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Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements (2011)

Chapter: Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements

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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14476.
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Research Results Digest 97 January 2011 C O N T E N T S Overview of Project Purpose and Objectives, 1 Summary of Phase I Research Process, 2 Summary of LEP Requirements, 2 Summary of LEP Enforcement Activity, 4 Summary of Survey Questionnaire, 5 Summary of Phase I Research Conclusions, 7 Bibliography, 8 Appendix A—Survey Questionnaire, 17 Appendix B—Survey Respondents, 18 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES The 2000 Census shows that in the United States, 26 million individuals speak Spanish and almost 7 million individuals speak an Asian or Pacific Island language. The number of individuals who speak those languages has increased greatly since the time of the Census. Such individuals and others from outside the United States who have a limited ability to read, write, speak, or understand English are categorized as having “limited English proficiency” (LEP). Federal requirements to meet the needs of LEP populations are increasingly becoming a concern for transit agencies—particularly in local communities where a large per- centage of the population does not speak English fluently and is highly dependent on transit services. To meet those federal requirements, transit agencies have taken a variety of steps to better serve the needs and demands of persons lacking English proficiency, such as providing multilingual trip information in stations and via the Internet; using fewer language-dependent methods of communication (e.g., silhou- ettes, graphics, and arrows); and deploying multilingual staff. State and local transit agencies that have not implemented pro- grams that satisfy federal LEP require- ments face possible discrimination com- plaints and lawsuits and could become ineligible for federal funding. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 19641 provides that: No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participa- tion in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Under the authority of 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-1, the U.S. Department of Trans- portation (U.S. DOT) has promulgated reg- ulations prohibiting actions with a dis- parate impact upon any persons. 49 C.F.R. § 21.5(b)(2) provides that: A recipient, in determining the types of services, financial aid, or other bene- fits, or facilities which will be provided under any such program . . . may not, directly or through contractual or other arrangements, utilize criteria or meth- ods of administration which have the effect of subjecting persons to discrim- ination because of their race, color, or national origin. . . . Since 1972, the Federal Transit Admin- istration (FTA) has required applicants for TRANSIT AGENCY COMPLIANCE WITH TITLE VI: LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS This digest summarizes the results of TCRP Project J-5, “Legal Aspects of Transit and Intermodal Transportation Programs,” Study Topic 11-03. The research was conducted by Jocelyn K. Waite, Esq., Waite & Associates. Responsible Senior Program Officer: Gwen Chisholm-Smith TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration 1 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq.

and recipients and subrecipients of federal assistance to certify compliance with the requirements of Title VI as part of the grant approval process. Given that the Supreme Court has held that there is no private right of action to enforce Title VI regulations, the vigor of enforcement of federal LEP requirements depends on the policies of the U.S. DOT and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). In addition, state and local governments may impose LEP requirements that can be enforced in state court. These state requirements may impose further compliance respon- sibilities. On the other hand, proponents of English- only policies could object to the provision of multi- lingual services. The objective of TCRP Project J-5 Study Topic 11-03 was to assess the legal issues associated with transit operators’ LEP compliance efforts. The study was intended to encompass a review and analysis of both administrative compliance actions taken by transit operators and litigation associated with the subject, provided that such compliance actions and litigation existed. Assuming sufficient material was available, the goal of the study was to produce a digest that would serve as a single source of infor- mation concerning the development and current status of transit LEP implementation efforts by state and local legislative and operational bodies. It was expected that the bulk of any such complaint/ case activity would be based on transit agencies’ failure to provide sufficient language access ser- vices to LEP populations, although the possibility was raised that English-only proponents objecting to the provision of language access services could raise some complaints. Out of a concern that suffi- cient case activity did not exist to support a digest, the study was divided into two phases, with the execution of Phase II being dependent on the results of the Phase I research. SUMMARY OF PHASE I RESEARCH PROCESS During Phase I, the contractor conducted back- ground research on a variety of topics, including the need for language activities due to a growing LEP population, possible conflicts between federal and state definitions of LEP, Title VI requirements in general, possible conflicts between state and local English-only laws and federal LEP requirements, use of Section 1983 to enforce LEP requirements, prospects for legislative reinstatement of a private right of action under Title VI,2 and state and local language access requirements. In addition, the con- tractor identified specific issues related to LEP in the transit context: the disproportionate reliance on tran- sit by LEP populations, reported lack of consistency in transit agencies’ language access activities, poten- tial gaps between U.S. DOT requirements and tran- sit agency implementation, problems that can result from lack of effective LEP outreach, and benefits of LEP outreach. The researcher examined general interest period- icals, law review articles, reports and policy papers, articles written by both legal practitioners and LEP and/or transit advocates, and guidance from rele- vant federal and state agencies. Phase I research also involved case law research on both federal and state cases related to Title VI in general and LEP in particular. Finally, Phase I research included a survey ques- tionnaire sent out to almost 300 transit agencies nationwide. Eighty-four transit agencies provided responses to the questionnaire. The scope of the questionnaire and results concerning complaints are summarized below. SUMMARY OF LEP REQUIREMENTS Section 601 of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 19643—and its implementing regulations4— prohibits discrimination, inter alia, on the basis of national origin under any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance. The fed- eral government has interpreted this prohibition as requiring recipients to ensure meaningful access to their programs and activities by LEP populations.5 The Supreme Court has ruled that conduct that dis- 2 2 Advocates have called for reinstatement of the private right of action as part of the reauthorization of the surface transporta- tion program. Ensuring Non-Discrimination in Transportation Investments (last accessed 7/2/10). 3 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. 4 28 CFR 42.104(b)(2) prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in federally financed programs, which has a disparate impact; federal financial assistance recipients must provide meaningful access to LEP persons. 5 DOJ, Policy Guidance Document, Guidance to Federal Finan- cial Assistance Recipients Regarding Title VI Prohibition Against National Origin Discrimination Affecting Limited English Profi- cient Persons, 67 Fed. Reg. 41455, June 18, 2002 (June 2002 DOJ Policy guidance document).

proportionately affects LEP persons constitutes national origin discrimination prohibited under Title VI.6 While the Supreme Court has since ruled that there is no private right of action to enforce Title VI regulations,7 the Court has yet to invali- date the underlying regulations themselves; DOJ takes the position that the regulations and the Exec- utive Order on LEP compliance remain in effect.8 A 2000 Executive Order (EO) on language access9 requires federal agencies (1) to ensure that they provide meaningful access for LEP persons to the agencies’ own programs and (2) to work to ensure their recipients provide meaningful access to LEP applicants and beneficiaries.10 EO 13166 requires each federal agency to publish guidance for its recipients on how to provide meaningful access to LEP persons. Both U.S. DOT and the FTA have pub- lished guidance based on DOJ’s policy guidance. DOJ’s regulation prohibits DOJ’s recipients from: utiliz[ing] criteria or methods of administration which have the effect of subjecting individuals to discrimination because of their race, color, or national origin, or have the effect of defeat- ing or substantially impairing accomplishment of the objectives of the program as respects individuals of a particular race, color, or national origin.11 The national origin prohibition includes preclud- ing or inhibiting LEP persons from accessing feder- ally funded services. DOJ’s policy guidance on implementing its LEP requirements explains the “four-factor analysis” that each recipient should con- duct to determine what steps are required in the case of that particular recipient to meet the recipient’s LEP obligations.12 The four factors are 1. The number or proportion of LEP persons eligible to be served or likely to be encountered by the program or grantee; 2. The frequency with which LEP individuals come in contact with the program; 3. The nature and importance of the program, activity, or service provided by the program to people’s lives; and 4. The resources available to the grantee/recipient and costs.13 Conducting the analysis requires making a fact- specific determination of the significance of each factor. Thus, the four-factor approach provides flex- ibility, but also lack of certainty, because individual- ized assessments are required to determine LEP services required in a particular services area. U.S. DOT has issued its own Title VI regulations, consistent with the DOJ regulations,14 as well as pol- icy guidance on LEP compliance15 based on DOJ’s four-factor analysis. Under the guidance, U.S. DOT promotes voluntary compliance and turns to “more intrusive administrative remedies only if voluntary compliance cannot be secured.”16 U.S. DOT’s Title VI requirements apply to all recipients of federal trans- portation assistance including metropolitan planning organizations; regional transportation agencies; and regional, state, and local transit agencies (and the sub- recipients of those transit agencies). Receipt of fed- eral funding by one program of a recipient subjects the recipient’s entire program to Title VI require- ments. These requirements apply even to recipients that operate in English-only jurisdictions. However, if federal funding were terminated because of lack of compliance with LEP requirements, only funding to the out-of-compliance program would be terminated. Recipients are required to determine the extent of their 3 6 Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563, 94 S. Ct. 786, 39 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1974) (holding failure of San Francisco school system to pro- vide English language instruction to approximately 1,800 stu- dents of Chinese ancestry who did not speak English or to pro- vide them with other adequate instructional procedures denied them meaningful opportunity to participate in public educa- tional program and thus violated §601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). 7 Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2001). 8 June 2002 DOJ Policy Guidance Document, 67 Fed. Reg. at 41458, n. 5. 9 Executive Order 13166, Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency, August 11, 2000, www.justice.gov/crt/cor/Pubs/eolep.php. 10 LEP Questions and Answers, www.lep.gov/faqs/faqs.html. 11 28 C.F.R. 42.104(b)(2). 12 June 2002 DOJ Policy Guidance Document, 67 Fed. Reg. 41455. 13 Id. at 41459. 14 49 C.F.R. pt. 21, Nondiscrimination in Federally Assisted Pro- grams of the U.S. DOT—Effectuation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 15 Office of the Secretary (OST), U.S. DOT, Policy Guidance Concerning Recipients’ Responsibilities to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Persons, 70 Fed. Reg. 74087, December 14, 2005. 16 Id. at 74089.

