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Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues (1988)

Chapter: Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 32
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 33
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 34
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 35
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 36
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 37
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 38
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 39
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 40
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 43
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 44
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 45
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 46
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 47
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 48
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 49
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 53
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 54
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 55
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 56
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 57
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 58
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 59
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 60
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 61
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 62
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 63
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 64
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 65
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 66
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 67
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 68
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 69
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 70
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 71
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 72
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 73
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 74
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 75
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 76
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 77
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Foreign Engineers and Engineering Studentsin the United States, Charles E. Falk." National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1525.
×
Page 78

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

APPENDIX A FOREIGN ENGINEERS AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES Charles E. Fair 31

CONS NAIVE HEIGHTS Introduction Indoor Force Academy BIBLI~[ For Force 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 A=ademe 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 LIST OF FIGt~FS Proportion of foreign erasers In the U.S. Goring labor market, 1984 denigration rat-= of er~ineers, 1967-1985 Normative-born engineers In the U. S . labor force, 1972 and 1982 E=lc~y~ engineers, tar field and citizenship statics Foreign era n the U.S. labor force, by degree level, 1982 Foreign engineers, by sector of er~pl~nt and field, 1982 Portion of foreign er~ineer';, bar sear of el~loym~t and field, 1982 Foreign engineers, by primary work activity and field, 1982 Portion of firms truer Foretop sc'~t~sts engineers, 1985 Foreign citizens as percent of recent hires of scientists and engineers in forms that employed thern, 1985 abortion of U.S.~ny funded R&D performed by foreign subsidiaries, 1975-1985 ~ _ a, ,~ _ _ _ ~ Foreign students, by field of study, 1955-1985 Number of foreign engineering students at all levels, 1955-1986 Foreign engineering students, bar academic level, 1964, 1974, arid 1984 Foreign eng~n~ring students, by area of origin, 1983-84 Countries that priced the largest number of foreign eng~neerir~g sb~d~ts, 1983-84 Tiding countries of origin for foreign recipients of doctorates In ~ring, 1985 Foreigners; as a proportion of all undergraduate er~aneer ing sunders, by subfield, 1985 33 3 i` ~ 37 38 39 77 40 4 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

19 Foreigners as a proportion of all engm^-ring degrees, by level and subfield, 1985 20 Foreign students as a percent of full-t~me graduate enroll m~nt in selected engineering fields at U.S. doctorate granting institutions, 1977 and 1985 21 Foreigners as a percentage of total graduate student enroll ments, by quality of science/eng~neering department, 1983 22 Primary source of support in graduate school of doctorate recipients, by citizenship and engineering field, 1985 23 For I engineering PheDo recipients: Percentage of total engineering doctorates and distribution by type of visa, 1975 and 1985 24 Foreigners ~ a proportion of all eng barring postdoctorates in doctorate-granting 1nstibutions, 1985 25 Proportion of 1982-83 foreign engineering Graduates of American universities employed in the United States ~ 1984 26 Postgraduation plans of foreign eng mooring doctorate recipients with temporary or permanent visas, 1972 an] 1985 27 portion of foreign engines working in the United Stat-= in 1982 (1976-1979 B.S. and M.S. recipients and 1980-81 doctorate recipients) 28 Foreign as a proportion of all engineering facula in doctorate granting institutions in seceded subfield=, by type of visa, 1985-86 29 Foreign as proportions of all engineering faculty and assistant professors, age 35 Or leach for Alec ted years, 1975-1985 LEST OF TABLES 1 Employed Engineers, by Field and Citizenship Status, 1982 (percent in parentheses) 2 Foreign Engineers in the U.S. Labor Force, by Degree Level, 1982 (m percent) 3 Foreign Engineers, by Sector of Employment and Field, 1982 (m percent) 4 Foreign Engineers, by Primary Work Activity and Field, 1982 (m percent) 5 Foreign Engineers as a Proportion of All Engineers, by Primary Work Activity and Field, 1982 (m percent) R&D Funds by U.S. Litanies and Perform bar Foreign Subsidiaries, 1975-1985 (in pement) 7 Foreign Students, bar Field of Study, in Select Years, 1955-1985 (in p~ent) 8 Nu User of Foreign Engineering Scents at All Frets, 1955-1986 9 Foreign Science and Engineering Sb~ents, ky Academic Ievel, 1964, 1974, am 1984 (in percent) 1O Tending Cauntries of Origin for Foreign Recipients of Doctorates in Engineering, 1985 34 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 69 70 70 71 72 73 73 73 74

