A
Abbott, Donald P., 54
Achaete-scute complex, 65-66
Acid sensitivity channels, 34
Acoela, 49-50, 52-53
Acoustic signaling
call duration, frequency, and amplitude, 175, 179, 180, 181, 188, 189
central pattern generators, 175, 178-185
comparative studies, 175, 177-178, 182
coupling of pectoral–gestural circuitry, 150, 175, 176, 177, 188, 190, 191
coupling of sound production and respiration, 181
evolutionary origins, 150, 175, 176, 177, 181-187
fishes, 150, 175-191
hotspots for novel pattern generators, 178
musculature and central mechanisms, 182-185
pectoral appendage circuitry, 175, 185-188, 190
rhombomere-8 spinal compartment, 175, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186-187, 188-190
shared origins, 182-185, 187-190
social context-dependent, 181-182
sonic–vocal pattern generator, 175, 176, 177, 178-185, 187-188, 190, 191
tetrapods, 150, 175, 176, 177, 181-182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191
taxonomic analysis, 182
vocal circuitry, 187-188, 189
Acropora millepora, 5 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16
Actinopterygian fishes, 36, 176, 182, 184, 185, 186
Action potentials, 1, 22, 31, 168, 169, 170, 242
Adherens junction, 11
Agnathans, 27, 44, 176, 177
Alaama, Roula A., 57-58, 75-90
Ambulacraria, 50
Ammon’s horn, 218
Amniotes, 21, 28, 29
Amphimedon queenslandica, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16
Amygdala, 193, 197, 212
Anemones, 24, 26
Annelids, 2, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, 226
Anomalocaris, 40, 43, 44
Apical-basal polarity genes, 11
Aplysia, 163, 171, 172
Apteronotidae, 31
Arboreomorphs, 41
Arcila, Mary Luz, 1, 3-19
Arkarua, 39, 40
Arms races, 36, 42, 227
Aromatase (ARO), 193, 195, 197, 203, 207, 209
Arthropods (see also Bilaterians)
appendage morphology, 63-65
body plans, 62-63
brains, 2, 49, 51, 54
Cambrian explosion, 42, 43
homologous structures, 66, 72-74
Hox genes, 57, 62, 63, 65, 68-70, 71, 74
motor circuits, 69, 70-72
nervous system specialization, 2, 54, 57, 61-74
neurogenesis, 61, 65-67, 70-72
olfaction, 213, 216, 225-226
outgroup analysis, 48
segmental neuromeres, 61, 67-70
segmentation network, 62, 67
stem, 39, 44
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, xv
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii
Ascidians, 27
Associative learning, 227
Auditory acuity, 244
Auditory cortex
classic columns, 119
cross-species modifications, 95, 119
extrinsic factors affecting phenotypic variability, 107, 110
homologies, 93, 94, 95
Australopithecus, 147
Avalon assemblage, 41
Avise, John C., xiii-xiv
Axons
arborizations, 71, 138
conduction velocity, 27
cortical connectivity, 138-139
diameter, 139
evolution of centralized nervous systems, 51
genesis, 68
Hox gene regulation, 71, 72
lateral geniculate, 121
length, 139, 265
of motor neurons, 31, 70, 71, 72, 169, 183, 185-186, 187
myelinated/myelination, 2, 21, 27, 101, 233, 276, 277
Nav clusters at initial segments, 2, 21, 27, 31
olfactory, 213
targeting, 71
termination patterns, 121
tracing, xvi, 67, 68, 256
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv
Aysheaia, 40, 44
B
Bacteria
toxins, 32
voltage-gated ion channels, 22, 23-24
Barn owls, 244
Barrett, H. Clark, 252, 313-333
Bass, Andrew H., 149-150, 175-191
Bassett, Danielle S., 1, 3-19
Bats
behavior, 111
cognitive mapping, 222
cortical organization, 106, 111, 222, 235
echolocating, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263
FOXP2 sequences, 263
limb morphology, 97-98, 106, 110-111
olfaction, 220, 221, 222-223, 226
touch domes, 98, 109, 110-111
wing, 97-98, 110
Behavior (see also Acoustic signaling; Foraging behavior; Nudipleura swimming behavior; Sparrow seasonal sociality)
cortical phenotype and, 103, 105
neural basis for, 154
neuroendocrinology, 103
social affiliation, 206
tongue licking, 189
β-catenin, 76
Bichirs (Polypteriformes), 36, 184
Bilaterians
anterior posterior patterning, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54
brain evolution, 47-48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 226, 227
Cambrian explosion, 42, 43
central neural characters, 49, 50, 51-52
clades, 49-50
dorsoventral patterning, 47, 48, 53, 72
Ediacaran, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53, 226-227
genetic basis of body plan, 47-48, 53, 62
Hox genes, 62
last common ancestor, 2, 24, 37, 38, 50, 51, 53-54
locomotory, 41
origin and divergence, 37, 47, 53, 236
stem, 53
synaptic gene networks, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 53
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 54
Vernanimalcula fossils, 39
voltage-gated ion channels, 22, 24, 25, 26, 35
Biodiversity, defined, xiii
Birds (see also Songbirds; Sparrow seasonal sociality)
FOXP2 orthologs, 263
hindbrain segmentation, 178
olfaction, 219, 223-224
telencephalon, 76
vocal circuitry, 178, 184, 190
vocal–respiratory coupling, 181
Blind mole rats, 58, 93, 107
Bonobos, 254, 255, 328
Bornella anguilla, 158, 162
Bowerbirds, 92
Bowfin, 184
Brachiopods, 42, 43, 44
Brain (see also Human brain; individual structures)
“basic uniformity” concept, 257