LEP obligations by engaging in the four-factor analy- sis, balancing the need to ensure meaningful access to the federally funded programs with avoidance of undue burdens on small businesses, small local governments, or small nonprofits. The FTA addresses LEP compliance in the agency’s Title VI circular. The circular states that recipients must “take responsible steps to ensure meaningful access to the benefits, services, informa- tion, and other important portions of their programs and activities for individuals who are Limited English Proficient (LEP).”17 Development and implementa- tion of a language implementation plan is cited as a way to ensure such meaningful access, but is not required. The circular cites U.S. DOT’s Policy Guid- ance for the elements of an effective language imple- mentation plan. The Title VI circular includes several other references to LEP obligations, but does not con- tain a significant amount of additional guidance on implementing LEP requirements. Meeting Title VI requirements for recipients serving populations of 200,000 or greater requires those recipients to con- duct additional outreach that will result in such agen- cies having additional information about their LEP populations. What appears to be the FTA’s primary LEP guid- ance is included in a 2007 LEP implementation hand- book prepared by the FTA’s Civil Rights Office.18 In addition to DOT and FTA guidance, recipients may review the model language implementation plan developed by Tri-Met of Portland, Oregon, under an FTA cooperative agreement.19 In addition to federal requirements, both state and local law may require local governmental entities to create language implementation plans to ensure mean- ingful access to their services.20 On the other hand, state or local law may prohibit government agencies from providing information in languages other than English. While such English-only laws either explic- itly exclude safety requirements or can be expected to be preempted by federal LEP requirements, the existence of state English-only laws could give rise to legal challenges to transit agencies’ language activi- ties. The background research did not, however, reveal any such challenges. SUMMARY OF LEP ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY Cases Although there are a substantial number of LEP cases related to bilingual education and a seminal Supreme Court case on the issue21—as well as a num- ber of housing cases—there do not appear to be any reported cases directly related to LEP implementation by transit agencies. Transit advocates have success- fully challenged transit agency priorities on Title VI grounds, but the cases did not directly involve LEP issues.22 However, the Supreme Court has since ruled that there is no private right of action to enforce Title VI, so earlier cases holding that such a right exists, including Lau, have limited applicability.23 The education/housing cases appear to be of extremely limited utility in assessing LEP legal requirements for transit agencies because of factual differences and because the cases finding Title VI violations are pre- Sandoval. The FTA The FTA reviews LEP compliance during FTA regular Title VI compliance reviews, triennial reviews, and joint FHWA/FTA planning certifica- tion reviews24 as well as during state management 4 17 FTA C 4702.1A §IV, 4 (May 13, 2007), p. IV–1. 18 FTA Office of Civil Rights, Implementing the Department of Transportation’s Policy Guidance Concerning Recipients’ Responsibilities to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Persons: A Handbook for Public Transportation Providers, April 13, 2007. 19 Available through the FTA’s Civil Rights website, www.fta. dot.gov/civilrights/title6/civil_rights_5741.html. 20 E.g., New York City Executive Order No. 120 (July 22, 2008), www.nyc.gov/html/imm/downloads/pdf/exe_order_120.pdf. This executive order incorporates DOJ’s four-factor analysis. 21 Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563, 94 S. Ct. 786, 39 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1974). 22 E.g., Labor/Community Strategy Center and Bus Riders Union et al. v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (resulting in consent decree requiring the MTA to improve bus service), www.thestrategycenter.org/campaign/ consent-decree-compliance; oldbru.thestrategycenter.org/engli/ Campaigns/consentdecree/consentdecreeoverview.htm. See Labor/Community Strategy Center v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authority, 263 F.3d 1041 (9th Cir. 2001). 23 Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2001). 24 Better Dissemination and Oversight of DOT’s Guidance Could Lead to Improved Access for Limited English-Proficient Populations, GAO-06-52, Language Access to Transportation Services, November 2005, p. 47, www.gao.gov/new.items/ d0652.pdf.

reviews and specific fact-based Title VI compli- ance reviews.25 Issues include whether the agency has conducted an adequate four-factor analysis of LEP populations in its service area(s); whether the agency has developed and implemented a language assistance plan; whether the agency has a process for monitoring and updating its language assistance plan; whether safety and emergency information is consistently provided in required languages;26 and whether notice of right to file Title VI complaints is provided in required languages. LEP issues have also arisen in the context of environmental reviews.27 Issues include whether the agency has conducted adequate analysis to identify LEP populations within the project study area; whether outreach to LEP communities is sufficient to make those com- munities aware of the environmental process; and whether the agency has adequately sought out and considered the viewpoints of LEP populations within the project study area. There are indications that FTA enforcement of Title VI issues may become more stringent.28 In Feb- ruary of 2010, the FTA rejected a plan by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) to use funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) for the Oakland Airport Connector (OAC) project based on Title VI noncompliance, based on BART’s inability to rectify “well-founded” allega- tions that BART had not completed a service equity analysis for the OAC project in time to meet ARRA funding deadlines.29 Several new FTA LEP deficiency findings are expected to be released later in 2010. In addition, an FTA civil rights task force was as of April 2010 examining all Title VI enforcement practices, includ- ing LEP activity. Although it is anticipated that additional guidance will be released based on the task force’s conclusions, there is no public timeframe for the release of such guidance.30 Between 2002 and June 16, 2010, the FTA had finalized 27 Title VI compliance reviews, 19 of which covered LEP issues to some degree. Of those com- pliance reviews, it appears only the review of the Regional Transit District in Denver focused on LEP in particular, although the reviews of Houston Metro, New York City Transit, and the Detroit DOT did note deficiencies related to LEP.31 SUMMARY OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE The purpose of the survey questionnaire (included as Appendix A) was to determine whether there have been LEP complaints not reported in cases or described by the FTA in its published compliance reviews. The questionnaire posed two screening ques- tions concerning complaints: whether the agency had received or been the subject of any complaints of any kind regarding either LEP compliance or environ- mental justice based on the agency’s treatment of LEP populations (Question 4) and whether the agency had received any objections to providing multilingual trip information (Question 5). Question 4 was intended to discern both complaints made directly to the transit agency and complaints made to the FTA or other enti- ties about the transit agency. Only those agencies that answered affirmatively to Questions 4 or 5 were asked to complete Part II. Table 1 summarizes the aggregate responses to Questions 4 and 5. 5 25 Telephone interview with Amber Ontiveros (FTA’s Office of Civil Rights, lead on Title VI), Mar. 19, 2010. 26 AB 611, introduced in the California Assembly in 2009, would require the California Emergency Management Agency to take measures to help LEP population prepare for emergen- cies and understand information conveyed during emergencies. Bill Analysis, AB 611 (Fong)—as amended: April 15, 2009, http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0601-0650/ab_ 611_cfa_20090422_103934_asm_comm.html. 27 U.S. DOT Complaint No. 2008-0154 and 2008-0171 (alleg- ing lack of compliance with 49 C.F.R. 21.5, EO 12898, and EO 13166 by Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County in carrying out public involvement for the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the North Corridor Light Rail Transit project). 28 Transit Breakthrough in Restoring Civil Rights: Title VI Com- plaint by San Francisco Bay Area Coalition Has National Implications, Oakland Local, February 23, 2010, oaklandlocal. com/article/transit-breakthrough-restoring-civil-rights-title- vi-complaint-san-francisco-bay-area-coalit. 29 FTA February 12, 2010, letter to Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, and Dorothy Dugger, General Manager, BART, www.mtc.ca.gov/pdf/OAC_ 2-12-10_memo.pdf. 30 Telephone interview with Amber Ontiveros (FTA’s Office of Civil Rights, lead on Title VI), May 5, 2010. 31 Title VI Compliance Reviews, www.fta.dot.gov/civilrights/ title6/civil_rights_5463.html; Title VI Compliance Review of the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, vvoice.vo.llnwd.net/e7/3676770.0.PDF.

