National Academies Press: OpenBook

Improving Mobility for Veterans (2011)

Chapter: Report Contents

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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Improving Mobility for Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14507.
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1Summary There are approximately 23 million veterans of military service in the United States today. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a comprehensive system of services to our veterans, about 40 percent of whom are currently 65 years of age and older. At this time, more than 8 million veterans are enrolled in services involving various kinds of medical care provided by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), one of three administrations within the VA. Substantial growth is projected in the number of veterans requesting medical care. VA offers assistance to eligible veterans who are traveling for medical care. VHA administers the Beneficiary Travel program, under which certain transportation expenses can be allowed if those expenses are part of VHA-provided or VHA-authorized outpatient and inpatient medical services provided to eligible individuals. VHA reports FY 2010 expenses for the Beneficiary Travel program of $750 million. The Veterans Benefits Administration administers the program entitled Automobiles and Adaptive Equipment for Certain Disabled Veterans and Members of the Armed Forces, which had an estimated budget of $65.8 million in FY 2010. Thus, the combined value of VA’s Beneficiary Travel and Automobile and Special Adaptive Equipment Grants programs is about $820 million per year in transportation assistance to veterans for FY 2010.

2Despite this level of support, there are numerous reports of veterans having difficulties accessing VA health care or other destinations that offer resources which are critical for life sustaining and life enriching activities. This Summary highlights mobility issues facing our veterans and illustrates some potential strategies for community transportation providers who are interested in enhancing mobility options for our veterans; details are provided in the full digest. ELIGIBILITY FOR VA TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE The VA, through VHA, provides health care benefits to eligible veterans; certain transportation costs can be considered as part of VHA-provided or VHA-authorized outpatient and inpatient medical services. VA’s policies describe the kinds of persons and kinds of trips that are eligible under VHA’s Beneficiary Travel program for reimbursement of travel expenses. Some of the persons and trips eligible for travel reimbursements include the following. More complete details are provided later in the digest. Veterans who travel to or from a VA facility or VA-authorized health care facility in connection with treatment or care for a Service Connected (SC) disability (regardless of percent of disability). Veterans with a SC disability rated at 30 percent or more who travel to or from a VA facility or VA-authorized health care facility for examination, treatment, or care for any condition. Veterans receiving a VA pension traveling to or from an authorized health care facility for examination, treatment, or care. An attendant who is accompanying and assisting a veteran or beneficiary eligible for beneficiary travel payments because of the veteran’s physical or mental condition. Other persons (for example, a member of a veteran’s immediate family or a veteran’s legal guardian), if they are traveling for consultation or other specified services concerning a veteran who is receiving care for a SC disability; or a member of a veteran’s immediate family traveling for bereavement counseling relating to the death of the veteran in the active military service in the line of duty. Trips by veterans to authorized health care facility for scheduled compensation and pension (C&P) examinations. Trips for emergency situations or other specified situations.

3More complete descriptions of eligibility requirements are found in VHA Handbook 1601.05 and in Chapter 2 of this digest. Veterans qualify for Special Mode Transportation (ambulance, wheelchair van, “and other modes which are specifically designed to transport certain disabled individuals”) if their medical condition requires an ambulance or a specially equipped van, and they meet certain eligibility criteria (including some of those listed above), and the travel is preauthorized (preauthorization is not required for emergencies if a delay would be hazardous to life or health). TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS FOR VETERANS While there are numerous ways that veterans could travel to VA Medical Centers (VAMCs), veterans in many localities often experience quite limited transportation options available for their medical trips. The most common transportation options for veterans traveling to VAMCs are as follows: Veterans drive themselves to VAMCs. Veterans receive transportation services via nonprofit veterans’ service organizations, including the Disabled Americans Veterans (DAV) and other veterans’ organizations. VAMCs use their own staff to operate vehicles to transport veterans. VAMCs contract with local transportation vendors to provide trips to veterans. Veterans use transportation services operated by public transit agencies, local governments, or community-based organizations. Some VAMCs provide information about local transportation options for veterans. MOBILITY CHALLENGES FACING VETERANS This report and other reports have identified problems, concerns, and challenges with transportation services now provided to veterans. The kinds of problems that have been observed include the following: Veterans report problems accessing VA medical services.