bilaterian evolution, 47-48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 226, 227
defined, 51
early vertebrate, 44
descent with modification, 318-319
developmental effects on specialization, 316-321
energy cost, 59, 127, 142, 144, 146, 148, 270
independent evolution, 51, 52, 99, 130
mammalian radiation, 131
methodological advances, xvi, 130, 256, 257
ontogenic tuning and module spawning, 317-318
reaction norms, 316-317, 318-319
small-world networks, 138-139
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54
Brain size (see also individual structures and areas)
body size and, 144-146, 147, 257
cell cycle exit delay and, 75, 76, 79
and cognitive ability, 59, 128-129, 138, 140, 141, 326-328
coordination among areas, 58
cortical expansion, gyrification, and connectivity, 138-140
glia/neuron ratio, 141-144
human, xv, 127, 134-135
independent evolution of large brains, 130, 131
and language, xv
mammalian order and, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138
neuronal scaling rules, 130-132 134-135, 140, 141, 142, 145
nonneuronal cells, 132-136, 140, 142
primates, 128, 129, 132, 134-135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141
relative size of structures, 136-138, 150, 223
shared scaling rules, 132-138
Broca’s area, 190, 251, 260, 261
Bruce, Heather S., 57, 61-74
Burgess Shale biota. 40, 42, 43, 44
Burgessochaeta, 40, 43
C
Caddis flies (Limnephilus flavastellus), 34
Caenorhabditis elegans, 5, 6, 8, 16, 213
Cajal–Retzius cells, 86
Calcium (Ca2+) ion channels, 1, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 32
California newts (Taricha torosa), 33
Cambrian explosion, 42-44
Canadaspis, 40, 43
Cantlon, Jessica F., 252, 293-311
Canton, Richard, xvi
Capuchin monkeys, 129
Capybara, 129
Caribbean spiny lobsters, 226
Carnivores, 94, 118, 119, 122, 220, 221, 225, 263
Castor gene, 68
Catania, Kenneth C., 151, 229-249
Catarrhines, 274
Catfish, 177, 187, 188
Cathaymyrus, 43
Cats, 101, 119, 124
Caudal hindbrain, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187
Cebus monkeys, 99
Cell cycle exit, 75, 76, 79
Cell lineage tracing, 66
Centipedes, 66, 73
Central pattern generators (CPGs)
sonic–vocal, 175, 176, 177, 178-185, 187-188, 190, 191
swimming behavior, 153, 166, 167-169, 170, 171, 172, 173
vocalization, 175
Centralized nervous system evolution (see also Brain; other specific structures)
Cambrian explosion, 42-44
cephalic neural ganglia, 2, 51, 52, 54
cladistic analysis, 44-46, 47, 49-50
comparative approaches, 37, 44-53
diffuse nerve nets, 2, 7, 37, 48, 50-52, 53-54
Ediacaran biota, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53
fossil record, 38-44, 46, 53
genetic basis of bilaterian body plan, 47-48
last common bilaterian ancestor, 37, 53-54
molecular clock hypothesis, 37, 38, 46-47, 53
outgroup analysis of metazoan central neural characters, 37, 45-46, 47-48, 49-53, 54
phenetics, 44, 45, 46
subepidermal nerve plexuses, 50-51
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54
Cephalochordates, 43-44, 51
Cephalopods, 51, 52, 54
Cephalopyge trematoides, 157
Cerebellum, 51, 84, 122, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136-138, 140, 143, 148, 178, 182, 185, 189, 190, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265
Cerebral cortex
comparative studies, 128, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139
expansion, gyrification, and connectivity, 128, 138-140
human, 127, 128, 134-135, 140
number of neurons, 128, 132, 133, 134-135, 140
nonneuronal cells, 133, 134-135, 140
shared scaling rules, 134-138
size comparisons, 128, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139
Cerebrospinal fluid, 75-76, 86, 87
Cerebrum, 51
Cetaceans, 128, 130, 141, 263
Chagnaud, Boris P., 149-150, 175-191
Charnia, 41
Charniodiscus, 39, 40
Charvet, Christine J., 57-58, 75-90
Chelicerates, 66, 67, 73
Chengjiang biota, 42, 43, 44
Cheungkongella, 43
Chick optic tectum
caudomedial, 75, 76, 84, 85
cell cycle exit, 75, 76, 79
FGF2 effects, 57-58, 75-90
folding, 57-58, 75, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90
laminar disruptions, 58, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88
mantle zone, 79
persistence of FGF2-induced alterations, 79
pia mater thinning/holes, 58, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 86-87, 88
proliferative zone fraction (PZF), 78, 79, 85, 89
radial thickness, 78-80
ventricular surface area, 78-79, 80, 81
volume, 77, 80
Chimpanzees, 94, 128, 129, 130, 141, 142, 145, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258-259, 261, 262, 266, 268, 270, 328, 330, 332
Chiropterans, 222, 223 (see also Bats)
Choanoflagellates, 5, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35
Chondrichthyes, 176, 186
Chordates
brains, 2, 43, 47-48, 49, 54
fossil record, 43
Nav channels, 21, 27, 29
Circadian functions, 93
Cladistic analysis, centralized nervous system, 44-46, 47, 49-50
Cladobranchia, 155, 156, 158-159, 163, 164, 165, 166
Clark University, vii
Clione limacine, 163, 171
Cloudina, 41
Club-winged manakin, 177, 190
Cnidarians, 5, 6, 7, 14, 22, 24, 26, 39, 41-42, 49, 51
Coast mole (Scapanus orarius), 241
Coelacanth, 176, 186
