National Academies Press: OpenBook

Control of Invasive Species (2006)

Chapter: Glossary

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Page 92
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Control of Invasive Species. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14020.
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Page 93
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Control of Invasive Species. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14020.
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Page 93
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Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Control of Invasive Species. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14020.
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Page 94

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92 Adaptive management—rigorous application of management, research, and monitoring to gain information and experi- ence necessary to assess and modify management activities. A process that uses feedback from research, monitoring, and evaluation of management actions to support or modify objectives and strategies at all planning levels. Alien species—with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biolog- ical material, capable of propagating that species that is not native to that ecosystem. Biological control—direct and purposeful manipulation of natural enemies, pest competitors, or the resources required by these organisms for the reduction of negative economic, ecological, or aesthetic impact cause by weeds or other pests. Boise–Vale system—Idaho/Oregon Bureau of Land Man- agement Weed Database. Clean Water Act Nonpoint Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)—permit program that controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Point sources are discrete con- veyances such as pipes or man-made ditches. Control—as appropriate, eradicating, suppressing, reducing, or managing invasive species including restoration of native species and habitats to reduce the effects of invasive species and to prevent further invasion. Cover type—present vegetation of an area. Cultural control—cultural weed management largely involv- ing manipulating practices to suppress weed growth and production, while promoting the development of desired plants. Common practices include preventing the spread of weeds between sites, encouraging the competitiveness of desired species, and using mulches and cover crops. Dedicated funding, dedicated personnel—funding specifi- cally earmarked or directed to a specific purpose. Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR)—system to detect, report, identify, and immediate attempts to eradi- cate or control suspected new invasive plants with free liv- ing populations in the United States. Ecological integrity—ecosystems have integrity when deemed characteristic for its natural region, including the composition and abundance of native species and biolog- ical communities, rates of change, and supporting proc- esses. In plain language, ecosystems have integrity when they retain their native components and complexity (plants, animals, and other organisms) and processes (such as growth, reproduction, energy flow, and nutrient cycling) to maintain the ecosystem’s capacity for self- organization through time. Ecosystem—dynamic and interrelating complex of plant and animal communities and their associated nonliving environment. Ecosystem management—management of natural resources using system-wide concepts to ensure that all plants and animals in ecosystems are maintained at viable levels in native habitats and basic ecosystem processes are perpet- uated indefinitely. Ecotype—smallest taxonomic subdivision of species, con- sisting of populations adapted to a particular set of envi- ronmental conditions. Endangered species (federal)—plant or animal species listed under the Endangered Species Act that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Endangered species (state)—plant or animal species in dan- ger of becoming extinct or extirpated in an individual state within the near future if factors contributing to its decline continue. Populations of these species are at critically low levels or their habitats have been degraded or depleted to a significant degree. Environmental assessment (EA)—concise public document, prepared in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, that briefly discusses the purpose and need for an action, alternatives to such action, and provides suffi- cient evidence and analysis of impacts to determine whether to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement or Finding of No Significant Impact (40 CFR 1508.9). Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)—detailed written state- ment required by section 102(2)(C) of the National Envi- ronmental Policy Act, analyzing the environmental impacts of a proposed action, adverse effects of the project that can- not be avoided, alternative courses of action, short-term uses of the environment versus the maintenance and enhance- ment of long-term productivity, and any irreversible and irre- trievable commitment of resources (40 CFR 1508.1 I). Environmental Management System (EMS)—identification of aspects of operations that may impact the environment; also a step in the development of a system to manage envi- ronmental impacts. Fauna—all vertebrate and invertebrate animals of an area. Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW)—formal part- nership between 16 federal agencies with direct invasive plant management and regulatory responsibilities span- ning the United States and its territories. FICMNEW was established through a Memorandum of Understanding in August 1994. Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)—document pre- pared in compliance with the National Environmental Pol- icy Act, supported by an Environmental Assessment, that briefly presents why a federal action will have no signifi- cant effect on the human environment and for which an Environmental Impact Statement, therefore, will not be prepared (40 CFR 1508.13). Flora—all the plant species of an area. GLOSSARY