11 12 13 Foreigners as a Proportion of All Engineering Undergraduate Students, by Subfield, 1985 Postgraduation Plans of Foreign Eng meering Doctorate Recipients with Permanent or Temporary Visas, 1972 and 1985 (in percent) U.S. and Foreign Eng mooring Faculty, Age 35 or Tess, 1975-1985 35 75 75 76

HIG~G~S Introduction The data presented here were oomph ed frill existing publications and special tabulations prepared for this study by the National Re- search Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Institute for International Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and the American Association of Engineering Societies. m e unfailing cooper- ation and assistance of these organizations are greatly appreciated. The most reliable data source on the foreign-eng~n"=r labor force is the NSF's ~ stoensal Survey, which in 1982 surveyed the total 1980 U.S. science and engineering labor force. Consequently, these data are generally used to describe distributional characteristics. m e NSF also generator move recent estimate", which are model-generated and based on updated surveys of the postoensal cohort and a number of other more recent surveys. me latter, however, do miss recent immigrants and some recent grade et== of U.S. universities, especially those that do not have American addresses. Where appropriate, the latest quantita- tive information from this mcdel-generated information base (the latest is for 1984) is presented. It should be noted that most labor force data are for engineers em- ploye] as engineers. m ese numbers will always be smaller than those tor all engineers, which include unemployed engineers and those not working in engineering occupations. The definition of "foreign" varies between different surveys. Thus, only the NSF data include foreigners with Impermanent reside ncell visas. For all other data sources used in this report, Foreign is equivalent to Nonresident alien."' war Force Only about 3 . 3 percent of all engineers employed in the United States in 1982 and 1984 were foreign nationals. The pro portion varied from a high of about 5. 2 percent In chemical eng~n~ring to a law of about 2 . 7 percent in industrial ~ ' ~ ' ' art aeronautical er~neerir~ (Fig- ure A-1. In 1972 the proportion of foreign engineers; was saintly hi~her--4.2 per ~ nt. In absolute terms, In 1982 the greatest ~ er of foreign engineers were in electrical/electrom as eng m "=ring and in me- chanical eng~neering--about 28 and 23 percent, respectively, of all for- eign engineers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service reports 37