Cognitive ability (see also Computational ability; Language; Numerical cognition; Speech)
brain size and, 59, 128-129, 138, 140, 141, 326-328
developmental processes and, 316-321
duplication and divergence of new structures, 323-324
energy cost, 144
evolutionary feedback processes, 324-325
explaining, 328-331
genes, gene regulation, and human environments and, 329-330
modified orthologies and, 330
number of cortical neurons and, 129, 140, 141
origin of new specializations, 321-328
paralogies and, 330-331
psychological testing, 320-321
reaction norms and, 316-317, 318-319
spatial navigation, 313
word perception, 325-326
Cognitive mapping, 213-218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 316
Common garter snake (Thamnopis sirtalis), 33
Comparative studies
acoustic signaling, 175, 177-178, 182
centralized nervous systems, 37, 44-53
cerebral cortex, 128, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139
FOXP2 gene, 262-264
genomics, 253, 258-266
molecular biology, 254-256
neurobiological investigations, 256-257
neuroethological studies, 336
olfaction, 220
psychological, 258
Complexity, organismal, 15, 37, 38
Computational ability (see also Numerical cognition)
Nav ion channels and, 21, 31, 35-36
Conaco, Cecilia, 1, 3-19
Convergent evolution, 2, 107, 213
Coral (see also Acropora millepora), 26
Corpus callosum, 120
Corticopontine system, 138
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206, 208, 209
Croaking gouramis, 187
Crustaceans, 43, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72-73, 74, 213, 214, 216, 319, 320
Cryogenian Period, 47
Ctenophores, 22, 49
Cupiennius, 73
D
Danio rerio, 5, 6-7, 8, 16
Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), 193-194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 209
Darwin, Charles, xv, xvi, 59, 92, 154, 230, 241, 256-257
Deer mice, 103-104
Degnan, Bernard M., 1, 3-19
Degnan, Sandie M., 1, 3-19
Delta-Notch signaling, 65-66
Dendronotida, 155, 158, 163, 164, 165, 166
Dendronotus iris, 153, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173
Dentate gyrus, 217, 218, 222
Deuterostomes, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51-52, 211, 227
Devonian extinction, 21, 35
Dickinsonia, 39, 40, 53
Diencephalon-tegmentum, 77
Dinomischus, 40, 44
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv
Dolphins
echolocation, 221, 263
pectoral fin, 97, 98
Doridacea, 155, 156, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166
Doushantuo Formation, 39, 53
Drosophila
D. melanogaster, 5, 6, 8, 16, 62, 213
decapentapelgic (dpp) gene, 48
embryogenesis, 62, 63, 68
gooseberry (gsb) gene, 73
Hox genes, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72
insecticide resistance, 35
motor neurons, 71
Nav channel genes, 28, 35
neurogenesis, 65, 67, 70, 72-74
olfaction, 213
segmentation, 62, 63, 68
short gastrulation (sog) gene, 48
Duck-billed platypus, 94, 95, 96-97, 99
E
Eastern moles (Scalopus aquaticus), 236, 239
Eastern towhees (Pipilo erythropthalmus), 193-194, 195-196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 209
Ecdysozoans, 48, 49, 51
Echinoderms, 39, 43, 44, 49, 68
Echolocation, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263
Ectoderm, 48, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 108
Ediacaran biota
bilaterians, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53, 226-227
centralized nervous system development, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53
fossil record, 39-42
morphological complexity, 39-41
phylogeny, 41-42
Egyptian fruit bats, 222
Eimer’s organs, 231, 232, 233, 239, 240, 241, 243
Elasmobranchs, 36, 176
Eldonia, 40, 43
Electric fish, 21-22, 30, 31-32, 36, 188
Elephants, 128, 141, 263
Energy
content of foods, 147, 227
cost of brains, 59, 127, 142, 144, 146, 148, 270
efficiency adaptations, 21-22, 31, 35-36, 236-237, 239, 269-270
genes for aerobic metabolism, 269-270
Nav channels and, 21-22, 31, 35-36
profitability of prey, 151, 229, 230, 235, 238, 239
Enteropneust hemichordates, 43, 48, 51
Entoprocts, 44, 52
Eoporpita, 39, 40
Epithelial gene networks, 6, 11-12, 15
Erniettomorphs, 41
Euarchontoglires, 114
Euctenidiacea, 155, 156, 160-161
Eulipotyphla, 133, 136
F
Feeding
appendages, 74
cooked foods, 147, 148
Ferrets, 107
FGF2
and cell cycle rate, 85
effects on chick optic tectum, 57-58, 75-90
lamination, folding, and pial integrity changes, 79-84
and neurogenesis, 76, 85, 87, 89
persistence of alterations, 79
and tectal progenitor pool, 77-79
Field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), 193, 195-210
Fire, 147
Fishes
acoustic signaling, 150, 175-191
caudal hindbrain rhombomere-8 spinal compartment, 175, 188-190
escape response, 229, 230, 244-247
FOXP2 orthologs, 262-263
pectoral appendage, 97, 98, 150, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185-188, 190, 191
sonic mechanisms, 178-181
swim bladder, 177, 178-179, 184, 187-188
Flabellina, 156, 158, 171
Flatworms, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52
Foraging behavior (see also Star-nosed moles; Tentacled snakes)
optimal foraging theory, 151, 229, 230, 235, 238, 239
FOXP2 gene
comparative genomics, 253, 262-264