93 Forb—broad-leaved, herbaceous plant. Geographic information system (GIS)—computer system capable of storing and manipulating spatial data. Global Positioning System (GPS)—worldwide radio naviga- tion system, formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations, used to calculate positions accurately. Goal—descriptive, open-ended, and often broad statements of desired future conditions that convey a purpose but do not define measurable units. Habitat—unique characteristics of abiotic and biotic envi- ronments; a place where an organism typically lives. Habitat type—see vegetation type. Incident Command System (ICS)—standardized, on-scene, all- hazard incident management concept. ICS allows its users to adopt an integrated organizational structure to match the complexities and demands of single or multiple incidents without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries. Indicator species—species of plant or animal that is assumed to be associated with certain habitat or environmental con- ditions (pristine or deteriorated). Integrated pest management—methods of managing unde- sirable species (such as weeds) including education, prevention, physical or mechanical methods of control, biological control, responsible chemical use, and cultural methods. Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management (IRVM)— Integrated Vegetation Management as applied to roadsides or the highway right-of-way. Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM)—Integrated Pest Management as it applies to vegetation. Invasive species—alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Issue—any unsettled matter that requires a management decision; for example, an initiative, opportunity, resource management problem, threat to the resources of the unit, conflict in uses, public concern, or the presence of an undesirable resource condition. Monitoring—process of collecting information to track changes of selected parameters over time. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)—administered by TRB and sponsored by the member departments (i.e., individual state departments of transportation) of AASHTO, in cooperation with FHWA. NCHRP was created in 1962 as a means to conduct research in acute problem areas that affect highway plan- ning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance nationwide. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)— requires all agencies, including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, to examine the environmental impacts of their actions, incorporate environmental information, and use public participation in the planning and implementation of all actions. Federal agencies must integrate NEPA with other planning requirements, and prepare appropriate NEPA documents to facilitate better environmental deci- sion making (from 40 CFR 1500). National Invasive Species Council (NISC)—interdepart- mental council that helps to coordinate and ensure com- plementary, cost-efficient, and effective federal activities regarding invasive species. The Council was established February 3, 1999, by Executive Order 13112. National Wildlife Refuge System—various categories of areas including all lands, waters, and interests therein administered by the Secretary as wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, games ranges, wildlife management areas, or waterfowl production areas. Native species—a species that historically occurred in a par- ticular ecosystem. Natural—pertains to the ecosystem components (biological, physical, and chemical) and processes (geological, hydro- logical, and biological) before the influence of western man. Notice of Availability (NOA)—notice that documentation is available to the public on a federal action, published in the Federal Register. Notice of Intent (NOI)—in the case of a federal action, such as analyzed in this documentation, an NOI is a notice that an environmental impact statement will be prepared and considered (40 CFR 1508.22); published in the Federal Register. Noxious weed—plant species designated by federal or state law as generally possessing one or more of the following characteristics: aggressive or difficult to manage; parasitic; a carrier or host of serious insect or disease; or nonnative, new, or not common to the United States. According to the Federal Noxious Weed Act (PL 93-639), a noxious weed is one that causes disease or had adverse effects on man or his environment and, therefore, is detrimental to the agricul- ture and commerce of the United States and to the public health. Objective—concise target statement of what will be achieved, how much will be achieved, when and where it will be achieved, and who is responsible for the work. Objectives are derived from goals and provide the basis for determining management strategies. Objectives should be attainable and time-specific and should be stated quantita- tively to the extent possible. If objectives cannot be stated quantitatively, they may be stated qualitatively (Draft Ser- vice Manual 602 FW 1.5). Plant Association—classification of plant communities based on the similarity in dominants of all layers of vas- cular species in a climax community. Plant Community—assemblage of plant species; a reflection or integration of the environmental influences on the site such as soil, temperature, elevation, solar radiation, slope, aspect, and rainfall. Plant Protection Act (PPA)—law that consolidates all or part of 10 existing U.S. Department of Agriculture plant health laws into one comprehensive law, including the authority to regulate plants, plant products, certain biological con- trol organisms, noxious weeds, and plant pests. The Plant

Quarantine Act, the Federal Pest Act, and the Federal Noxious Weed Act are among the 10 statutes the act replaces. Prescribed fire—skillful application of fire to natural fuels under conditions of weather, fuel moisture, soil moisture, etc., that allow confinement of the fire to a predetermined area and produces the intensity of heat and rate of spread to accomplish planned benefits to one or more objectives of forest management, wildlife management, or hazard reduction. Rhizome—underground (usually), horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Right-of-way (ROW)—authorization to use a specific piece of public land for a certain project such as roads, pipelines, transmission lines, and communication sites, granted by Bureau of Land Management. Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU)—August 10, 2005, legislation that authorizes the federal surface trans- portation programs for highways, highway safety, and transit for the 5-year period, 2005–2009. Serpentine soil—dry, nutrient-poor soil containing the mineral serpentinite. Soil has a greenish color from fragments of the underlying bedrock containing magnesium silicate. Serpen- tine soils often have pockets of naturally occurring heavy metals toxic to plants such as chromium, cobalt, and nickel. 94 Succession—process of change and development in commu- nity components; soil, microorganisms, animal and plant life, and microenvironment. Threatened species (federal)—species listed under the Endangered Species Act that is likely to become endan- gered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a sig- nificant portion of their range. Threatened species (state)—plant or animal species likely to become endangered in an individual state within the near future if factors contributing to population decline or habi- tat degradation or loss continue. Vegetation type, habitat type, forest cover type—land clas- sification system based on the concept of distinct plant associations. Weed Information Management System (WIMS)— Microsoft Access-based relational database application designed to assist natural resource managers in managing their weed data. WIMS keeps track of three types of data records: weed occurrences (GPS point locations), assess- ments (size and status of the weed infestation to facilitate monitoring over time), and management treatments applied to those weed infestations. Data can be easily exchanged between multiple users, exported in NAWMA (North American Weed Management Association) stan- dards, and written to shapefiles for mapping in any stan- dard GIS program.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 363: Control of Invasive Species explores the extent to which state departments of transportation are identifying actions that affect the spread of invasive species, preventing introduction, tracking status and locations of “invasives” in a timely and ongoing manner, controlling found populations, restoring invaded habitats, conducting research, and sharing lessons learned. The report documents successful practices and lessons learned. It also synthesizes the state of the practice in developing Integrated (Roadside) Vegetation Management, along with physical, chemical, biological, and cultural control mechanisms.

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