As reflected in Table 1, the survey responses indicate that there have been very few complaints, at least among the 84 responding agencies (listed in Appendix B). Two agencies indicated that the FTA had raised questions about their LEP compliance. Of these, one agency had had issues raised during FTA reviews, but without feedback as to specific defi- ciencies; one agency believes it may be subject to some LEP deficiency findings, but as those reviews are not final, the agency was not prepared to pro- vide any descriptions of its issues. The former is the agency that responded “nothing reportable” to the complaint question. Two agencies indicated that they have had complaint activity. Of these, one agency has had a complaint, but cannot discuss the issue until the FTA provides a response; the other agency reported miscellaneous minor complaints that do not appear to have been escalated to the FTA. A fifth agency, although not responding affirmatively to Question 4, indicated in its Part II response that the FTA had documented LEP deficiencies. None of the agencies have been involved in any litigation related to LEP compliance. Only one of the agencies reported objections to providing multilingual trip information (i.e., objection to Spanish audio announcements on vehicles). In addition to requesting contact information and basic information about the LEP population in the agency’s service area (i.e., number of LEP persons, percentage of LEP out of total population, and basis for LEP population estimate) and posing the queries about complaints, the questionnaire asked whether respondents had a written compliance program and whether they believed a report examining legal issues related to LEP compliance would be useful. Table 2 summarizes the aggregate responses to those two questions. Although most of the agencies indicated that they believed a report on LEP compliance issues would be useful, only three specified issues that they would like to see addressed. One agency suggested that any such report address LEP issues facing agencies that serve rural populations; the second agency asked that the report address case law defining the difference between major and minor service changes as that dis- tinction is related to the requirement for conducting a Title VI service analysis report; and the third agency noted an operational problem related to providing paratransit service to an LEP individual whose men- tal challenges were masked by the language barrier. In addition the questionnaire assessed agency use of guidance by asking respondents to indicate whether they were either aware of or relied upon five sources of LEP guidance: • EO 13166 (Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency); • U.S. DOT guidance on LEP compliance (DOT LEP Guidance, Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 239, pp. 74087–74100, Decem- ber 14, 2005); • The FTA’s guidance on LEP compliance (Chapter IV, Part 4 of Circular 4702.1A, Title VI and Title VI-Dependent Guidelines for FTA Recipients); • State or local requirements for providing language access to LEP populations in the agency’s service area; and • U.S. DOT Order 5610.2, U.S. DOT Order on Environmental Justice to Address Environ- mental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. Table 3 aggregates the responses. Part II of the questionnaire consisted of three questions concerning compliance issues (Question 8), 6 Table 1 Responses regarding LEP complaints and objections to multilingual trip information (Questions 4 and 5) No Yes No Response Other Complaints 3 81 0 1: “Nothing received/ reportable” subject of complaints Objections 1 84 0 0 to providing multilingual trip information Table 2 Responses regarding written compliance programs and report’s usefulness (Questions 3 and 7) No Yes No Response Other Written LEP 58 24 1 2 in progress compliance program Report useful? 70 11 3 1 unsure

compliance activities (Question 9), and outreach strategies (Question 10). Only those agencies that had self-identified as having had complaints (Ques- tions 4 and 5) were asked to complete Part II. As requested, the five agencies that indicated complaint/ compliance issues completed the questions concern- ing compliance activities and outreach strategies. In addition, three agencies voluntarily completed Question 9, two completed Question 10, and four- teen completed both. Table 4 aggregates the three responses to Question 8, Table 5 aggregates the seventeen responses to Question 9, and Table 6 aggregates the sixteen responses to Question 10. SUMMARY OF PHASE I RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS The purpose of Phase 1 was to research LEP requirements in the transit environment and to determine the case activity associated with LEP implementation. Phase 1 activity included back- ground research on LEP requirements and a survey questionnaire distributed by TRB to almost 300 tran- sit agencies nationwide. Phase 1 also included query- ing the FTA Chief Counsel and FTA Civil Rights Office on LEP compliance issues, as well as attempt- ing to contact transit advocates who have raised Title VI issues with transit agencies. The research indicates that while LEP compliance is indeed an issue of interest to transit agencies, there are no reported transit-related LEP cases and—based on the questionnaire responses—very limited LEP com- plaint activity. Moreover, to date there has been little in the way of transit LEP enforcement action, although it appears that the FTA is preparing to report addi- tional LEP deficiency findings from recent triennial and state management reviews and is conducting a larger review of civil rights enforcement. Based on the Phase I Research, it was found that the topic in general is of considerable interest to transit agencies and, in fact, that LEP compliance issues do exist. The dearth of reported complaints may be due to several factors. Many LEP persons— 7 Table 3 Responses regarding sources of LEP guidance (Question 6) DOT LEP FTA LEP State or local DOT Order EO 13166 guidance guidance requirements 5610.2 Aware 36 36 44 38 37 Relied on 33 36 34 22 29 Neither/none 16 13 7 25 19 Table 4 Responses regarding compliance issues (Question 8) Agencies Compliance Issues With Reporting Which Agency Has Compliance Been Involved Issues LEP deficiencies documented 2 by FTA LEP issues with employees 0 Suspension of federal 0 funding due to LEP noncompliance Administrative action related 0 to LEP compliance Litigation related to LEP 0 compliance Actions related to 1 environmental justice Complaint filed with FTA 1 re: service changes Table 5 Responses regarding compliance activities (Question 9) Agencies Reporting LEP Trip Information Engaging Activities in Activity LEP needs assessment 11 Evaluation of agency’s 10 language access activities Multilingual information on 15 agency website Multilingual brochures and signs 15 Multilingual telephone services 15 Bi/multilingual drivers 11 Bi/multilingual customer service staff 14 Multilingual ticket machines 5 Translated recorded announcements 8 Symbolic trip information (pictograms) 3