that 8, 100 engineers immigrate to the United States In 1985 (Fig- ure A-2). In 1982 the representation of foreign nationals among employed doc- torate and n~ster's engineers was <considerably higher (about 12 and 6.4 percent, restively) than amoral bass aureate holders (about 2 . 4 percent) (Figure A-5). These proportions were also slightly rawer than those in 1972 (15 and 7.5 penitent, Electively). In order to judge overall foreign impact, it dhauld be noted that in 1982 ascot 14 percent of emplc~yed engineers were naturalized citi- zens. mis proportion varied freon a law of abort 12 percent for ir~us- trial engineers to a high of 17 pat of civil engine; (Figures A-3 and A-~). However, these proportions were Oh larger than their eq~iv- alents ~ 1972, who, for example, the proportion of all naturalized er~ineer,; was curly 5.2 percent. me presence of naturalized engineers is even more pronamced ~ the advance - egree labor force (Figure A-5) 16 pendant among master degree holders (only 7.2 percent in 1972) and 24 Perot amang doctor- atom (only 11 percent in 1972). The greatest concentration (proportion of all engineers in a sec- tor) of foreign engineers In 1982 was found In educational institutions (8 . 5 p~ent), the smal lest in goverrment (1. 2 percent) . However, in absolute teen;, by far the greatest Over of foreign ~ineers--about 80 pennant of all~were locate in irx3ustry (Figures A-6 and A-7). Snort the most pred ruminant primary work activities (Figure A-8) of for- eign engineers ~ 1982 were RsD, including R&D management (36 percent) and design (18 percent). This distribution was significantly different from that of U.S.-citizen eng Seers, for whom these activities ac- counted for 24 and 13 percent, respectively. In terms of concentra- tion, foreign engineers were most evident in teaching (8 percent) and R&D (5 percent) while comprising 2-4 percent in each of the other activ- ities (Table A-5. Arcades About 22 percent of foreign students in American universities study engineering, and this proportion has not changed significantly over the last 30 years (Figure A-12). Between 1955 and 1980 the number of foreign engineering students increased steadily by about a factor of 10 but has remained fairly constant at 75,000 since then (Figure A-13. Most foreign eng veering students came from Asia (42 percent) and the Middle Fort (30 percent) in 1983-84 (Figure A-15. Among undergrad- uate students they represented only about 7 percent in 1985 (Fig- ure A-18. More than 40 percent of foreign eng veering salients are engaged in graduate studies (Figure A-14), and they oonstibuted aver 40 percent of all full-time engineering grade ate students in doctor- ate-granting institutions in 1985 (Figure A-20. Foreigners with tempo- rary visas received about 8 percent of baccalaureates, 27 percent of master's degrees, and 41 percent of doctorate grandpa by U.S. engi- neerlng schools in 1985 (Figure A-l9). In 1985 the leading countries 38

of origin siting of foreign recipients of Electorates from African univer- Taiwan, India, and Korea (Figure A-17. 57 rent of foreicn craduate studs. Abcmt 57 percent of foreign graduate students, as ~r~ to 47 perfect of American graduate s-abuts, get their primary financial s ~ rt fern r ~ ass ~tant~hips. Similarly, abort 15 percent of the foreign grade ate students, compared to 8 percent of the Americans, cbta ~ their main support from teaching assistantships (Figure A-22). Two-thirds of engineering poStdoCtorat-F were foreign in 1985, with the greatest proportion (81 percent in metallurgical/materials en- gineering and the smallest (57 percent) in electrical eng peering (Fig- ure A-24. About 60 percent of the 1985 foreign engineering doctorates had firm plans for posedegree activities. About 84 percent of permanent visa holders and 39 percent of those with temporary visas expected to have employment in the United States. This pro portion was much greater than the 56 and 11 percent, respectively, who indicated planned U.S. em- picyment ~ 1972 (Figure A-26~. The situation was similar for master's degree recipients and a little less (42 percent) for baccalaureate= in 982 (Figure A-27. AbCNt 14 percent of doctorate faculty in engineering schools were foreign (both temporary and permanent visas) in lg86. was about the same in the suLfields (Figure A-28. _ . _ ~_ ~_ _ , - m is proportion However, almost 50 percent of all eng peering assistant professors' age 35 years or younger, were foreign ma fivefold increase over the last 10 years (Fig- ure A-29. The pro portions were much higher in some fields, such as electri~l/electronics (83 percent), industrial (76 patent:), art dhemi- ra] (69 peril er~ineering. hand engineering Thawed only a 19 percent presence of foreign assistant professors. Industry In 1982, 82 percent of all foreign engineers In the United States work ~ In industrial o Organizations, where they represented 3.6 per ~ t of all engineers (Figure A-7. About 50 percent of a representative sample of all industrial firms employed foreign engineers in 1985. Among major employers this proportion, as shown in Figure A-9, varied from more than 70 percent in R&D laboratories to 43 percent in mechanical/transporbation equipment ir~ries . Foreign citizens represented 8 percent of recent industrial hires in 1985. Among major employers, this proportion varied from 14 percent in c - =ter/electn~nics firm; to 7 percent amoral dhemica1/drug firms (Figure A-10). 39