discovery, 259-261
expression and sequencing studies, 262-264
in human evolution, 253, 261-262, 264-265
mouse model of human evolution, 264-265
mouse model of R552H substitution, 264
and phenotype, 26-270
regulation of gene expression by, 265-266
Freise, Amanda C., 57-58, 75-90
Frogs
optic tectum, 58, 124
vocalizations, 177, 181, 184
Fugu, 33
G
Galagos, 121, 123
Ganglia, 2, 50-51, 52, 54, 67, 68, 260-261, 262, 265
Ganglion mother cells, 66, 68
Garter snake–newt system, 33-34
Gastropods, 51, 52, 153, 154, 155, 157
Gene expression networks
bilaterian body plans, 47-48, 62-63
conserved, 3, 4, 11, 14, 54, 61, 62, 65, 73, 74, 104, 106, 142, 225-226
coregulation and modality analysis, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11-12, 13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19
correlation in eumetazoans, 7, 9, 15
epithelial, 6, 11-12, 15
nuclear pore complex, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19
and organismal complexity, 15
proteasome 26S, 4, 6, 8, 11-12, 13, 15, 18-19
scale-free growth, 15
synaptic, 4-10, 11-12
within-species variability, 104
Gestural signaling or communication, 150, 175, 176, 177, 190, 191, 273, 288, 289, 290, 291, 331
Ghost bats, 94
Glia/neuron ratio, 141-144
Glial cells, 59, 66, 68, 69 82, 85, 86, 87-88, 127, 136, 140, 141-142, 144
Glires, 133, 134-135
Gnathostomes, 21, 27, 176, 177
Gogia, 40, 43
Goldfish, 189, 225
Golgi staining, xvi
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh), 103
Goodson, James L., 150, 150, 193-210
Gorillas, xvi, 129, 130, 141, 144-146, 190, 254, 261
Gould, Stephen Jay, 256
Grasshoppers, 67, 73
grim gene, 70, 71
Gunaratne, Charuni A., 149, 153-174
H
Hagfishes, 43, 44
Haikouella, 43
Haikouichthys, 44
Hallucigenia, 40, 44
Harvard University, vii-viii
Heater muscles, 32
Hebbian plasticity, 58
Hemichordates, 43, 48, 51
Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, 58-59, 127-148
Hermissenda, 156, 158, 171
Hexabranchus sanguineus, 160, 162
Hindbrain (see Caudal hindbrain)
Hippocampus, 150, 211, 212, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228
Hitzig, Eduard, xvi
Homeobox gene superfamily, 47, 48, 106 (see also Hox genes)
Homing pigeons, 219, 224
Homo antecessor, 147
Homo erectus, 147
Homo heidelbergensis, 147
Homo neanderthalensis, 147
Homo rudolfensis, 147
Homologies
arthropod neurogenesis, 66, 72-74
auditory cortex, 93, 94, 95
bilaterian body plans, 48
brain structures, 66, 72-74, 93, 321-323
peripheral morphology variations in homologous body parts, 97-98
cortical fields, 93-94
and development or function of nonhomologous structures, 1
in gene expression patterns, 2, 335-336
in human synaptic complex, 5
independent evolution distinguished from, xvi-xvii
neurogenesis, 66, 72-74
Nudipleura swimming neurons, 149, 153, 154-155, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169-172, 173-174
somatosensory areas, 93, 94
speech in primates, 330
Honeybees, 226
Horses, 128
Hox genes
abdominal A (abd-A), 69, 70
abdominal B (Abd-B), 69, 71, 72
Antp, 63, 69, 70, 72
and apoptosis, 70
and appendage morphology, 57, 62, 63, 65, 71, 74, 106, 322-323
bilaterian body plan, 47, 57, 62
cofactors, 71
locomotion, 70
and neural morphology, 57, 65, 68-72, 185
Pb, 71, 72
Scr, 71
transcription factors, 62
Ultrabithorax (Ubx), 63, 64, 65, 69, 70 71, 72
and vertebrate forelimb development, 106, 322-323
Huang, Johnny C., 57-58, 75-90
Human brain
cerebral cortex, 127, 128, 134-135, 140
cognitive advantage, 140-141
encephalization quotient, 128-129
energy cost, 127, 128, 144-147
FOXP2 gene, 253, 258-266
hierarchical model of specialization, 313-333
homologous traits, 321-323
ideological obstacles to study, 256-257
as outlier, xv, 127, 128-129, 130, 140, 141, 147-148
psychological studies, 258
quantification of numbers of cells, 127, 140
as scaled-up primate brain, 127-128, 140-141
size, xv, 127, 134-135, 257
vocal–gestural coupling, 190
Human hand, 97
Human specializations
chimpanzee-bonobo evolution and, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258-259, 261, 262, 266, 268, 270
comparative molecular and genetic background, 254-256
evolutionary continuity and, 256-257
neurobiological and behavioral background, 256-258
Hunchback gene, 68
Huxley, T. H., xv-xvi, 59, 256-57
Hypothalamus, 194, 197, 203, 207-208, 262
I
Independent evolution, xvi-xvii, 51, 52, 99, 113, 124-125
large brains, 130, 131
Inferior olive, 178, 182, 185, 188-189, 262
Insectivores, 132, 135, 136, 137, 220, 221, 236, 238
Insects
motor circuits, 71
NAV channels, 2, 35, 36
neurogenesis, 65, 66, 67
olfactory system, 213, 216, 226
resistance to pesticides, 35, 36
similarities with vertebrate and annelid nervous systems, 2, 72-74
Interneurons, 31, 68, 70, 167-168, 172, 173
Inversion hypothesis, 48
Invertebrates
Nav channels, 21, 25, 26, 27-28, 33, 34, 35
Ion channels, 22 (see also Calcium ion channels; Potassium leak and voltage-grated ion channels; Voltage-gated sodium channels)
bilaterians, 22, 24, 25, 26, 35
6TM gene family, 22-26, 28
and sound production, 32
types, 24
J
Jacobs, Lucia F., 150-151, 211-228
Jarvis, Erin, 57, 61-74
Jellyfish (medusazoa), 24, 26, 35