precisely because of inadequate communication— do not understand their rights and, so, do not file complaints. In addition, there may be a certain num- ber of LEP persons who are reluctant to file com- plaints due to cultural issues such as the reluctance to challenge the authorities.32 Finally, the absence of transit LEP cases may also be due to the fact that there is no private right of action to enforce Title VI regulations. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Phase I research, conducted to scope the LEP topic, was fairly wide ranging. The purpose of the bibliography is to document the research that was conducted. Some of the references identified during the beginning of the research process may be deemed of limited interest, but are included as part of the documentation. Articles • BART Denied $70M in Stimulus Funds for Airport Connector, San Francisco Examiner, Feb. 13, 2010, www.sfexaminer.com/local/ BART-denied-70M-in-stimulus-funds-for- airport-connector-84303722.html (last accessed 7/2/10). • Marc Brenman and Richard A. Marcantonio, Transportation Victory for Social Equity, Planetizen, Feb. 22, 2010, www.planetizen. com/node/42991 (last accessed 7/2/10). • Paul Cloos, Committee Move May Kill Immi- gration Bills, Apr. 24, 2008, blog.al.com/live/ 2008/04/committee_move_may_kill_immigr. html (last accessed 7/6/10). • Tony Favro, American Cities Debate English- Only Legislation, City Mayors, June 25, 2009, www.citymayors.com/society/us-english-only. html (last accessed 7/6/10). • Pat Harris, City of Nashville Rejects English- Only Law, Reuters, Jan. 22, 2009, www. reuters.com/article/idUSTRE50M114200901 23 (last accessed 7/1/10). • Robert A. Kraft, Lewisville Decides Not to Pursue Official-English Resolution, Oct. 7, 2008, www.immigration-law-answers-blog. com/2008/10/articles/political-or-judicial/ lewisville-decides-not-to-pursue-official english-resolution/ (last accessed 7/2/10). • Richard Locker, Tennessee House Subcom- mittee Kills Bill to Require English-Only on Driver’s Tests, The Commercial Appeal, May 12, 2010, www.commercialappeal.com/news/ 2010/may/12/tennessee-house-subcommittee- kills-bill-require-en/ (last accessed 7/6/10). • Guillermo Mayer and Richard A. Marcantonio, Bay Area Transit—Separate and Unequal, Race, Poverty & the Environment, Winter 2005/2006, 20 www.urbanhabitat.org/node/ 313 (last accessed 7/1/10). • Metro Departments Not Sure About English Only’s Impact, The City Paper, Dec. 29, 2008, nashvillecitypaper.com/content/city-news/ metro-departments-not-sure-about-english- only%E2%80%99s-impact (last accessed 8/19/10). • John Miller, English-Only Drivers’ Test Could Hinder Refugees, Idaho Statesman, Feb. 3, 2010, www.idahostatesman.com/2010/02/03/ 1065910/english-only-drivers-test-could.html (last accessed 7/1/10). • Missouri, Other States Pursue English-Only Driver Testing Requirement, Land Line Mag- azine, Feb. 5, 2010 www.landlinemag.com/ 8 Table 6 Responses regarding outreach strategies (Question 10) Agencies Reporting Engaging LEP Trip Outreach Strategies in Strategy Return receipt letters 0 Signage on buses and shelters 12 Notices to community-based 11 organizations serving LEP populations Oral translators 8 Advertising in media that serves 12 LEP communities Other 6 32 Better Dissemination and Oversight of DOT’s Guidance Could Lead to Improved Access for Limited English-Proficient Populations, GAO-06-52, Language Access to Transportation Services, November 2005, p. 34, www.gao.gov/new.items/ d0652.pdf.

todays_news/Daily/2010/Feb10/020110/020 510-04.htm (last accessed 7/6/10). • Pat Muir, Mattawa Program a Matter of Inter- pretation, Yakima Herald-Republic, Apr. 28, 2008, www.yakima-herald.com/stories/2008/ 4/28/mattawa-program-a-matter-of-inter pretation (last accessed 7/2/10). • Nashville Speaks Up: English Only Soundly Defeated, Nashville City Paper, Jan. 23, 2009, nashvillecitypaper.com/content/city-news/nash ville-speaks-english-only-soundly-defeated (last accessed 7/6/10). • Andrew Nelson, Georgia Senate Asked to Side- line Immigration Bill, The Georgia Bulletin, Mar. 20, 2008, www.georgiabulletin.org/local/ 2008/03/20/sideline/ (last accessed 7/1/10). • Public Transportation as a Civil Right, Public Radio International, May 2, 2010, www.pri. org/business/nonprofits/public-transportation- as-a-civil-right1972.html (last accessed 7/2/10). • States Pursue English-Only Driver Testing Requirement, Land Line Magazine, Apr. 2, 2010, www.landlinemag.com/todays_news/ Daily/2010/Mar10/032910/040210-02.htm (last accessed 7/2/10). • Howard Witt, It’s Official: English-Only Move- ment Gains Traction; Hispanic Civil Rights Groups Alarmed, Chicago Tribune, Oct. 15, 2006, articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-10-15/ news/0610150356_1_farmers-branch-english- only-movement-tim-o-hare (last accessed 7/1/10). Department of Justice • Commonly Asked Questions and Answers Regarding Executive Order 13166, www.usdoj. gov/crt/cor/Pubs/lepqapr.php. • Executive Order 13166, Limited English Pro- ficiency Resource Document: Tips and Tools from the Field, September 21, 2004, www. lep.gov/resources/tips_and_tools-9-21-04.htm. • Guidance to Federal Financial Assistance Recipients Regarding Title VI Prohibition Against National Origin Discrimination Affecting Limited English Proficient Persons, June 18, 2002, www.justice.gov/crt/cor/lep/ DOJFinLEPFRJun182002.pdf. • Strengthening of Enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Memo from Loretta King, Acting Assistant Attorney General to Federal Agency Civil Rights Directors and General Counsels), July 10, 2009, www.lep. gov/whats_new/titlevi_enforcement_memo. pdf. U.S. Department of Transportation • 49 CFR 21.5, edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_ 2008/octqtr/pdf/49cfr21.5.pdf. • DOT Guidance to Recipients on Special Lan- guage Services to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Beneficiaries, 66 Fed. Reg. 6733, Jan. 22, 2001, frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/ getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=01- 1745-filed.pdf. • Notice of Extended Period for Public Com- ments on DOT’s Guidance to Recipients on Special Language Services to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Beneficiaries, 66 Fed. Reg. 16970, Mar. 28, 2001, frwebgate.access.gpo. gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_regis ter&docid=01-7618-filed.pdf. • Policy Guidance Concerning Recipients’ Re- sponsibilities to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Persons, 70 Fed. Reg. 74087-74100, Dec. 14, 2005, edocket.access.gpo.gov/2005/ pdf/05-23972.pdf. • Comments on DOT Guidance, www.regula tions.gov/search/Regs/home.html#searchRe sults?Ne=11+8+8053+8098+8074+8066+80 84+1&Ntt=OST-2001-8696&Ntk=All&Ntx= mode+matchall&N=0. • English Language Requirement; Qualifications of Drivers; Withdrawal, 68 Fed. 43889-43891, July 24, 2003, edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/ pdf/03-18597.pdf. • Limited English Proficiency, www.dotcr.ost. dot.gov/asp/lep.asp. Federal Cases Circuit Court Cases • Colwell v. Department of Health and Human Services, 558 F.3d 1112 (9th Cir. 2007) (chal- lenge to HHS LEP Policy Guidance). • Espinoza v. Texas Department of Public Safety, Aug. 25, 2005, www.ca5.uscourts.gov/ opinions/unpub/02/02-11168.0.wpd.pdf; Jus- tice Department Brief (discusses Title VI), www.justice.gov/crt/briefs/espinoza.pdf. 9