All Engineers Chemical Materials Electrical Civil Mechanical Nuclear Industrial Aeronautical Other _- 3.3 Jf~//////////////////////////////////////////////~/~al Am_ ~////D~D//D /////| 3.1 _~ ~D~//~//~" _ 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.8 5.2 4.9 3.7 3.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Percent NOTE: Includes all irx3ivi~s reportir~ ~pl~nt In 1982. SCORCH: National Science Fc urination, U. S. scientists and Engineers, ~984, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Go~rerr~nt Printing Office, 1985. FIGURE A-1 Extortion of foreign engineers In Jche U. S . engineering labor market, 1984. 40

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100 80 0 60 40 20 o Bachelor's Maste r's Eel Foreign Naturalized Ed U.S. Citizens Doctorate NOTE: Includes only individuals reporting employment in eng m Bering occupations in 1982 (see Table A-2. SOURCES: Special tabulations from Oak Ridge Associated Universities, based on National Science Foundation's 1982 Postcensal Survey. FIGURE A-5 Foreign engineers in the U.S. labor force, by degree level, 1982. 44

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Education . All Chemical Aeronautical Civil Electrical Mechanical Materials Nuclear Industrial Other All- 3 1.2 Chemical- Z3 1.8 Aeronautical Civil Electrical Mechanical Materials Nuclear Industrial Other ·. . ~ 8 5 . · ~ 13.9 ;.; ;;;;;;;;' 6.9 *;.;.;;; i 12.2 3 2.8 6.9 3 3.1 ... . 7. 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Government 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.4 1.3 All Chemical Aeronautical Civil Electrical Mechanical Materials Nuclear Industrial Other All Chemical Aeronautical Civil Electrical Mechanical Materials Nuclear Industrial Other Business/lndustry 3 3.6 4. 313.3 ~4.5 =3.9 Z33.8 i ;;;;' 4.9 4 ~1 2.4 =2.9 I I ~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Other =1 3.3 ..; ;> ~ 4.9 3.8 ~1 2.4 =13.4 ~4.2 ~2.3 ; ;.;;;;;;; ;, 7.2 ... 1 7.1 1.7 ~. 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Percent individuals reporting empl~nt In eng~n~ring NOTE: Includes only occupations In 1982. SCX]R~: Special taxations from Oak Ridge Associate Universities, based on National Science Fourxiation's 1982 Post~nsal Survey. FIGURE A-7 Proportion of foreign engineers, bar sector of employment and field, 1982. 46

In ~o ~ ~o ~ 0) · O) I (.) (de °tS ~ ~ 0 U lid~ O ~ Z ° 00 0 ~ fit ,C' , ~. ~.O .m ~_o ~ ~ ~ ~O O o G) ~td z ~O ~ Q Q) ~U U] Go A: ~ ~1 H ~ ·. In us _m .. C.) O ED co C) ~ O ~ O ~H fez; ~1 U] i; 47

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r Go Ad ~ .O Q ° E tV a) U) D _ C' ._ a) C) 49 In ._ LO o lo Cot ~8 'so { - ~ .N . d '~D a. U] a, C) 'as . y C) - 0 0 ,8? U ~ ·. ~ 1 E3 A ~; ·e ~ moo o ~m u] -_1 o u) o N V -as O ~

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en o l - en to 1 1 | e ,] O l <- D> to ~ tt -m i ~° ~ID 2 tic ~-c ~ I oh E.3 En s~uepnls 6u'Jasu!Bu3 u6!aJo~ to sa!Jluno ~it} ~ 43 p;~ JO

l CD cM CD cO to o A Hi cO am. a] co is Cod CD Hi co - ~ u, ~co ·~ ~-- . ~ - - a) o Q Y ~ ._ 1 a) ._ CD Z 1 56 C Q ~ ~.m ~ U] be, _ 1 -~1 cr .~g ~ .- In' 8 0 n - 1 at; ~ Ed Z U] ·. ·~t .O O by "v · u] u] ·~g ~ o - - ~ ] in o o v, Lo cO 3 U - .m - 1~ ~ CO I ~.5