Jerboas (Jaculus orientalis), 208
K
Kaas, Jon H., 58, 113-125
Katz, Paul S., 149, 153-174
Kimberella, 40, 41, 53
Kimberellomorpha, 41
Kosik, Kenneth S., 1, 3-19
Krubitzer, Leah A., 58, 91-111
Kruppel gene, 68
L
Lagerstätten, 38, 42, 44
Lagomorphs, 114, 117
Lampreys, 27, 28, 44
Language (see also Speech)
ape-language projects, 258
auditory and visual integration, 251, 274, 278, 279, 283, 285, 288-291
brain areas, 251, 261, 273-274, 276, 278, 279, 283, 285, 289, 325-326, 330-331
brain size and, xv
developmental processes and, 316, 318-319, 332
evolution from generalized precursors, 324, 330
genes, 111, 251, 253, 259, 260, 261, 262, 267
reaction norms and, 323
and runaway evolutionary processes, 325
and symbolic math, 252
vocal vs. gestural origins, 190
word perception, 325-326
Lateral geniculate, 94, 103, 120-121
Lateral septum, 193, 194, 197, 205-206, 208
Latimeria, 176, 186
Lillvis, Joshua L., 149, 153-174
Lingulella, 40, 43
Lithobius, 73
Lobopods, 44
Locomotion
appendages, 74, 97, 175
behavior (see also Nudipleura swimming behavior)
bilateria, 41
coupling of vocal circuitry, 175
crawling, 155, 157
mucociliary, 155, 157
Lophotrochozoans, 44
Lungfish, 31, 36, 176, 185, 186
Luteinizing hormone, 103, 194
M
Macaque monkeys, 94, 99, 101, 102, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123-124, 190, 251, 254, 255, 257, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 281, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, 291,
Malacostracans, 66
Mammals
acoustic communication, 181, 190
brain relationships across orders, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138
cell cycle exit, 76 321
cortical evolution in, 75, 76, 88, 91-111
neocortical folding, 88
outgroup analysis, 48
sonic pectoral signaling, 190
Marble crayfish, 64
Marrella, 40, 43
Mathematics (see Numerical cognition)
Maxillipeds, 63-84, 65
McGowan, Luke D., 57-58, 75-90
Megabats, 220
Melibe leonina, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161-162, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173
Mesoderm, 62, 65, 176-177
Mesolimbic dopamine system, 206
Mesotocin, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206, 208, 209
Midbrain, 51, 85, 88, 179, 180, 194, 208
Midshipman fish, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189
Millipedes, 66
Molecular clock, 37, 38, 46-47, 53, 226
Moles, 231 (see also Star-nosed moles)
Molluscs, 39, 44
central neural characters, 2, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54
olfactory system, 213
swimming behaviors, 153, 154
Monoplacophorians, 52
Monosiga brevicollis, 5, 25
Motor cortex, 99, 101, 102, 105-106, 111, 113, 115, 122-123, 190, 317
Motor neurons
apoptosis, 70, 71
arthropods, 69, 70, 71
axons, 31, 70, 71, 72, 169, 183, 185-186, 187
genesis, 68, 71
and hand morphology, 99
Hox gene regulation, 57, 69, 70, 71-72
locomotion, 69, 70, 71, 171-172, 185-186, 187, 188, 190
mapping, 185-186
ventral horn, 99
vertebrates, 71-72
vocal and sonic, 149, 150, 177, 181, 182, 184, 187
Myelin/myelination, 2, 21, 27, 101, 233, 276, 277
Myllokunmingia, 44
Myriapods, 66, 67 72-73
Mysids, 65
N
Naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber), 22, 34, 36
Nama assemblage, 41
Namacalathus, 41
Naraoia, 40, 43
Natural selection, xv, 77, 91, 92, 100, 124, 230, 241, 252, 314, 316, 325, 326, 327
Navigation
echolocation, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263
evolution of, 226-227
olfactory, 150, 211, 212, 213, 214-217, 218-220, 222, 223-224, 225, 226-227, 228
spatial, 211, 212, 213, 218, 219, 220, 314
telencephalon, 225
visual, 220
Nemertodermatida, 49, 50
Neocortex (see also Visual cortex)
activity-dependent selection, 124-125
areas (specialized regions), 93-95, 99, 101, 102, 113, 114
bats, 106, 111
cell cycle exit, 76, 79
classic columns, 113, 116-118, 124-125
connectional studies, 101
cross-species phenotypic variability, 93-100, 121
development of functional organization, 124-125
domains, 94-95 113, 122-124
extrinsic factors affecting phenotypic variability, 95, 107-110
folding, 88
genetic basis of phenotypic variability, 92, 93, 104-107, 111
homologies, 93
human, 114
mammalian phylogenetic relationships, 94
mice, 88, 101, 103-104, 106, 107, 120
minicolumns, 58, 113, 114-125
modules, 58, 101, 114, 118-121, 124-125
olfactory perception, 213-214
phenotypic variability in mammals, 91-111
pia matter, 77
position-dependent selection, 124-125
primates, 76, 100, 101-103, 113-125
progenitor proliferation, 88
rats, 76, 119-120
representations of stimulus orientations, 118-119
separated parts of sensory surfaces, 119-121
septa, 113, 120, 197, 198, 208, 233
size/organization/connectivity of fields, 94-95, 100, 105-106, 107, 111, 114
somatotopic organization, 58, 101, 119-120, 122-123
star-nosed moles, 235, 248
sulcal patterns, 100
unbounded columns, 58, 113, 118-119
volume and neuron number, 76, 136
within-species phenotypic variability, 100-104, 121
Network theory, 1, 3-19
Neural tube, 51, 54
Neuroblasts (neural stem cells), 66, 67-70, 72-73
Neurogenesis
arthropods, 61, 65-67, 70-72
Drosophila, 65, 67, 70, 72-74
FGF2 and, 76, 85, 87, 89
homologies, 66, 72-74