4The need for veterans’ transportation is growing rapidly due to an increase in injuries. Currently, for every fatality in Iraq, there are 16 wounded or injured soldiers, which is an injury rate five times greater than in the Vietnam War. With annual VHA medical transportation expenses increasing rapidly—$750 million was spent in FY 2010 on Beneficiary Travel—cost-effectiveness of transportation services is a growing concern. Rural areas offer special transportation challenges for transportation services serving veterans. o Forty percent of veterans live in rural areas. The younger veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan are more likely than other veterans to live in rural areas. o Veterans living in rural areas may need to travel extremely long distances to receive medical care and the other services to which they are entitled. o Veterans living in rural areas are reported to be in poorer health than veterans living in urban areas. Veterans who miss medical appointments exhibit higher rates of depression, poor health care access, socialization problems, and suicide. There is a huge and growing need for transporting aging and younger veterans with traumatic brain injuries. According to some sources, veterans’ transportation services are frequently not coordinated with existing community and public transportation services at this time, with the result that neither the veterans’ transportation services nor existing community transportation services operate as cost-effectively as they might. Some volunteer-based services (such as those provided by DAV) are struggling to obtain or maintain a sufficient number of volunteer drivers to meet the mobility needs of veterans. Most volunteer services do not now operate vehicles accessible to veterans in wheelchairs. Some of the current transportation services are characterized by excessive wait times for trips or for appointments for trips. As veterans’ transportation services tend to be administered locally, local administrators may not be aware of other travel options or best practices in veterans’ transportation services. With decentralized decisionmaking for transportation services for veterans, these services exhibit a lack of uniformity and consistency.

5APPROACHES FOR PROVIDING MOBILITY TO VETERANS There are exemplary approaches to serving the mobility needs of veterans all across this country. One problem is that there has not been a well-developed method of sharing the results of successful programs and other learning experiences among communities interested in applying innovative approaches. Table S-1 lists of few noteworthy examples of different approaches to improving the mobility of veterans. Table S-1: APPROACHES TO IMPROVING THE MOBILITY OF VETERANS Location Innovations Ocean County, NJ Transit offers advance-scheduled out-of-county trips to VA health care Indianapolis, IN Taxi-provided transportation for veterans Western Colorado Transit dispatches DAV vans Des Moines, IA Transit and paratransit serve the local VA hospital Washington State S. 5311 system provides feeder service to DAV vans Little Rock, AR Taxis transport veteran passengers and make deliveries Minnesota Free travel for disabled veterans on all of the state’s fixed route transit services San Francisco, CA Reduced fares for disabled veterans, free BART rides for active duty soldiers, and accessible taxis Orlando, FL Unlimited-use transit passes for veterans, vanpool vehicle assignedto VA clinic, and veterans involved in transportation planning Angelina County, TX Foundation funds purchased over-the-road coach for long-distance travel to the Houston VAMC Martinsburg, WV VA contracts with public transit to take veterans to rehab clinicwhich is not at the VAMC

6COORDINATION STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY TRANSPORTATION PROVIDERS Besides the innovative approaches listed in Table S-1, community transportation providers will need to apply a variety of coordination strategies if they are interested in more coordination with agencies that are now offering transportation services to veterans. These coordination strategies include: Be proactive: Get to know the Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs) and transportation providers in your community. Gather information and research the operations of these organizations. See where you can assist: If you offer to help solve problems rather than take over services, your efforts are likely to be more successful. Focus on several key issues: o Veterans with disabilities: Current veterans’ transportation services tend to focus on ambulatory riders; nonambulatory veterans can benefit from public transportation services. o Long-distance trips: Particularly in rural areas, long-distance trips can be a challenge for any transportation provider. The coordination of long-distance trips could serve the public and veterans at the same time, greatly enhancing the cost-effectiveness of both operations. o Scheduling trips: Most VSOs are unfamiliar with current paratransit dispatching and scheduling software and could benefit from assistance with these tasks. Help train, maintain, and facilitate: This includes training drivers and dispatchers, maintaining vehicles, and facilitating scheduling and transportation information dissemination. Coordinate transportation with medical appointment schedulers: Medical staff who schedule medical appointments often do not consider transportation problems when they set up appointments. Work with medical schedulers to ensure that resources are used cost- effectively. Develop plans that include all modes and providers, including volunteer services: The efforts received from volunteer drivers are a significant strength of current veterans’ transportation services. These volunteers are crucial to maintaining cost-effective transportation services. Work closely with them; they may be able to help you too. Include veterans in the planning process for future transportation services: Veterans and their service organizations have significant transportation needs and can offer substantial inputs into future plans.