• Labor/Community Strategy Center v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transporta- tion Authority, 263 F.3d 1041 (9th Cir. 2001) (approving district court’s orders concerning operation of LA County transportation sys- tem enforcing consent decree concerning qual- ity of bus service). • Maldonado v. City of Altus, 433 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir. 2006) (concerning English-only pol- icy for city employees). • Modern Continental Construction Company, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review, 305 F.3d 43 (1st Cir. 2002) (OSHA case involving LEP). • Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2002) (plaintiffs challenged light rail plan, but court held no Section 1983 action to enforce disparate impact claim under EPA’s Title VI regulation). • South Camden Citizens in Action v. New Jer- sey Department of Environmental Protection, 274 F.3d 771, 789 (3d Cir.2001) (holding no Section 1983 action to enforce disparate impact claim under DOT’s Title VI regulation). • Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2002) (no Section 1983 action available to enforce DOT regulation under Civil Rights Act). • Yniguez v. Arizonans for Official English, 69 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 1994) (English-only requirement for government services found to violate First Amendment). District Court Cases • Darensburg v. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 611 F.Supp.2d 994 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (rejecting challenge to MTC’s funding decisions as diverting funding from bus ser- vice to expanding rail service, disproportion- ately affecting minority bus riders in violation of California Government Code 11135).33 Supreme Court Cases • Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (U.S. 2001) (no private right of action to enforce dis- parate impact regulations); ACLU brief www. aclu.org/content/aclu-amicus-brief-alexander- v-sandoval; Department of Justice brief www. justice.gov/osg/briefs/2000/3mer/2mer/1999- 1908.mer.aa.pdf; ProEnglish brief www.pro english.org/legal/sandoval/amicusbrief.html. • Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974) (failure to provide Chinese-American students with English language instruction denied them meaningful opportunity to participate in pub- lic education system, thus violating § 601 of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and implementing regulations). Federal Requirements in General • Executive Order 13166, Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency, Aug. 11, 2000, www.justice.gov/ crt/cor/Pubs/eolep.php. • Prepared Remarks of Acting Assistant Attorney General Loretta King to the Federal Inter- agency Working Group on Limited English Proficiency, www.justice.gov/crt/lep/whats_ new/Kingremarks4_20_09.pdf. • What Federal Agencies and Federally Assisted Programs Should Know about Providing Services to LEP Individuals, www.lep.gov/ lepbrochure.pdf. • Mission of LEP.gov, Website of the Federal Interagency Working Group on Limited Eng- lish Proficiency, www.lep.gov/. • Language Assistance Self-Assessment and Planning Tool for Recipients of Federal Finan- cial Assistance, www.lep.gov/selfassesstool. htm. • Sub-Recipient Guide to Implementing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, www.trans- portation.org/sites/ASCR/docs/Sub-recipient Brochurefinal.pdf. FHWA • How to Engage Low-Literacy and Limited- English-Proficiency Populations in Transpor- tation Decisionmaking, www.fhwa.dot.gov/ hep/lowlim/webbook.pdf. • How to Identify Limited English Proficient (LEP) Populations in Your Locality, www. state.nj.us/oag/hts/downloads/LEP.ppt. • Identifying and Engaging Low Literacy and Limited English Proficiency Populations in the 10 33 Public Advocates discussion, www.publicadvocates.org/ ourwork/transportation/index.html#MTC.

Transportation Decisionmaking Process, www. planning.dot.gov/Peer/Atlanta/atlanta.asp. FTA Regulatory Requirements • Notice of Final Title VI and Title VI- Dependent Guidelines for Federal Transit Administration Recipients, 72 Fed. Reg. 18732, April 13, 2007, edocket.access.gpo. gov/2007/pdf/E7-7066.pdf; C. 47021A, Title VI and Title VI-Dependent Guidelines for Federal Transit Administration Recipients, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Title_VI_Circu lar_4702.1A.pdf. • Providing Language Access to Persons with Limited English Proficiency and Low Literacy, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/LEPpresentation. ppt. • Implementing the Department of Transporta- tion’s Policy Guidance Concerning Recipients’ Responsibilities to Limited English Proficient (LEP) Persons: A Handbook for Public Trans- portation Providers (April 13, 2007), www. fta.dot.gov/documents/LEP_Handbook.doc. BART • January 15, 2010, letter to Metropolitan Trans- portation Commission and San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, www.publicadvo cates.org/news/documents/Transit/FTA_letter_ to_MTC_and_BART_1-15-10.pdf. • February 12, 2010, letter to Metropolitan Trans- portation Commission and San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, www.mtc.ca. gov/pdf/OAC_2-12-10_memo.pdf. • February 10, 2010, Oakland Airport Connector Update, www.mtc.ca.gov/pdf/oac.pdf. • Comment on BART Draft Corrective Action Plan, www.publicadvocates.org/news/docu ments/Transit/Supplemental_comment_letter_ to_FTA_re_BART_Corrective_Action_Plan. pdf. Compliance Reviews (www.fta.dot.gov/ civilrights/title6/civil_rights_5463.html) • Tennessee DOT (Nashville, TN) • The Regional Transit District (Denver, CO) • Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (Oak- land, CA) • Metro (St. Louis, MO) • Central Arkansas Transit Authority (Little Rock, AR) • Central Oklahoma Transportation and Park- ing Authority (Oklahoma City, OK) • Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Author- ity (Seattle, WA) • Chicago Transit Authority (Chicago, IL) • Greater Richmond Transit Company (Rich- mond, VA) • Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (State DOT) • Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Planning Organization) • Montgomery Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (Montgomery, AL) • New York City Transit (New York, NY) • New York State DOT (State DOT) • Utah Transit Authority (Salt Lake City, UT) • Fort Worth Transportation Authority (Fort Worth, TX) • Broward County Transit (Broward County, FL) • City of Phoenix Public Transportation Depart- ment (Phoenix, AZ) • Brownsville Urban System (Brownsville, TX) • Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (Buffalo, NY) • Detroit DOT (Detroit, MI) • Montana DOT (State DOT) • Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (Boston, MA) • Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (Philadelphia, PA) • Iowa DOT (State DOT) • Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (San Jose, CA) • Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (Houston, Texas), vvoice.vo.llnwd.net/ e7/3676770.0.PDF Complaints • May 2, 2008, letter to Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County re DOT Complaint Numbers 2008-0154 and 2008-0171 (alleging lack of compliance with LEP requirements for outreach concerning proposed North Corridor Light Rail Transit alignment). • May 23, 2008, letter to Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County re DOT Complaint 11

Number 2008-0152 (alleging lack of compli- ance with LEP requirements for outreach con- cerning proposed Southeast Corridor Light Rail alignment). • Record of Decision, Southeast Corridor Fixed Guideway Transit Project in Houston, Texas, www.d9publicaffairs.com/posted/1068/SE_ Corridor_ROD_FINAL_07_15_08.217204.pdf. • Urban Habitat Program v. Bay Area Rapid Transit District (September 1, 2009 Complaint Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Executive Order 12898), www.scribd. com/doc/25513832/FTA-TitleVI-Complaint- 09109-Final-0. Other • Report on 2005 National Workshop on Trans- portation Equity, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/ Masterdocument.doc. Law Review/Legal Analysis Articles • Raquel Aldana, On Rights, Federal Citizen- ship, and the “Alien,” 46 Washburn L.J. 263 (2007). • F. Kaid Benfield, Running on Empty: The Case for a Sustainable National Transportation Sys- tem, 25 Envtl. L. 651 (1995). • Derek Black, Picking Up the Pieces after Alexander v. Sandoval: Resurrecting a Private Cause of Action for Disparate Impact, 81 N.C. L. Rev. 356 (2002). • Tanya Broder, State and Local Policies on Immigrant Access to Services: Promoting Integration or Isolation?, National Immigra- tion Law Center, May 2007, www.nilc.org/ immspbs/sf_benefits/statelocalimmpolicies 06-07_2007-05-24.pdf. • Robert Bullard, Just Transportation: New Solutions for Old Problems, 28 Environmen- tal Action (Spring/Summer 1996), reprinted at www.ejrc.cau.edu/justtransarticle.htm (last accessed 7/6/10). • Kristina M. Campbell, Local Illegal Immigra- tion Relief Act Ordinances: A Legal, Policy, and Litigation Analysis, 84 Denv. U.L. Rev. 1041 (2007). • Lisa S. Core, Alexander v. Sandoval: Why a Supreme Court Case about Driver’s Licenses Matters to Environmental Justice Advocates, 30 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 191 (2002). • Christopher Dunn, Time to Fix Civil Rights Act of 1964, academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/ civilrights04.htm (last accessed 7/6/10). • Mary K. Fitzgerald, Small-Handles, Big Impacts: When Should the National Environ- mental Policy Act Require an Environmental Impact Statement?, 23 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 437 (Winter, 1996). • Focus on Civil Rights of Limited English Speak- ers: Language Access to Government Benefits and Services (Chapter 1: National Employment Law Project, Low Pay, High Risk: State Mod- els for Advancing Immigrant Workers’ Rights, updated November 2003), nelp.3cdn.net/ 460e6fd6e134416d6d_lgm6bnkpa.pdf (last accessed 7/6/10). • Roger C. Hartley, Congressional Devolution of Immigration Policymaking: A Separation of Powers Critique, 2 Duke J. of Constitutional Law & Publ. Policy 93 (2007). • William A. Liess, A Call for Doctrinal Con- sistency in the Adjudication of § 1983 Claims Based on Violations of Federal Regulations, 38 Rutgers Law J. 947 (2007). • Bradford C. Mank, Can Administrative Regu- lations Interpret Rights Enforceable Under Section 1983?: Why Chevron Deference Sur- vives Sandoval and Gonzaga, 32 Flor. St. U.L. Rev. 843 (2005). • National Immigration Law Center, Increasing Access to Services for Limited English Pro- ficient Persons, Issue Brief, Aug. 7, 2003, www.migrationinformation.org/integration/ language_portal/files/NILC.pdf (last accessed 7/6/10). • Cristina M. Rodríguez, Language and Partic- ipation, 94 Cal. L. Rev. 687 (2006). • George Rutherglen, Major Issues in the Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, Fourth Edition, Federal Judicial Center, 2004, www. fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/empldis4.pdf/$f ile/empldis4.pdf (last accessed 7/6/10). • Thomas W. Sanchez, Rich Stolz, and Jacinta S. Ma, Moving to Equity: Addressing Inequitable Effects of Transportation Policies on Minori- ties, The Civil Rights Project at Harvard and the Center for Community Change, 2003, civil- rightsproject.ucla.edu/research/metro-and- regional-inequalities/transportation/moving- to-equity-addressing-inequitable-effects-of- transportation-policies-on-minorities/sanchez- 12

