplifier
5.6.7 Reconfigurable Large Apertures Using Nanosat Constellations
TA06 Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems
6.1 Environmental Control, Life Support Systems, and Habitation Systems
6.1.1 Air Revitalization
6.1.2 Water Recovery and Management
6.1.3 Waste Management
6.1.4 Habitation
6.2 Extravehicular Activity Systems
6.2.1 Pressure Garment
6.2.2 Portable Life Support System
6.2.3 Power, Avionics and Software
6.3 Human Health and Performance
6.3.1 Medical Diagnosis / Prognosis
6.3.2 Long-Duration Health
6.3.3 Behavioral Health and Performance
6.3.4 Human Factors and Performance
6.4 Environmental Monitoring, Safety, and Emergency Response
6.4.1 Sensors: Air, Water, Microbial, etc.
6.4.2 Fire: Detection, Suppression
6.4.3 Protective Clothing / Breathing
6.4.4 Remediation
6.5 Radiation
6.5.1 Risk Assessment Modeling
6.5.2 Radiation Mitigation
6.5.3 Protection Systems
6.5.4 Radiation Prediction
6.5.5 Monitoring Technology
TA07 Human Exploration Destination Systems
7.1 In Situ Resource Utilization
7.1.1 Destination Reconnaissance, Prospecting, and Mapping
7.1.2 Resource Acquisition
7.1.3 ISRU Products/Production
7.1.4 Manufacturing and Infrastructure Emplacement
7.2 Sustainability and Supportability
7.2.1 Autonomous Logistics Management
7.2.2 Maintenance Systems
7.2.3 Repair Systems
7.2.4 Food Production, Processing and Preservation
7.3 Advanced Human Mobility Systems
7.3.1 EVA Mobility
7.3.2 Surface Mobility
7.3.3 Off-Surface Mobility
7.4 Advanced Habitat Systems
7.4.1 Integrated Habitat Systems
7.4.2 Habitat Evolution
7.4.3 Smart Habitats
7.5 Mission Operations and Safety
7.5.1 Crew Training
7.5.5 Integrated Flight Operations Systems
7.5.6 Integrated Risk Assessment Tools
7.6 Cross-Cutting Systems
7.6.2 Construction and Assembly
7.6.3 Dust Prevention and Mitigation
TA08 Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems
8.1 Remote Sensing Instruments / Sensors
8.1.1 Detectors and Focal Planes
8.1.2 Electronics
8.1.3 Optical Systems
8.1.4 Microwave / Radio
8.1.5 Lasers
8.1.6 Cryogenic / Thermal
8.1.7 Space Atomic Interferometry
8.2 Observatories
8.2.2 Structures and Antennas
8.2.3 Distributed Aperture
8.2.4 High Contrast Imaging and Spectroscopy Technologies
8.2.5 Wireless Spacecraft Technologies
8.3 In Situ Instruments / Sensor
8.3.1 Particles, Fields, and Waves: Charged and Neutral Particles, Magnetic and Electric Fields
8.3.3 In Situ
8.3.4 Surface Biology and Chemistry Sensors: Sensors to Detect and Analyze Biotic and Prebiotic Substances
TA09 Entry, Descent, and Landing Systems
9.1 Aeroassist and Atmospheric Entry
9.1.1 Rigid Thermal Protection Systems
9.1.2 Flexible Thermal Protection Systems
9.1.3 Rigid Hypersonic Decelerators
9.1.4 Deployable Hypersonic Decelerators
9.2 Descent
9.2.1 Attached Deployable Decelerators
9.2.2 Trailing Deployable Decelerators
9.2.3 Supersonic Retropropulsion
9.3 Landing
9.3.1 Touchdown Systems
9.3.2 Egress and Deployment Systems
9.3.3 Propulsion Systems
9.3.5 Small Body Systems
9.4 Vehicle Systems Technology
9.4.2 Separation Systems
9.4.3 System Integration and Analyses
9.4.4 Atmosphere and Surface Characterization
9.4.5 EDL Modeling and Simulation
9.4.6 Instrumentation and Health Monitoring
9.4.7 GN&C Sensors and Systems
TA10 Nanotechnology
10.1 Engineered Materials and Structures
10.1.1 Lightweight Materials and Structures
10.1.2 Damage Tolerant Systems
10.1.3 Coatings
10.1.4 Adhesives
10.1.5 Thermal Protection and Control
10.2 Energy Generation and Storage
10.2.1 Energy Generation
10.2.2 Energy Storage
10.2.3 Energy Distribution
10.3 Propulsion
10.3.1 Nanopropellants
10.3.2 Propulsion Systems
10.3.3 In-Space Propulsion