. In v o u] c to cM o o In P-4 - In a) ~5 C1~ Lo `~, ~ `-d ~11 ~11,'~ ~t ~d Its , ~, ~a) "o ~-m ~° Z al :E ~ Ed ~I O O H ~ LIZ; U] ~ to ~7

Total Aerospace Chemical Civil Electrical Industrial .. ~ .. ~@1 7 Mechanical- ~ 6 Materials Nuclear Other SC~RCE: Societies. Total Bachelor 16 ~16 , , , 0 1020 30 40 50 60 Percent Total Aerospace Chemical Civil Electrical Industrial Mechanical Materials Nuclear Other Aerospace Chemical Civil Electrical Industrial Mechanical Materials Nuclear Other Ph.D. .; ;.;. > ;. - ; ; ; ;.~. ; ; ;. ; ~. ; it .. ~ 43 .. ;;- - - ; A .;. ~ 36 _53 ................... ~ ~ 40 ... ;;.;.;.... ~ .. ;..;... .;. >~> Ail i 49 .. ; ; ; ~ ; ; .. ;. it;. ; ...... .. ~ : .. ~. ~ 47 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent An= ~1 1 . , ~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent ~}~ 22 35 Unpublished tabulations, African Association of Engineering FIGURE A-l9 Foreigners as a proportion of all engineering degrees, by level and subfield, 1985. ~8

All Engineering Electrical Mechanical Civi! Nuclear Materials Industrial Chemical Aeronautical 37 0 10 20 30 40 Percent SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering: History, Status D.C.: U.S. Govern Printing Office, 1987. 52 45 45 42 41 41 40 42 50 60 Foreign Citizens and Outlook, [~:1 1 985 |31 1 977 In U.S. Washington, FIGURE A-20 Foreign students as a percept of full-time graduate er~roll- ment In selected engineering fields at U.S. doctorate granting institu- tions, 1977 are] 1985. 59

Top Rank Quarter Departments Englneerlng Math/Comp. Physical Sci. Biological Sci. Psycho./Soc. E. . nglneerlng Math/Comp. Physical Sci. Biological Sci. Psycho./Soc. 2nd Rank Quarter Departments . . I? 37 | Engineering _~ ~ 45 _ ~ 37 | Math/Comp. ~ ~ 39 21 1 PhysicalSci. ~ 2 12 1 Biological Sci. 43 17 . ~1 Psycho./Soc. ~ 17 ~ I I I ~ ~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent 3rd Rank Quarter Departments 0 10 1 1 1 1 20 30 40 50 Percent Englneerlng Math/Comp. Physical Sci. Biological Sci. Psycho./Soc. - . 39 16 ] 15 29 . , , , . ~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent NOTE: The percentage of foreign enrollment in all departments is as follows: engineering, 45; physical science, 25; biological science, eng meering, 45; physical science, 15; mash/co Touter science, 39; and psychology/social science, 17. SORROW: Council of Graduate Schools as shown in the National Research Council's Survey of Earned Doctorates; National Foreign Citizens in U. S. Science and Engineering: outlook (NSF 86-305), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office, 1987. Science Foundation, History, Status and Gav~nent w=tim FIGURE A-21 Foreigners as a percentage of total graduate student enrollments, by quality of science/eng~n^=ring department, 1983. 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent 4th Rank Quarter Departments =: ?! ~ ~! ~ i:: ~ 51

of ~ - - - C1.2 8.1 f'/////////////////////////// cot . ._ Federal Research Asst 46.6 J Teach. Asst Fellowship 57.2 55.9 _ [4.7 ]5.3 Other Univ. Aid Own . Other 13.8 15.2 1.4 0.8 17.2 ~22.7 =7.4 ED U.S. Citizens ~ Perm. Visa _ I Temp. Visa 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent of All Students in Each Citizenship Category 60 70 SITS: National Research Council ' s Survey of Earned Doctorates; National Science F~ation, Foreign Citizens in U. S. Science and Engineering: History, Status and Outlook, Wa~hir~3ton, D. C.: U. S . Gover~t Printing Office, 1987. FIGURE A-22 Primary source of suborn In gra~te sc hoof of doctorate recipients, by citizenship and engineering field, 1985. 61