moving-to-equity-transportation-policies.pdf (last accessed 8/19/10). • Paul Taylor, The Risks Posed to National Security and Other Programs by Proposals to Authorize Private Disparate Impact Claims Under Title VI, 46 Harv. J. on Legislation 57 (2009). • U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Environ- mental Justice Litigation and Remedies: The Impact of Sandoval and South Camden (Chap- ter 4: Not in My Backyard: Executive Order 12,898 and Title VI as Tools for Achieving Environmental Justice), www.usccr.gov/pubs/ envjust/ch4.htm. • Bharathi A. Venkatraman, Lost in Translation: Limited English Proficient Populations and the Police, The Police Chief, vol. 73, no. 4, April 2006, policechiefmagazine.org/maga zine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch& article_id=861&issue_id=42006 (last accessed 7/6/10). • Rosa Cuison Villazor, Language Rights and Loss of Judicial Remedy: the Impact of Alexan- der v. Sandoval on Language Minorities (Chap- ter 10: Awakening from the Dream: Civil Rights Under Siege and the New Struggle for Equal Justice, Denise C. Morgan, Rachel D. Godsil, and Joy Moses, eds., Carolina Aca- demic Press, Durham, NC, 2005), article down- loadable from papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=982433. Legislation • Civil Rights Act of 2008, H.R. 5129, intro- duced January 23, 2008. • Civil Rights Act of 2008, S. 2554, introduced January 24, 2008. Local Practices and Requirements • Albany Transit System 2008 Title VI Program March 2008, www.albany.ga.us/filestorage/ 1798/2879/2941/Final_ATS_Title_VI_ Program_5-14-08.pdf. • Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Transporta- tion Equity [Environmental Justice; Limited English Proficiency] www.baltometro.org/ transportation-planning/transportation-equity. • Bend Area Transit: Fare and Service Change Policy, 5-09, www.ci.bend.or.us/bend_area_ transit/docs/FARE_POLICY_Final.doc. • Chicago Transit Authority Service Standards, July 2001, www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/ miscellaneous_documents/servicestandards 129737.pdf. • Coast Transit Authority Language Assistance Implementation Plan for Limited English Profi- ciency Persons, August 3, 2009, www.grpc. com/transit_files/CTA%20LEP%20Document %20Final%20080309.pdf. • Crenshaw Transit Corridor Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environ ment Impact Report, 6.0—Community Par- ticipation, www.metro.net/projects/crenshaw_ corridor/crenshaw-transit-corridor-deisdeir/ (click on “Community Outreach” link). • Denver RTD’s Title VI Policy Statement, www.rtd-denver.com/TitleVI.shtml. • Detroit: DOT Launches Interpretive Outreach Services for Spanish-Speaking Communities, January 08, 2010, www.probono.net/nlaan/ news/article.290789?. • Link Transit—Title VI Policy, www.link transit.com/index2.php?option=com_content &task=view&id=133&pop=1&page=0&Item id=156. • Lower Savannah Council of Governments Best Friend Express and Dial-a-Ride Title VI Public Complaint Process, www.bestfriend express.com/pdf/BFE%20and%20DAR%20 Title%20VI%20Complaint%20Process.pdf. • Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transpor- tation Authority, Equal Employment Oppor- tunity, www.docstoc.com/docs/29835154/ Title-VI-Statement-of-Policy. • Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County Title VI Complaint Process, www. ridemetro.org/AboutUs/TitleVIComplaint Process.aspx. • Mid Mon Valley Transit Authority Limited English Proficiency Plan, www.mmvta.com/ OtherPDF/LEPPlan.pdf. • Oakland Municipal Code, Chapter 2.30, Equal Access to Services, library.municode.com/ HTML/16308/level2/T2_C2.30.html.34 13 34 AB 781 was introduced in the California legislature in 2009 to try to address concerns about risks of the Oakland ordinance; info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0751-0800/ab_781_cfa_ 20090511_155212_asm_comm.html.

• San Francisco Municipal Code, Chapter 91: Equal Access to Services, www.municode. com/content/4201/14131/HTML/ch091.html. • Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission Lim- ited English Proficiency Assessment, www. spcregion.org/pdf/ppp/LEP%20Assessment. pdf. • City Utilities of Springfield Transit Services Limited English Proficient (LEP) Plan, June 2007, www.cityutilities.net/transit/lep-plan. pdf. • Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District Title VI Program Regulation and Complaint Proce- dure, Dec. 18, 2009, www.scmtd.com/images/ department/legal/policies/web_titlevi_policy_ eng.pdf. • Sun Tran Limited English Proficiency Plan, October 2007, www.suntran.com/pdf/about/ Limited%20English%20Proficiency%20Plan %20final.pdf. • TriMet Language Implementation Plan, www. fta.dot.gov/documents/TriMetimplementation plan(3).doc. • (Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority [WAMTA]) Metro’s Commitment to Civil Rights—Title VI, www.wmata.com/ about_metro/civil_rights.cfm. • Language Assistance Plan for Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, October 2007, www.wmata.com/pdfs/titleiv/WMATA_ LAP_PLAN.pdf. • July 9, 2009, WMATA letter to D.C. Lan- guage Access Coalition, www.dclanguageac cess.org/cm/files/WMATA%20Letter%20to %20Coalition%207%209%2009%20(2).pdf. Reports/Studies/Policy Papers • Access for All Advisory Committee’s 2001 Report to the National Capital Region Trans- portation Planning Board, March 20, 2002, www.mwcog.org/uploads/pub-documents/Bl5 X20030814105027.pdf. • A Citizen’s Guide to Using Federal Environ- mental Laws to Secure Environmental Justice, 2002, yosemite.epa.gov/R10/ocrej.nsf/eb1daa 9965e73fdf88256b800071a40b/280e766a645 2517e882570ad00833d22/$FILE/citizen_ guide_ej.pdf. • American Immigration Lawyers Association, Navigating the Immigration Debate: A Guide for State & Local Policymakers and Advocates, Jan. 15, 2009, www.aila.org/content/fileviewer. aspx?docid=24681&linkid=172618. • Denise Bailey, Sandra Swiacki, Annemarie Byrnes, James Buckley, Diane King, Valerie Piper, Mara Marino, Subhash Mundle, George Pierlott, and Andrew Lynd, Transportation Equity in Emergencies: A Review of the Prac- tices of State Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and Transit Agencies in 20 Metropolitan Areas, Final Report, May, 2007, FTA-PA-26-8001- 2007, downloadable from www.fta.dot.gov/ civil_rights/civil_rights_6343.html. • Communities for a Better Environment, Urban Habitat, and Public Advocates, Inc., MTC, Where Are Our Buses?, Dec. 20, 2006, urban habitat.org/files/Where%20are%20our%20 buses.pdf. • Community Impact Assessment and Environ- mental Justice for Transit Agencies: A Refer- ence, www.nctr.usf.edu/PDF/416-05.PDF. • Filling the Gap: Environmental Justice in Transportation Toolkit, 2007, www.fta.dot.gov/ documents/TECRP_Task_I-3B_Final.doc. • International Immigration: The Impact on Maryland Communities, Department of Leg- islative Services, Office of Policy Analysis, Annapolis, Maryland, January 2008, mlis.state. md.us/Other/Fiscal_Briefings_and_Reports/ 2008_Immigration_Impact.pdf. • KFH Group, Inc., NCHRP Research Results Digest 340: State DOT Best Practices for Title VI Compliance (December 2009), online pubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rrd_340. pdf. • KFH Group, Inc., NCHRP Web-Only Docu- ment 147: Reference Materials for State DOT Title VI Compliance: Appendices to NCHRP Research Results Digest 340 (August 2009), onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_ w147.pdf. • Claudia Knezek and Janet Hansen, New Jersey DOT 2004 Research Implementation Report, cait.rutgers.edu/system/files/u1/04_NJDOT_ Research_Implementation_Study-Final.pdf • L.A. Speaks: Language Diversity and English Proficiency by Los Angeles County Service Planning Area, 2008, demographics.apalc. org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/la-speaks- final-031908.pdf. 14