telencephalic, 21, 35, 76, 85, 89
proliferative zone fraction (PZF), 77, 79, 85, 89
timing, 79
Neurons (see also Motor neurons)
auditory cortex, 119
energy cost, 142-144
giant Mauthner cells, 244
isotropic fractionator enumeration method, 59, 130, 132
neocortex minicolumns, 114-115, 116, 117-119
number, 76, 101, 103, 130-132
orientation-selective, 118-119
premotor, 149, 175, 176, 178, 182, 188, 189, 190, 191
scaling rules for brain size, 130-132 134-135, 140, 141, 142, 145
somatotopic maps, 119
visual cortex, 116, 117-119
vocal pacemaker, 179, 180-181, 182, 183, 184, 188
Neurotransmitters, 22, 68, 265
Neutral theory of molecular evolution, 46
New World monkeys, 94, 99, 120, 121, 123, 274, 283
New York University, vii
Newcomb, James M., 149, 153-174
Newts, 22, 36 (see also Garter snake–newt system)
Nodes of Ranvier, 2, 21, 27
Northcutt, R. Glenn, 2, 37-55
Notochord, 43
Nuclear pore complex, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19
Nudipleura
locomotor behavior categories, 155-163
phylogeny, 153, 156-157, 163
Nudipleura swimming behavior
asymmetric undulation (AU), 156, 157, 161, 163
breaststroke (BS), 156, 157, 158, 163, 164
central pattern generators (CPGs), 153, 166, 167-169, 170, 171, 172, 173
dorsal–ventral body flexions, 153, 156, 157, 158-161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169-172, 173
dorsal–ventral undulation (DU), 156, 157, 162-163, 165
escape response, 161, 163
evolution of neural circuits and, 149, 154, 164-166
flapping (F), 157, 161, 163, 172, 173
homologous neurons, 149, 153, 154-155, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169-172, 173-174
homoplasy, 153, 154, 164, 166, 173
left–right (LR) body flexions, 153, 156, 157, 158-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166, 167-169, 170, 171, 172, 173
left–right undulation (LU), 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163
neural circuits, 166-172
phylogenetic distribution, 163
taxonomy, 158-161
Numerical cognition
amodal representations, 307
analog representations as sole precursors of, 302-306
analogical reasoning, 307
arithmentic, 299-301
automatic cross-activation, 307-308
comparison of values, 297-299
correlational and statistical associations, 306-307
evolutionary history and, 308
math IQ origins, 293, 308-311
oldest numbers, 295-301
representation, 295-297
symbols, 301-302
O
Odontogriphus, 40, 44
Ohno, Susumu, 28
Old World monkeys, 94, 99, 120, 121, 122, 123, 276, 283, 285
Olenoides, 40, 43
Olfaction
allocation of perception and attention, 214
arthropods, 213, 216, 225-226
axons, 213
bats, 220, 221, 222-223, 226
birds, 219, 223-224
chemosensory receptors, 213, 218
cognitive maping, 213-218, 219, 222, 226
comparative studies, 220
convergence in system structure and function, 212-213
discrimination and acuity function, 211, 213, 218, 219
evolutionary origin, 213-214, 223, 226-227
feeding behavior and, 150-151
fish, 216, 225
genes, 213, 219, 225
hippocampus and, 150, 211, 212, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228
mammals, 216, 217, 218, 219-220, 221-223
mechanosensory systems integration, 216, 218, 226
navigation function, 150, 211, 212, 213, 214-217, 218-220, 222, 223-224, 225, 226-227, 228
parallel map theory, 216-218, 219
predatory strategy and, 220-223, 225
rats, 219, 220
reptiles, 224-225
size of olfactory bulb, 150-151, 211, 212, 213, 219, 220, 222
Olfactory bulb
adult neurogenesis in, 222
size considerations, 150-151, 211, 212, 213, 219, 222
Olfactory perception, 213-216
Olfactory spatial hypothesis, 150, 211, 216, 218-219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228
Onychophoran worms, 44
Opabinia, 40, 43
Opisthobranchia, 154, 155, 157, 163, 171, 173
Opossums, 94, 100, 107
Optic tectum (see also Chick optic tectum)
frogs, 58, 124
species differences in size, 77
tentacle snake, 242, 243
Optimal foraging theory, 151, 229, 230, 235, 238, 239
Orangutans, 145, 234
Ottoia, 40, 43
Otx genes, 47
Outgroup analysis of metazoan central neural characters, 37, 45-46, 47-48, 49-53, 54
Owl monkeys, 101, 102-103, 120, 121
Oxytocin, 195, 205
P
Paddlefish, 185
Paedomorphosis, 52
Parallel evolution, 33, 35, 173-174
Paranthropus, 147
Parhyale sp., 63, 73
Parrots, 76
Patel, Nipam H., 57, 61-74
Pax genes, 47
PDM gene, 68
Pectoral appendages, 150, 175, 176, 177, 185-188, 190, 191
Peking University, viii
Phenocopy approach, 76
Phenotypic variability
and behavior, 92
comparative genomics and, 254-256
cross-species, 93-100
discovery approach, 269
extended phenotype, 91, 92, 93
extrinsic factors, 107-110
genes and, 92, 93, 104-107, 111, 266-270
mammalian cortical evolution, 91-111
morphology, 92, 93, 97-98
targets of selection, 92-93
within-species, 100-104
Pheromones, 34
Phylliroë atlantica, 155, 159
Phylliroë bucephala, 155, 159
Phylogenetic systematics
methodological advances, xvi-xvii
Pia mater, 58, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 86-87, 88
Pikaia, 40, 43
Pinnipeds, 221, 223, 226
Piranhas, 184
Pit vipers, 244
Pituitary, 103, 206
Placozoans, 49, 53
Platyhelminthes, 49, 52, 53
Pleiotropy, 267
Pleurobranchaea californica, 153, 161, 162, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172