100 8G ._ Q ._ Err: c, 60 s Q = 40 a _ 0 v : ~20 o u, u, 0 cat u, Foreign Ph.D.s Perm. Visa Temp. Visa Foreign as Penitent of Total inking Ph.D. R0cipien~cs 100 A 80 it: - 2 60 - _ 40 o 0 ` ~20 o National Research Science Four~ation. 1 975 111 1 985 . 1 975 1 985 Distribution of Type of Visa Perm. Visa e] Temp. Visa SOURCES: National Research Council ' s Survey of Earned National Science Fourxiation, Foreign Citizens in U. S. Science and Engineering: History, Status and Outlook, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Pr mting Office, 1987. Doctorates; FIGURE A-23 Foreign eng meering Ph.D. recipients: Percentage of total engineering doctorates and distribution by type of visa, 1975 an] 1985. 62

lo o ~o 1 lo 0 cD ~ ~ ~ jr~to lo CD co c ~ - ~ - 111 = - ~ - e ._ ~'> ~ ~- C' ._ C) ._ ~Cal e - 63 o .1# ~ . 8~ 'at , ~ U] - . - ,6.F hi' a) 33 FAX ~ .$ ~ Do C . ~ >4' ~ ~ ~ O ~ E 0 0 o .8 _ o Cal .. -a o c) ~- ! . - I ~

u o v] v] 8l LIZ in a) ~ to to CO to CM to uao~ad 64 v . - o . - o V . - U A o . - to . - v . - o V1 to o . - ~ in Q -a o to V] ~ .,4 . - ~4 Q ~ -a ·. U] ~ o o U] o . . - 0 . - - . - o in co 1 ~ u] Do o ~ o o ~ o pi o 1 a: - [I] v]

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.m ,~n > > E Q ~ E a) a) FEW , . . . _ , CO CM Cal ~CO 1 l CO oo A CO Cal 1f oo CO CD CO . _ CO ._ C' .o LU 67 E a: C) ._ o a) . ._ ~ ~ 10 Lo h~ .~ .h . - 'it .A - U] ~. ~ m no ~- . ~- ~ V) ; ~ o - O ~ ~ . .R rd ·: C) a 0 CL . - a) - - U] . - C] . [. a. . .~ 00 a: h.t

50 40 30 20 10 O All Engineerlng Faculty EM J / J 1975 1977 1979 60 50 c 40 0 30 20 10 ~ 1975 1977 1981 1983 1985 Year All Engineering Assistant Professors / / / / 1979 1981 1983 1985 Year NOTE: See Table A-13. SOURCE: National Poseurs bouncily Survey of Doctorate Recipients. FIGURE: A-29 Foreign as proportions of all engineering facula arm] assistant professors, age 35 or less, for sele~ years, 1975-1985. 68