• Rongfang (Rachel) Liu, Mobility Information Needs of Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Travelers in New Jersey, Final Report, December 2004, transportation.njit.edu/nctip/ final_report/LEP.htm. • National Conference of State Legislatures, A Summary of State Studies on Fiscal Impacts of Immigrants, March 17, 2009, www.ncsl. org/default.aspx?tabid=16867 (last accessed 7/6/10). • Progressive States Network, The Anti- Immigrant Movement that Failed: Positive Integration Policies by State Governments Still Far Outweigh Punitive Policies Aimed at New Immigrants, September 2008, www.progres sivestates.org/content/903. • The Struggle for Transit Justice: Race, Space, and Social Equity in Los Angeles, 2006, www. spa.ucla.edu/up/webfiles/garrett%20disserta tion%202006.pdf. • Transportation Research Board, Special Report 294: The Role of Transit in Emergency Evacu- ation (2008), onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/ sr/sr294.pdf. • U.S. Government Accountability Office, Bet- ter Dissemination and Oversight of DOT’s Guidance Could Lead to Improved Access for Limited English-Proficient Populations, GAO- 06-52 (2005), www.gao.gov/new.items/d0652. pdf. • Carol Wright, The Changing Face of America: Implications for Public Transit, Small Urban & Rural Transit Center, Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University, downloadable from www.docstoc. com/docs/27565223/The-anti-discrimination- ordinance-which-focuses-on-access-to. State Cases • Alaskans for a Common Language, Inc. v. Kritz, 170 P.3d 183 (Alaska 2007) (Alaska’s English-only law held to unconstitutionally infringe on speech rights of government offi- cials and employees and to limit Alaskans’ ability to participate fully in public life; unconstitutional portions of law severable). • Cole v. Riley, 989 So.2d 1001 (Alabama 2007) (ProEnglish challenge to offering written por- tion of driver’s license exams in languages other than English rejected for not showing that multilingual tests diminish English as Ala- bama’s common language in violation of Ala- bama constitution; precedential value of San- doval v. Hagan, 197 F.3d 484 (11th Cir.1999) not reached).35 • Family Bridges, Inc. v. Lindheim, Case No. 08409445, Superior Court of the State of Cal- ifornia in and for the County of Alameda.36 • In RE: Initiative Petition No. 366, State Ques- tion No. 689, 46 P.3d 123, 2002 OK 21 (2002) (English-only petition held constitutionally flawed). • People v. Garcia-Cepero, 22 Misc 3d 490, 874 N.Y.S.2d 689, 2008 NY Slip Op 28417 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., 2008) (providing warnings concern- ing breathalyzer test in English to person who obviously did not speak English did not meet requirements of New York Motor Vehicle Code; procedures employed violated defen- dant’s due process and equal protection rights and discriminated against non-English- speaking defendant). • Ruiz v. Hull, 957 P.2d 984, 191 Ariz. 441 (1998) (Arizona constitutional provision requir- ing all government officials and employees performing government business to act only in English held to violate First Amendment and Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment). State Practices and Requirements • Dymally-Alatorre Bilingual Services Act, Cal- ifornia Codes—Government Code—Section 7290-7299.8, www.spb.ca.gov/bilingual/dy mallyact.htm. • District of Columbia Language Access Pro- gram, ohr.dc.gov/ohr/cwp/view,a,3,q,636135. asp. • District of Columbia, Language Access in the District: An Annual Compliance Review and 15 35 The Southeastern Legal Foundation filed another challenge to the Alabama DOT practice. Alabama official English case re- filed, www.proenglish.org/legal/legalindex.html (last accessed 7/6/10). 36 Equal Access Advocates Sue City of Oakland for Failing Non-English Speaking Residents, Sept. 15, 2008, www.public advocates.org/docs/OaklandEAOPressRelease091208FIN.pdf; Oakland Sued for Failure to Comply with Language Access Law, Sept. 17, 2008, californiaworkersblog.com/display_blog. cfm?bid=71110F4C-1635-3B0C-E1CEE8433C760CC6.

5-Year Checkpoint, newsroom.dc.gov/file. aspx/release/18875/08_Lang_comp_rpt_2.pdf. • Hawaii Language Access Statute: HRS, Chap- ter 371, Part II, §§ 371-31 to 37 (Act 290, SLH—July 10, 2006), www.capitol.hawaii. gov/hrscurrent/Vol07_Ch0346-0398/HRS03 71/HRS_0371-0031.htm. • Hawaii DOT Language Access Plan (2009), hawaii.gov/dot/administration/ocr/title6/ language-access-plan-2009.pdf/view. • Hawaii Conference on Language Access, Ho’opono: Plan Implementation & Promising Practices (2009), hawaii.gov/labor/ola/2nd- annual-language-access-conference-septem ber-28-2009/Conference%20Booklet%20-% 20Reduced%20for%20Web.pdf. • Hawaii: H.B. 2896: Making an Appropriation for the Statewide Language Access Bank, www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2008/testi mony/HB2896_LAB_02-01-08_.pdf. • Language Legislation in the U.S.A., www. languagepolicy.net/archives/langleg.htm. • Maryland: Maryland Code, State Govern- ment, Title 10, Government Procedures, Sub- title 11, Equal Access to Public Services www. michie.com/maryland/lpext.dll?f=templates& fn=main-h.htm&cp=mdcode; Maryland Tran- sit Administration to have full implementation by July 1, 2005, §10-1103. Providing equal access to public services: subsection (c)(iii)(3). • Massachusetts: Environmental Justice Policy of the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, www.mass.gov/Eoeea/docs/eea/ej/ ej_factsheet_english.pdf. • New Jersey DOT (NJDOT), Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Guidelines, www.state.nj. us/transportation/business/civilrights/pdf/lep guidelines.pdf. • NJDOT Title VI Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Implementation Plan, October 2008, www.state.nj.us/transportation/business/civil rights/pdf/lep_implementation.pdf. • New Mexico, Executive Order 2005-056, Environmental Justice Executive Order, www. nmenv.state.nm.us/Justice/EO_2005_056.pdf. • Washington State DOT Title VI Responsi- bilities, wadot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/CFBD0 E84-54DD-462D-AB2E-43DFE28E339A/0/ WSDOTTitleVIResponsibilites.pdf. Other LEP Resources • New Jersey DOT Guide to Limited English Proficiency Under Title VI, www.state.nj.us/ transportation/business/civilrights/pdf/lepbro chure.pdf. • NJDOT Policy and Procedures Development Study: Title VI, Environmental Justice, and LEP: Effective Practices, August 2008, www. state.nj.us/transportation/business/civilrights/ pdf/effectivepractices.pdf. • New Mexico Passenger Transportation Asso- ciation, What’s an LEP Plan? An Overview of the U.S. DOT Guidance on Language Assis- tance for Limited English Proficient (LEP) Persons, Annual Conference, Apr. 27, 2009, www.nmshtd.state.nm.us/upload/images/ Programs-Transit%20and%20Rail-Transit/ LEP.ppt. • Ohio DOT, Civil Rights and Public Transporta- tion, September 2008, www.dot.state.oh.us/ Divisions/TransSysDev/Transit/Documents/ Programs/Training/Civil%20Rights%20Train ing%20Material/Civil%20Rights%20and%20 Public%20Transportation.pdf. • Washington DOT English to Spanish Glossary of Transportation Terms, www.wsdot.gov/NR/ rdonlyres/B8B5F5EE-186F-4220-BAA7-59E CD69B1AC0/0/EnglishSpanishTranslation. pdf. 16