7SUMMARY Presently (in late 2010), mobility for our veterans is characterized by a large number of veterans with numerous and diverse needs, substantial expenses, and considerable opportunities for improvements. The Department of Veterans Affairs offers trips for medical purposes to veterans who meet certain qualifications; veterans need additional means of transportation for other types of trips and sometimes for medical care as well. VHA’s costs for medical transportation have quintupled since FY 2001 due to increased mileage reimbursement rates and increased utilization of medical services. VHA’s current expenditures on its Beneficiary Travel make this program the third- largest federal program for persons with special travel needs; adding VA’s Automobile Assistance Program increases the estimated FY 2010 expenditures to about $820 million. Projected growth in these programs could push VA’s annual transportation expenditures beyond $1 billion in the near future. This report describes innovative local examples of mobility improvement strategies that could result in large mobility gains elsewhere. Community transportation providers will need to be proactive in reaching out to veterans’ organizations if significant improvements in coordination with veterans’ transportation programs are to be achieved. To improve the mobility of veterans, broad scale, long-term efforts will be needed from key stakeholders at all levels of government. The continued involvement of relevant federal agencies is suggested. The new attention of the Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility to improving mobility for veterans is beneficial. States and localities can assist by supporting and expanding the kinds of innovative programs already under way. More immediate improvements can be initiated and implemented by local transportation providers. Instances of coordinated transportation services involving community transportation providers and VA or VSOs are inspiring but extremely limited at this time. There are significant opportunities for community transportation providers to serve a market segment—veterans—that they now seldom serve; there are significant opportunities for the VA and other groups serving veterans to increase the cost-effectiveness of their services and substantially increase the mobility of veterans by working with other community transportation providers. Reliable transportation is a key to maintaining personal independence. Without adequate, reliable, and affordable transportation, individuals are isolated and separated from society.

9Chapter 1 VETERANS AND THEIR MOBILITY ISSUES: AN OVERVIEW A ROADMAP FOR THIS REPORT This report is intended to provide information for community transportation providers who wish to offer better transportation services to veterans of U.S. military services who live in communities served by these transportation providers. The stated objective of this research project was to help develop resources for improving mobility for veterans traveling to medical services and quality-of- life activities. This project’s instructions included “. . . develop[ing] strategies for improving transportation for veterans to health care and other services that affect quality of life . . . [that] recognize the diverse needs of veterans throughout the country and . . . address the various opportunities and constraints to providing better transportation to veterans and their caregivers, aides, and attendants.”

10 The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) offers substantial support to veterans needing assistance in accessing medical care, primarily through its Veterans Health Administration (VHA).1 Community transportation providers need to have a clear understanding of the kinds of support provided by VA in order to tailor their own programs to best serve the mobility needs of veterans. This report provides the information needed by community transportation providers to develop that greater level of understanding. This report provides (a) an overview of veterans and the transportation issues that they face, (b) the transportation services now offered by VA, (c) transportation options currently available for veterans, (d) programs now in place in various communities that offer transportation services to veterans, (e) strategies that could be adopted by community transportation providers who wish to enhance their services for veterans, and (f) suggestions for additional areas of research into the transportation needs of veterans. In coming years, veterans should be able to look forward to improved mobility if the issues and options identified in this report are addressed in a meaningful way. KEY FACTS CONCERNING VETERANS Overall Statistics There are about 23.1 million veterans of military service in the United States today.2 About 40 percent of them are 65 years of age and older. Health care services are provided to veterans by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), an office within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In FY 09, there were 8.1 million veterans enrolled in the VA Health Care System and 5.7 million unique patients were treated that year. More than 3.1 million veterans were receiving VA Disability Compensation as of December 31, 2009. The number of veterans rated as 100 percent disabled as of that date was 280,830; the number of veterans receiving a VA pension was 312,206. FY 2010 appropriations for VHA were $45.1 billion. 1 VHA is authorized to make payments for travel expenses incurred to help veterans and other persons obtain care or services from VHA. Payment procedures are specified in United States Code (USC), Payments or Allowances for Beneficiary Travel – 38 U.S.C. § 111. See Appendix A for VHA’s Frequently Asked Questions concerning its Beneficiary Travel Program and Appendix B for a list of acronyms. 2 VA Benefits & Health Care Utilization, Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Policy and Planning, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, February 1, 2010, http://www1.va.gov/vetdata/docs/4X6_winter10_sharepoint.pdf, accessed March 2, 2010.