TABLE All: Employed Engineers, by Field and Citizenship Status, 1982 (fit in parentheses) Field Native Foreign Naturalized Total All Engineers 869,824 36,435 144,346 1,050,605 (82.8) (3.5) (13.7) (100.0) Aeronautical 38,660 1,368 5,979 46,007 (84.0) (3.0) (13.0) (100.0) Chemical 49,559 2, g62 8,688 61,209 (81.) (4.8) (14.2) (100.0) Civil 116,951 4,956 24,030 145,937 (80.1) (3.4) (16.5) (100.0) E1ectri~1 203,867 8,787 33,073 245,727 (83.0) (3.6) (13.5) (100.0) Industrial 58,072 1,778 8,053 67,903 (85.5) (2.6) (11.9) (100.0) Materials 18,514 1,522 2,849 22,885 (80.9) (6.7) (12 O 4) (100.0) Medhani~1 168, 204 7, 768 30, 971 206, 943 (81. 3) (3. 8) (15. 0) (100. 0) Clear 8, 138 321 1, 165 9, 624 (84 . 6) (3 .3 ) (12 . 1) (100. 0) Other 207, 860 6, 971 29, 538 244, 369 (85. 1) (2 . 9) (12. 1) (100. 0) NONES: Includes only individuals reporting employment in engineering occupations in 1972 and 1982. SC~S: Social tabulations freon Oak Ridge Associated Universities, based on National Science Foundation ' s 1972 and 1982 Postnasal Surveys. TABLE A-2: Foreign Engineers in the U.S. labor Force, by Degree Intel, 1982 (in percent) Degree U. S . Citizens Foreign Naturalized Badhelor ' s 85.5 MAster's 77.7 Doctorate 64.3 2.4 12.1 6.4 15.9 12.0 23.8 NCI1~;: Includes only individu ~ s reporting explement In engineering occupations in 1982. SOURCES: Special tabulations frog Oak Ridge Associated Universities, based on National Science Fcundation's 1982 Postcensal Survey. 69

TABLE A-3: Foreign freer;, by Sector of l~l~,rn~t arx] Field, 1982 (in percent) Business/ Education Field Industry Insti.tution Garment Other ALL ~D6 82 8 4 6 Aeronautical 85 9 3 3 Chemical 85 9 1 5 Civil 71 10 11 8 Electrical 87 2 4 7 industrial 82 2 0 16 Materials 58 40 0 2 Mechanical 86 7 1 6 Nuclear 81 0 3 16 over 82 8 5 5 NaIE: Includes only irdividual s reporting flint In engineering occupations In 1982. SCAMS: Special tabulations from Oak Ridge Associate Universities, based on National Science Faur~ation's 1982 Post~nsal Survey. IRE A-4: Foreign Er~lneers, by Primary Work Activity and Field, 1982 (m peril R&D/R&D Ncn-R&D Field Management Other* Design Mdnagerrent ALL FOREIGN 36 33 18 13 Aeronautical 64 18 13 5 ChE~mi~a1 46 17 22 15 Civil 19 49 22 10 Electrical 46 26 20 8 Iran strial 21 49 1 29 Paterials 57 29 2 12 Mechanical 28 29 29 14 Nuclear 52 26 16 6 Other 32 43 8 17 * Includes teaching and operations. NOTE: Includes oniv individuals reporting emnlovment in enain^~rina occupant ons in 1982 ~ sources: Special tabulations from Oak Ridge Associated Universities based on National Science Foundation's 1982 Postcensal Survey. _, . 70

x h o :~ . - VO a) . - o o . - o o U U] 10 to Go . - - ~ ' - - O ·e 1 A: ~ . - En ~ o EN o ~ O Q.--l O ~ . - U1 Pi ~ _ _ IN ~)1 ED - - 1 0" lo; x: or 0 Go in ~ ~ Go ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or to ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ to ~ v - - H al ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1 V "1 ~ V lo; ~ ~ -A ~ m- O ~ V ~~ c- O ~ ~ V ~ o=- a~~ V V~ =-- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V 1~ H ~ ~ z; O 71 1 U1 o . - V V Q o o .~ ~ - - ~e e~ ' - ~ ' - V O O ~e r-1 U] '~ ~ X V O ~= Ql O V] a) 0 Ule '-' ~_ o U] o Q o ~ v] . ~v |~H U?e V H U] ·e · C) E~ ~ ~ O ~ O ~ ~ U e) U]e 00 V] o ~5 F~4 o ' V] o '' -