APPENDIX A—SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Transportation Cooperative Research Program Study Topic 11-03, Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Compliance Part I 1. Contact Information: Agency Name Location Respondent’s Name Respondents’ email Phone 2. Estimated LEP population in agency service area: Number of LEP persons _________ Percentage of LEP out of total population __________ Basis for LEP population estimate (Please check all that apply) ▫ Survey of transit patrons ▫ Input from community organizations ▫ Census data ▫ Data from state and local governments ▫ School system data 3. Does your agency have a written compliance program? ▫ Yes ▫ No 4. Has your agency received or been the subject of any complaints of any kind regarding LEP compliance or environmental justice based on treatment of LEP populations? ▫ Yes ▫ No 5. Has your agency received any objections to providing multilingual trip information? ▫ Yes ▫ No 6. LEP guidance: (Please check all that apply) • Executive Order (EO) 13166 (Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Profi- ciency)? ▫ Aware ▫ Relied on in designing agency’s language activities • DOT guidance on LEP compliance (DOT LEP Guidance, Federal Register, vol. 70, no. 239, pp. 74087–74100, December 14, 2005)? ▫Aware ▫Relied on in designing agency’s language activities • FTA’s guidance on LEP compliance (Chapter IV, part 4 of Circular 4702.1A, Title VI and Title VI- Dependent Guidelines for FTA Recipients)? ▫Aware ▫ Relied on in designing agency’s language activities • State or local requirements for providing language access to LEP populations in your service area? ▫Aware ▫ Relied on in designing agency’s language activities • DOT Order 5610.2, U.S. DOT Order on Environmental Justice to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations? ▫Aware ▫Relied on in engaging in LEP outreach 7. Would a report examining legal issues related to LEP compliance be useful to your agency? ▫Yes ▫No Are there any specific legal issues that you think should be addressed? ▫Yes ▫No If you answered Yes to questions 4 or 5, please complete Part II. Part II 8. Compliance: (Please check any compliance issues with which your agency has been involved) ▫ LEP deficiencies documented by FTA ▫ Administrative action related to LEP compliance ▫ LEP issues with employees ▫ Litigation related to LEP compliance ▫ Suspension of federal funding due to LEP ▫ Actions related to environmental justice noncompliance 17

9. LEP trip information: (Please check any activities that your agency conducts) ▫ LEP needs assessment ▫ Bi/multilingual drivers ▫ Evaluation of agency’s language access ▫ Bi/multilingual customer service staff activities ▫ Multilingual ticket machines ▫ Multilingual information on agency Web site ▫ Translated recorded announcements ▫ Multilingual brochures and signs ▫ Symbolic trip information (pictograms) ▫ Multilingual telephone services 10. LEP outreach: (Please check any outreach strategies employed by your agency to engage LEP popula- tions during public hearing processes) ▫ Return receipt letters ▫ Oral translators ▫ Signage on buses and shelters ▫ Advertising in media that serves LEP ▫ Notices to community-based organizations communities serving LEP populations ▫ Other Please provide any narrative responses as attachments to the questionnaire. ************************************************************************************* Thank you for your assistance. Upon request, Waite & Associates can send your agency an electronic version of the questionnaire to be completed and returned by email. 18 1. Housatonic Area Regional Transit, CT 2. Milford Transit District, CT 3. Northeast Transportation Company, Inc., CT 4. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, MA 5. Cape Ann Transportation Authority, MA 6. Casco Bay Island Transit District, ME 7. Greater Portland Transit District, ME 8. The Regional Transportation Program, Inc., ME 9. Manchester Transit Authority, NH 10. New Jersey Transit Corporation 11. Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, NY 12. MTA Bus Company, NY 13. Centro of Oneida, Inc., NY (Central New York Centro, CNY Centro of Oswego, CYN Centro of Oneida, CNY Centro of Cayuga) 14. Ride-On Montgomery County Transit, MD 15. Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority, PA (LANTA) 16. Cambria County Transit Authority, PA 17. Luzerne County Transportation Authority, PA 18. Port Authority of Allegheny County, PA 19. Greater Lynchburg Transit Company, VA 20. Space Coast Area Transit, FL 21. Gainesville Regional Transit System, FL 22. Jacksonville Transportation Authority, FL 23. Miami-Dade Transit, FL 24. Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, FL 25. VOTRAN, FL 26. Albany Transit System, GA 27. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, GA 28. Metra Transit System, GA 29. Fayetteville Area System of Transit, NC 30. Metropolitan Transit Authority, TN 31. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation, IL 32. Greater Peoria Mass Transit District, IL 33. Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corp, IN 34. Ann Arbor Transportation Authority, MI 35. Bay Metropolitan Transit Authority, MI 36. Mass Transportation Authority, MI 37. Kalamazoo Metro Transit System, MI 38. City of Detroit DOT, MI 39. St. Cloud Metropolitan Transit Commission, MN 40. Stark Area Regional Transit Authority, OH 41. The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, OH 42. Laketran, OH 43. Western Reserve Transit Authority, OH APPENDIX B—SURVEY RESPONDENTS The following agencies responded to the survey questionnaire:

44. Milwaukee County Transit System, WI 45. City of Waukesha Transit Commission, WI 46. Pine Bluff Transit, AR 47. Crescent City Connection Division-LA DOT 48. Dallas Area Rapid Transit, TX 49. Mass Transit Department-City of El Paso, TX 50. Island Transit, TX 51. Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, TX 52. City Transit Management Company, Inc., TX (Citibus) 53. Waco Transit System, TX 54. Columbia Transit, MO 55. City Utilities of Springfield, MO 56. Transit Authority of Omaha, NE 57. City of Greeley-Transit Services, CO 58. Pueblo Transit System, CO 59. Billings Metropolitan Transit, MT 60. Missoula Urban Transportation District, MT 61. Regional Public Transportation Authority, AZ 62. City of Phoenix Transit Department, AZ 63. City of Arcadia Transit, CA 64. Livermore/Amador Valley Transit Authority, CA 65. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, CA 19 66. North County Transit District, CA 67. Riverside Transit Agency, CA 68. Omnitrans, CA 69. San Mateo County Transit District, CA 70. San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, CA (FTA response pending; SDMT does not want to discuss complaint until response received) 71. Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, CA 72. Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District, CA 73. Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District, CA 74. Simi Valley Transit, CA 75. City and County of Honolulu DOT Services, HI 76. Lane Transit District, OR 77. Tri-County Metropolitan District of Oregon, OR 78. Salem Area Mass Transit District, OR 79. Kitsap Transit, WA 80. Ben Franklin Transit, WA 81. Pierce County Transportation Benefit Area Authority, WA 82. City of Lake Charles—Transit Division, LA 83. Connecticut DOT, CT 84. JAUNT, Inc., VA (Note request for help on determining LEP population numbers; concerns of rural areas) 85. Greater Richmond Transit Company, VA

Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP). Persons wanting to pursue the project subject matter in greater depth should contact the CRP Staff, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. Subscriber Categories: Public Transportation • Law ISBN 978-0-309-15529-8 9 780309 155298 9 0 0 0 0

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TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 97: Transit Agency Compliance with Title VI: Limited English Proficiency Requirements explores the legal issues associated with transit operators’ limited English proficiency (LEP) compliance efforts. The digest is designed to serve as a single source of information concerning the development and current status of transit LEP implementation efforts by state and local legislative and operational bodies.

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