Pleurobranchomorpha, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164
Pleurobranchus membranaceus, 161, 163
Plocamopherus, 157, 160-161
Polychaete annelids, 43
Polyplacophorians, 52
Porifera, 3, 4, 5, 15, 49 (see also Sponges)
Postembryonic neuroblasts, 69-70
Posterior parietal cortex, 99, 101, 113, 115, 122, 123
Potassium leak and voltage-gated ion channels, 1, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31
Praecambridium, 39, 40, 54
Predatory strategy (see also Star-nosed moles; Tentacled snakes)
olfaction and, 220-223, 225
Prefrontal cortex, 137, 251, 289, 310, 329, 331 (see also Ventral prefrontal cortex)
Premotor cortex, 115, 122, 123, 180, 190, 274, 276, 283
Premotor-motor circuitry, 175, 176, 178, 183, 184, 191
Preuss, Todd M., 251, 253-271
Priapulid worms, 42, 43
Primates
brain–body scaling, 145-146
brain size, 128, 129, 132, 134-135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141
cerebral cortex, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
glia/neuron ratio, 142, 143
hand, 99, 101
neocortex, 76, 99, 101, 113-125
number of neurons, 141
Princeton University, vii
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 89
Proteasome 26S, 4, 6, 8, 11-12, 13, 15, 18-19
Protostomes, 48, 49, 51, 52, 211, 227, 228
Pufferfish, 2, 22, 33, 34, 36
Pyramidal neurons, 31, 36, 115, 276-277
R
Rabbits, 119, 122, 254
Raccoons, 96, 97
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, xvi
Rangeomorpha, 41
Rats, 76, 85, 96-97, 100, 101, 103, 107-108, 119-120, 189, 219-220, 262, 297 (see also Blind mole rats; Naked mole rats)
Rattus norvegicus, 100, 103
Ray-finned fish, 31, 36
Red slider turtles, 224
REST transcriptional repressor, 14
Retina, 105, 116, 120-121
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 9, 270, 274, 283, 285
Roboastra, 161
Rodents (see also specific rodents)
brain size, 134-135, 136, 141
glia/neuron ratio, 142, 143
neocortex, 59, 85, 94, 100, 101, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123
number of neurons, 141
olfaction, 213
social affiliation, 206
territoriality, 194
whiskers, 97, 120, 233
Romanski, Lizabeth M., 251-252, 273-291
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 5, 13, 16
Saccoglossus, 48
Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii. See also Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Sakurai, Akira, 149, 153-174
Salamanders, 52
Salmon, 185, 187, 225
Saltatory conduction, 27
Sarcopterygian fishes, 36, 176, 182, 185, 186
Scandentia, 134-135, 133, 137, 143
Schistocerca, 73
Schizocosa, 73
Schizophrenia, vii
Schrock, Sara E., 150, 193-210
Sculpin, 182, 184, 187-188
Sea robins, 184, 187-188
Sea turtles, 224-225, 226
Seelke, Adele M. H., 58, 91-111
Segment polarity genes, 67
Shankouclava, 43
Sharks, 176, 212, 221, 225
Shiverer mice, 27
Short-finned whales, 128
Short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica), 100, 107
Short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), 236
Shrews, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122, 235, 236, 238
Sidneyia, 40, 43
Smooth dogfish, 225
Snakes, 224 (see also Tentacled snakes)
Sodium channels (see Voltage-gated sodium channels)
Soma, 27, 31
Somatosensory areas
barrel field, 119-120
homologies, 93, 94
intraspecies variability, 100, 110-111
primates, 116, 120, 121-122
size changes, 96, 98-99, 105-106, 107
star-nosed moles, 120, 233-235
structure, 116, 233-235
tentacle snake, 243
Song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), 193, 195-210
Songbirds, 76, 150, 194, 205, 224, 263
Sound production (see also Acoustic signaling; Vocalization)
coupling of respiration and, 181
muscle evolution, 32
Sparrow seasonal sociality
flocking, 194, 197-201, 205-206
group-size decisions, 195
individual differences in aggression, 193, 203-205
methods, 209-210
neurochemical signals, 193, 197-204, 205-206
plasticity, 205, 208
species-specific territorial behavior, 201-203, 207-208
Speech (see also Language)
audiovisual integration, 252, 273, 288-291
brain areas, 267, 273, 288-291
FOXP2 gene and, 253, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266-267
gesture integration, 190, 289, 290
homologs in other primates, 330
perception, 252, 289
production, 262, 267, 283
Spiders, 66, 73
Spiralians, 48, 49, 51
Sponges, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 41-42
Spriggina, 39, 40, 54
Squirrel monkeys, 101, 102, 120, 147, 177, 274
Squirrels, 94, 100, 101, 103
Star-nosed moles (Condylura cristata)
competition in the swamp, 229, 235-236
cortical structure, 95, 96-97, 99, 120, 230, 233-235, 248
hunting behavior, 151, 229, 233, 236-238, 241-242
morphology, 229, 230, 231
optimal foraging theory and, 151, 229, 230, 235-238, 239
prey profitability and foraging behavior, 236-238
sensory organs, 120, 229, 230, 231-233, 239
star evolution, 229, 230, 239-241
star function, 238-239
star innervation, 229, 231-233
tactile fovea, 229, 233
State University of New York at Stony Brook, viii
Striedter, Georg F., 57-58, 75-90
Sturgeon, 184
Synapses, neuronal
assembly, 1, 13-14, 115
bilaterian gene networks, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 53
