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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13897.
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N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 500 Subject Areas Safety and Human Performance Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan Volume 18: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles Craig Raborn UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER Chapel Hill, NC Darren J. Torbic MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE State College, PA David K. Gilmore MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Kansas City, MO Libby J. Thomas UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER Chapel Hill, NC Jessica M. Hutton MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Kansas City, MO Ronald Pfefer MARON ENGINEERING, LTD. Zikhron Yaacov, Israel Timothy R. Neuman Kevin L. Slack Vanessa Bond Kelly K. Hardy CH2M HILL Herndon, VA TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2008 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 500, VOLUME 18 Project 17-18(3) ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN: 978-0-309-09922-6 Library of Congress Control Number 2008900992 © 2008 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 500, VOLUME 18 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Charles W. Niessner, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natassja Linzau, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 17-18(3) PANEL Field of Traffic—Area of Safety Thomas E. Bryer, Science Applications International Corporation, Camp Hill, PA (Chair) Jasvinderjit “Jesse” Bhullar, California DOT Linda A. Cosgrove, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Troy Costales, Oregon DOT Leanna Depue, Missouri DOT L. Keith Golden, Georgia DOT Barbara Harsha, Governors Highway Safety Association, Washington, DC Bruce Ibarguen, Maine DOT Marlene Markison, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Margaret “Meg” Moore, Texas DOT Kathryn R. Swanson, Minnesota Department of Public Safety, St. Paul, MN Ruby Umbs, FHWA Thomas M. Welch, Iowa DOT Ray Krammes, FHWA Liaison Ken Kobetsky, AASHTO Liaison Richard Pain, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has adopted a national highway safety goal of halving fatalities over the next 2 decades—or reduc- ing the number of fatalities by 1,000 per year. This goal can be achieved through the widespread application of low-cost, proven countermeasures that reduce the number of crashes on the nation’s highways. This eighteenth volume of NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan provides strategies that can be employed to reduce bicycle crashes. The report will be of particular interest to safety practitioners with responsibil- ity for implementing programs to reduce injuries and fatalities on the highway system. In 1998, AASHTO approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy. NCHRP Project 17-18(3) is developing a series of guides to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduc- tion, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the prob- lem, and a model implementation process. This is the eighteenth volume of NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, a series in which relevant information is assembled into single concise volumes, each pertaining to specific types of highway crashes (e.g., run-off-the- road, head-on) or contributing factors (e.g., aggressive driving). An expanded version of each volume with additional reference material and links to other information sources is available on the AASHTO Web site at http://safety.transportation.org. Future volumes of the report will be published and linked to the Web site as they are completed. While each volume includes countermeasures for dealing with particular crash emphasis areas, NCHRP Report 501: Integrated Management Process to Reduce Highway Injuries and Fatal- ities Statewide provides an overall framework for coordinating a safety program. The integrated management process comprises the necessary steps for advancing from crash data to integrated action plans. The process includes methodologies to aid the practitioner in problem identifica- tion, resource optimization, and performance measurements. Together, the management process and the guides provide a comprehensive set of tools for managing a coordinated high- way safety program. By Charles W. Niessner Staff Officer Transportation Research Board F O R E W O R D

ix Acknowledgments I-1 Section I Summary I-1 Introduction I-2 General Description of the Problem I-5 Objectives of the Emphasis Area II-1 Section II Introduction II-3 Other Guidelines III-1 Section III Type of Problem Being Addressed III-1 General Description of the Problem III-9 Characteristics of the Victims III-10 Precipitating Events IV-1 Section IV Index of Strategies by Implementation Timeframe and Relative Cost V-1 Section V Description of Strategies V-1 Objectives of the Emphasis Area V-4 Classification of Strategies V-5 Related Strategies for Creating a Truly Comprehensive Approach V-7 Objective A—Reduce Bicycle Crashes at Intersections V-49 Objective B—Reduce Bicyclist Crashes along Roadways V-73 Objective C—Reduce Motor Vehicle Speeds V-76 Objective D—Reduce Bicycle Crashes at Midblock Crossings V-83 Objective E—Improve Safety Awareness and Behavior V-94 Objective F—Increase Use of Bicycle Safety Equipment V-101 Objective G—Reduce Effect of Hazards VI-1 Section VI Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan VI-1 Outline for a Model Implementation Process VI-2 Purpose of the Model Process VI-2 Overview of the Model Process VI-5 Implementation Step 1: Identify and Define the Problem VI-9 Implementation Step 2: Recruit Appropriate Participants for the Program VI-11 Implementation Step 3: Establish Crash Reduction Goals VI-12 Implementation Step 4: Develop Program Policies, Guidelines, and Specifications VI-13 Implementation Step 5: Develop Alternative Approaches to Addressing the Problem VI-15 Implementation Step 6: Evaluate Alternatives and Select a Plan VI-17 Implementation Step 7: Submit Recommendations for Action by Top Management C O N T E N T S

VI-18 Implementation Step 8: Develop a Plan of Action VI-20 Implementation Step 9: Establish Foundations for Implementing the Program VI-21 Implementation Step 10: Carry Out the Action Plan VI-22 Implementation Step 11: Assess and Transition the Program VII-1 Section VII Key References A-1 Appendixes

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S This volume of NCHRP Report 500 was developed under NCHRP Project 17-18(3), the product of which is a series of implementation guides addressing the emphasis areas of AASHTO’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan. The project was managed by CH2M Hill, and the co-principal investigators were Ron Pfefer of Maron Engineering and Kevin Slack of CH2M Hill. Timothy Neuman of CH2M Hill served as the overall project director for the team. Kelly Hardy and Vanessa Bond, also of CH2M Hill, served as technical specialists on the development of the guides. The project team was organized around the specialized technical content contained in each guide, and the team included nationally recognized experts from many organizations. The following team of experts, selected for their knowledge and expertise in this particular emphasis area, served as lead authors for the Bicycle guide: • Craig Raborn University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center • Darren J. Torbic Midwest Research Institute Development of the volumes of NCHRP Report 500 utilized the resources and expertise of many professionals from around the country and overseas. Through research, workshops, and actual demonstration of the guides by agencies, the resulting documents represent best prac- tices in each emphasis area. The project team is grateful to the following list people and their agencies for supporting the project through their participation in workshops and meetings, as well as additional reviews of the Bicycle guide: Arizona Department of Transportation Richard Moeur California Department of Transportation Richard Haggstrom Ken McGuire Maggie O’Mara City of Denver, Colorado James Mackay City of San Francisco, California Mike Sallaberry Federal Highway Administration Ann Do John Fegan Tamara Redmon Florida Department of Transportation Dennis Scott Dwight Kingsbury Martin Guttenplan National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Paula Bawer Marvin Levy Nevada Department of Transportation Eric Glick Toole Design Group Jennifer Toole Bob Schneider Washington, District of Columbia Jim Sebastian Unaffiliated Gihon Jordan, Philadelphia, PA

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 18, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles provides strategies that can be employed to reduce collisions involving bicycles.

In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.

Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process.

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