10.4 Sensors, Electronics, and Devices
10.4.1 Sensors and Actuators
10.4.2 Electronics
10.4.3 Miniature Instrumentation
TA11 Modeling, Simulation, Information Technology, and Processing
11.1 Computing
11.1.1 Flight Computing
11.1.2 Ground Computing
11.2 Modeling
11.2.1 Software Modeling and Model-Checking
11.2.2 Integrated Hardware and Software Modeling
11.2.3 Human-System Performance Modeling
11.2.4a Science Modeling and Simulation
11.2.4b Aerospace Engineering Modeling and Simulation
11.2.5 Frameworks, Languages, Tools, and Standards
11.3 Simulation
11.3.1 Distributed Simulation
11.3.2 Integrated System Lifecycle Simulation
11.3.3 Simulation-Based Systems Engineering
11.3.4 Simulation-Based Training and Decision Support Systems
11.4 Information Processing
11.4.1 Science, Engineering, and Mission Data Lifecycle
11.4.2 Intelligent Data Understanding
11.4.3 Semantic Technologies
11.4.4 Collaborative Science and Engineering
11.4.5 Advanced Mission Systems
TA12 Materials, Structures, Mechanical Systems, and Manufacturing
12.1 Materials
12.1.1 Lightweight Structure
12.1.2 Computational Design
12.1.3 Flexible Material Systems
12.1.4 Environment
12.1.5 Special Materials
12.2 Structures
12.2.1 Lightweight Concepts
12.2.2 Design and Certification Methods
12.2.3 Reliability and Sustainment
12.2.4 Test Tools and Methods
12.2.5 Innovative, Multifunctional Concepts
12.3 Mechanical Systems
12.3.1 Deployables, Docking and Interfaces
12.3.2 Mechanism Life Extension Systems
12.3.3 Electro-mechanical, Mechanical, and Micromechanisms
12.3.4 Design and Analysis Tools and Methods
12.3.5 Reliability / Life Assessment / Health Monitoring
12.3.6 Certification Methods
12.4 Manufacturing
12.4.1 Manufacturing Processes
12.4.2 Intelligent Integrated Manufacturing and Cyber Physical Systems
12.4.3 Electronics and Optics Manufacturing Process
12.4.4 Sustainable Manufacturing
12.5 Cross-Cutting
12.5.1 Nondestructive Evaluation and Sensors
12.5.2 Model-Based Certification and Sustainment Methods
12.5.3 Loads and Environments
TA13 Ground and Launch Systems Processing
13.1 Technologies to Optimize the Operational Life-Cycle
13.1.1 Storage, Distribution, and Conservation of Fluids
13.1.2 Automated Alignment, Coupling, and Assembly Systems
13.1.3 Autonomous Command and Control for Ground and Integrated Vehicle/Ground Systems
13.2 Environmental and Green Technologies
13.2.1 Corrosion Prevention, Detection, and Mitigation
13.2.2 Environmental Remediation and Site Restoration
13.2.3 Preservation of Natural Ecosystems
13.2.4 Alternate Energy Prototypes
13.3 Technologies to Increase Reliability and Mission Availability
13.3.1 Advanced Launch Technologies
13.3.2 Environment-Hardened Materials and Structures
13.3.3 Inspection, Anomaly Detection, and Identification
13.3.4 Fault Isolation and Diagnostics
13.3.5 Prognostics Technologies
13.3.6 Repair, Mitigation, and Recovery Technologies
13.3.7 Communications, Networking, Timing, and Telemetry
13.4 Technologies to Improve Mission Safety/Mission Risk
13.4.1 Range Tracking, Surveillance, and Flight Safety Technologies
13.4.2 Landing and Recovery Systems and Components
13.4.3 Weather Prediction and Mitigation
13.4.4 Robotics / TeleRobotics
13.4.5 Safety Systems
TA14 Thermal Management Systems
14.1 Cryogenic Systems
14.1.1 Passive Thermal Control
14.1.2 Active Thermal Control
14.1.3 Systems Integration
14.2 Thermal Control Systems
14.2.1 Heat Acquisition
14.2.2 Heat Transfer
14.2.3 Heat Rejection and Energy Storage
14.3 Thermal Protection Systems
14.3.1 Ascent / Entry TPS
14.3.2 Plume Shielding (Convective and Radiative)
14.3.3 Sensor Systems and Measurement Technologies