11 Important Considerations Concerning Transportation Services for Veterans Veterans Are Now More Highly Concentrate in Rural Communities In 2004, the National Rural Health Association (NHRA) reported3 that many rural and non- metropolitan counties had the highest concentration of veterans in the civilian population aged 18 and over from 1990 to 2000 according to the 2000 US Census.4 NRHA quoted figures showing that “Roughly 14.4 percent of the residents of West Virginia, the second most rural state in the country as indicated by percentage of the state population living in rural areas, are veterans and for Vermont, the most rural state, this figure is 13.6 percent. Among the veteran populations in these rural states, 35.9 percent are Vietnam veterans in West Virginia, and 34.6 percent in Vermont.”5 For the United States. as a whole, the national average of veterans living in rural areas was 12.7 6percent. NHRA concluded that “The disproportionate representation among rural Americans serving in the military has created disproportionate care7’ 8 for our nation’s veterans. The dispersed nature of the populations in rural and frontier areas should be a significant concern for rural health 9advocates. . .” The 2000 Census showed the proportion of veterans living in rural areas is highest in Montana (16.2 percent), Nevada (16.1 percent), Wyoming (16 percent), and Maine (15.9 percent). The Census Bureau has updated its definitions of urban and rural populations, but the figures are still based on 2000 data. The 2006– 2008 American Community Surveys (ACS) collect information on the percent of “civilian veterans” in each state. Nonetheless, of the 10 states in which ACS reports a higher-than-average proportion of the population is comprised of veterans—Alaska, Montana, Maine, Wyoming, Virginia, Washington, Nevada, South Dakota, Idaho, and New Hampshire—8 of these states have a significantly higher-than-average proportion of their 3 Rural Veterans: A Special Concern for Rural Health Advocates, National Rural Health Association, Kansas City, Missouri, July 2004. 4 Richardson, C. and Waldrop, J. (2003) Veterans 2000, Census 2000 Brief http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-22.pdf accessed on May 21, 2010. 5 “Veterans: 2000 Census Brief.” US Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Adm., May 2003: 5. 6 Ibid. 7 Veterans Health Administration, April 2000, A Report by The Planning Systems Support Group, A Field Unit of the Veterans Health Administration Office of Policy and Planning-Geographic Access to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Services in Fiscal Year 2000: A National and Network Perspective. 8 Miller, L. J., June 2001, “Improving Access to Care in the VA Health System: A Progress Report,” Forum, A publication of the Veterans Administration Office of Research & Development. 9 NHRA, op cit.

12 population living in rural areas. This number supports the conclusion that veterans are now more highly concentrated in rural areas, where transportation services may be limited and health care opportunities only available at long distances away. Rates of Physical and Mental Injuries Appear to Be Rising For every fatality in Iraq, there are 16 wounded or injured soldiers; in Vietnam the ratio was 2.6 injuries for every fatality. Nearly 2,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans have returned with traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The suicide rate among veterans is now the highest since the U.S. Army began keeping records in 1980. Records indicate more than 1,000 veterans attempt suicide every month. 10 Although most service members return from Iraq and Afghanistan without physical injuries, many return with symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression. Recent data from a 2008 RAND study estimated that 18.5 percent of returned troops (about 300,000 of Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF] and Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF] veterans) met criteria on a structured survey assessing probable PTSD or depression.11 Another study reported that 25 percent of OIF and OEF veterans were diagnosed with significant mental health problems.12 These statistics suggest an increased need for medical services and the travel associated with receiving those services. MOBILITY CHALLENGES FACING VETERANS This report and other reports have identified problems and concerns with transportation services now provided to veterans. The kinds of problems that have been observed include the following: Veterans report problems accessing VA medical services and other necessary destinations. 10 Veterans Transportation: How It Works and How You Can Help, CTAA presentation quoting 2008 VA statistics. 11 T. Tanielian and L. Jaycox, eds., Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery, 2008, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG720.pdf (accessed January 18, 2010). 12 K.H. Seal, et al., “Bringing the War Back Home: Mental Health Disorders Among 103,788 US Veterans Returning From Iraq and Afghanistan Seen at Department of Veterans Affairs Facilities,” Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 167, No. 5, March 12, 2007: 476-482.