and cognitive capabilities, 129-130
density across species, 129
network analysis of gene expression, 1, 4-10, 11-12, 15
plasticity, 144, 264, 269, 270
protein interactions, 6
scaffolding proteins, 13-14
signaling, 3, 13
vacuolar ATPase complex, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15
vesicles, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13
T
Tambja eliora, 157, 161
Taxonomic analysis, acoustic signaling, 182
Tectum (see Chick optic tectum)
Telencephalon
navigation function, 225
neurogenesis, 21, 35, 76, 85, 89
parrots and songbirds, 76
size/volume, 76, 77, 225
Teleosts
hindbrain segmentation, 178
medial pallium homologue, 225
Nav channel evolution, 21, 28-30, 31-32, 35-36
spatial orientation, 225
vocal-pectoral motor systems, 179, 184, 185
Temporal cortex, 123-124, 331
Tentacled snakes
adaptation to fish escape response, 229, 230, 244-247
hunting behavior, 229-230, 241-242, 243-244
innate ability, 247-248
neural circuits, 243
mechanosensory appendages, 229, 230, 243
morphology, 231
optic tectum response to visual stimuli, 229, 243
Tethys fimbria, 155, 156, 159
Tetrapods
Nav channel evolution, 21, 28-29, 30-31, 35-36
olfactory-spatial hypothesis, 225
vocal-pectoral motor systems, 150, 175, 176, 177, 181-182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 2, 21-22, 32-34
TGF-β receptor gene superfamily, 28
Thalamus, 51, 93, 105, 116, 120, 261, 262, 265
Toadfishes, 150, 179, 181-182, 183, 184, 185, 188
Tochina, 171
Touch organs (see also Star-nosed moles)
bat touch domes, 98, 109, 110-111
whiskers, 97, 120, 233
Transcription factors, 5, 62, 68, 104, 105, 106, 109, 256, 260, 264
Trapania velox, 160, 161, 166
Tree shrews, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122
Trilobites, 39, 40, 43, 54
Triopha, 156, 161, 171
Tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54
Tritonia diomedea, 153, 159, 162, 166, 167, 168, 171
U
Ultrabithorax (Ubx), 63-64, 70, 71
Urochordates, 43, 52
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 193, 195, 196-197, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206-207, 208, 209
Vasopressin, 195
Vasotocin, 193, 195, 196-197, 198, 200-201, 202, 203, 205-206, 207, 208, 210
Vendobionta, 39, 41
Ventral neuroectoderm, 65-66, 71
Ventral prefrontal cortex
anatomical considerations, 274-279
auditory projections to prefrontal cortex, 278-279
audiovisual integration in human brain, 288-291
audiovisual speech evolution, 288-291
auditory responses and function in, 283-286
connectivity with cortical visual processing regions, 277-278
cytoarchitectonic organization, 276-277
functional studies, 279-288
multisensory responses in, 286-288
organization, 274-276
visual processing, 279-282
Ventromedial hypothalamus, 194, 197, 203, 207
Vernanimalcula, 39, 53
Vertebrates
bmp-4 gene, 48
hindbrain segmental blueprint, 176-178
homologies in gene expression patterns, 2
motor neurons, 71-72
olfactory system, 213, 219
phylogeny, 176
Vetulicolians, 43, 44
Vimentin, 82, 87, 90
Visual acuity, 244
Visual cortex
auditory connections, 94, 107, 244
in blind mole rats, 58, 93, 107
blobs and interblobs, 58, 116-117
color selective domain, 103, 124
cross-species variability, 93, 94, 95
hue-selective subregions, 119
middle temporal crescent, 115, 118
neuron number/density, 103
ocular dominance columns, 120-121, 124-125
orientation hypercolumns, 118-119, 124
phenotypic variability, 95, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108-109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121
primary visual cortex, 58, 93-94, 100, 116
primates, 116-117, 121-122, 124
size/organizational changes, 58, 105-106, 107
somatosensory connections, 107, 120-121
stimulus orientations, 118-119
two-cone color vision, 103
within-species variability, 101-103
Vocalization (see also Acoustic signaling; Speech)
central pattern generators, 175
circuitry, 187-188, 189
coupling of sound production and respiration, 175, 181, 182
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+ or Nav) channels
adaptive evolution, 21-22, 28, 31-35
at axon initial segments, 2, 21, 27, 31
and computation ability, 21, 31, 35-36
and energy, 21-22, 31, 35-36
function, 21
gene duplication in teleosts and tetrapods, 21, 27-31, 35-36
genes for 6TM family, 22-26
and insecticide resistance, 22, 35
invertebrates, 21, 25, 26, 27-28, 33, 34, 35
at nodes of Ranvier, 2, 21, 27
maximum likelihood phylogeny, 25
and proton insensitivity, 21-22, 34
structure, 24-25
and tetrodotoxin resistance, 2, 21-22, 32-34
in weakly electric fish, 21-22, 30-32, 36
vertebrates, 2, 28
W
Waddington, Conrad, 77
Weber’s law, 294, 296, 297, 302, 304, 309, 324
Whales, 128, 141, 263
White Sea assemblage, 41
Wilson, Leah C., 150, 193-210
Wnt/planar polarity genes, 11
X
Xenocoelmorphs, 50, 51, 52
Xenopus
chordin (chd) gene, 48
X. tropicalis, 5, 7, 8, 16, 19
Xenoturbella, 49, 50, 52-53
Y
Yunnanozoans, 43-44
Yunnanozoon, 43
Z
Zakon, Harold H., 1-2, 21-36
Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), 177, 195, 205, 263
Zebrafish (see also Danio rerio), 185, 186, 187, 190
Zhongjianichthys, 44
Zhou, Hongjun, 1, 3-19