13 The need for veterans’ transportation is growing rapidly due to an increase in injuries. With annual VHA Beneficiary Travel expenses in excess of $750 million in FY 2010 and increasing rapidly, cost-effectiveness of transportation services is a growing concern. Rural areas offer special transportation challenges for transportation services serving veterans. 40 percent of veterans live in rural areas. The younger veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan are more likely than other veterans to live in rural areas. o Some veterans living in rural areas may need to travel extremely long distances to receive medical care and the other services for which they are eligible. Some states have extremely limited numbers of major VA facilities, meaning that veterans in some communities need to travel long distances for their care. VA does have the authority to contract for non-VA care when VA facilities (a) are not capable of furnishing economical care or services because of geographical inaccessibility or (b) are not capable of providing the required care or services. Limited public resources in some communities or eligibility issues with some veterans are factors that may also add to the need for long-distance travel. o Some kinds of specialized medical care are offered at very few of the 153 VA Medical Centers around the country; receiving such care may require extremely long trips. (For example, Kansas has major VA medical facilities only in Wichita, Topeka, and Leavenworth, meaning that a veteran in far western Kansas would need to travel long distances—more than 250 miles one way—for his or her specialized health care. The trip from Williston in the northwest corner of North Dakota to the one VA hospital in the state in Fargo requires a one-way journey of 395 miles.) o Veterans living in rural areas are reported to be in poorer health than veterans living in urban areas.13 Veterans who miss medical appointments exhibit higher rates of depression, poor healthcare access, socialization problems, and suicide. There is a huge and growing need for transporting aging and younger traumatic brain injured veterans. According to some sources, veterans’ transportation services are frequently not coordinated with existing community and public transportation services at this time, with the result that neither the veterans’ transportation services nor existing community transportation services operate as cost-effectively as they might. 13 Community Transportation, Summer/Fall 2009, 27:4, p. 11.

14 Some of the volunteer-based services (such as those provided by Disabled American Veterans (DAV)) are struggling to obtain or maintain a sufficient number of volunteers. Most transportation services for veterans operated by volunteer drivers do not operate vehicles accessible to veterans in wheelchairs. Some of the current transportation services are characterized by excessive wait times for trips or for appointments for trips. As veterans’ transportation services tend to be administered locally, local administrators may not be aware of other travel options or best practices in veterans’ transportation services. With decentralized decisionmaking for transportation services for veterans, these services exhibit a lack of uniformity and consistency. While there are no comprehensive statistics concerning how many veterans experience the specific kinds of transportation challenges listed above, the 2001 National Survey of Veterans does state that the fourth most prevalent reason for not using VA health care services, reported by 18.0 percent of 19,978,000 veterans who had not used VA health care in the past year (about 3,596,000 veterans), was that “VA care is not convenient.” Of the 16,396,700 veterans who reported never using VA health care, the fifth most prevalent reason, cited by 13.3 percent (about 2,180,800 veterans), was that “VA care is not convenient.”14 The 2009 National Survey of Veterans asked why veterans did not use VA health care ever and in the past 6 months, respectively. Response categories included “VA health care is difficult to access (parking, distance, appointment availability).” Results from the 2009 survey were not available when this report was written but, when available, these data should help illuminate the dimensions of access problems to medical care. A VA study on veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) reported that 48 percent of the patients indicated that there were few resources in their communities for brain injury treatments and that 38 percent reported that transportation was a major problem. This figure is more than twice as large as the 17 percent who reported that not having enough money to pay for medical, rehabilitation, and injury-related services was a major problem.15 14 2001 National Survey of Veterans (NSV), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC. Tables 6-16 and 6-17 (no date) http://www1.va.gov/vetdata/docs/NSV%20Final%20Report.pdf, accessed February 23, 2010. 15 Community Transportation, Summer/Fall 2009, 27:4, p. 11.

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TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 99: Improving Mobility for Veterans mobility explores issues facing our veterans and illustrates some potential strategies for community transportation providers who are interested in enhancing mobility options for our veterans.

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