= a 5 it 0 ~ . .d ~ ~_ a A; A 1 ~ in; ~ a) ~ .5 - ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 · · · ~ · - 0 m0~ - ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ · · · · · ~ 00 ~ so ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 · · · · · ~ LO ~ O ~ ~ ~ 1; X -1 o ~ Go rid _ ~ -? ~ ~ V 'd J~ 'N 'A S ~ ·e =~ ~ ·. Din 1 ~P ~ to to to 00 0 0 ~ mmmmmm COW ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ {a In mmm - Am ~ 0 ~ Go ~ In · · · · · ~ 0 Us 72 ~m o ~ ~ 8 ~ o -~5 U) · ~ a c' .~ OF ;~ co

IRE A-7: Foreign Scents, by Field of Stud, in Selects Years, 1955-1985 (in Perot) Field 1955 1960 1970 1980 1985 nearing 22 . 0 23 . 0 22 . 0 27 . 0 22 . n Scier~r ~30.0 32.0 31.0 24.0 28.t Inanities 22.0 19.0 20.0 9.0 8.0 E3usiness/E~cation 26. 0 25. 0 27 . 0 40. 0 42 . 0 Same: M. Zil~ulos (ea. ), Open more, 1985, New York: Institute of Inten~tior~al Education, 1986. TABLE A-8: Her of Foreign Engineering Students at All Levels, 1955 1986 Year Namer year Nut 1955 7, 618 1975 42, 000 1960 11,279 1980 76,950 1965 18,084 1985 75,370 1970 29, 731 1986 74, 580 SEE: M. Zil~ulos (ea. ), Open Doors, 1986, New York: Institute of Interrmtional.F`lucation, 1987. TABLE A-9: Foreign Science and Er~in~rir~g Level, 1964, 1974, and 1984 (in percent) Students, by Academic . . _. . _ . Level 1964 1974 1984 Graduate 42 49 41 Ur~ergradl~te 58 51 59 SOURCE: Profi yes, 1983-84, New York: Institute of International Education, 1985. 73

o v o o In lo lo; 0 a o o o In o -,1 · lo ~ a) 1 I< ·- - w En ~ o V En pi o a a ~ o v ~ a z a . - In N . - . - C) o o V \° ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 in in 0 · ···········~ ~ ~ o lo · · ~ lo lo O O C, ~ ~ Lo ~ ~ ~ OD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ O Go Q o ~ o c~ Boo - ~ ax ~= ~ ~ m~ ~ `:: o ~ ~ m~ ~ ~- ~ ~ = E~ H ~ H E~ ~ ~ t.!, ~Z; ~ ~ E~ 74 U] ~3 H H o Q ~Z; 0O (Q ~ H 00 O O O V E~ o E~ ~ ~Q L~, - CO ~ 1 - - ~ 8 'li .~ ~ .s ,` 8.K 8.N .- ~ ·- .' i -- c) ~ ~ o ·-~ oo

TABLE A-11: Foreigners as a Proportion Undergraduate Students, by Sibfield, 1985 of All Engineering Field ~t~1 Tote Percent ~Foreign Foreign ALI. SI\JDENTS384,19127,055 7 Aerospace15, 699549 3 Chemical23,4231,269 5 Civil34, 5474, 431 13 Electrical112, 2059, 155 8 Tr~ustrial16,4341,583 10 Materials3, 204178 6 dhaniral66, 7383, 946 6 Nuclear1,85759 3 Over110,0845,885 Same: Ur~iblished tabulations, American Association of Endearing Societies. ICE A-12: Postgraduation Plans of Foreign E~gmeering decorate Recipients with Permanent or honorary Visas (in pedant) Pennanent Visa Temporary Visa Plans 1972 1985 1972 1985 stuffer 23.6 4.4 18~3 17.0 Employment 56.1 84.2 11.4 39.4 Other 4.3 1.1 1.3 0.4 Abroad 12 .1 3 . 8 66 . 0 33 . 7 Unknown location 3.9 6.5 3.0 9.5 SOURCES: National Research Council ' s Survey of Earned Doctorates; National Science Fourx~tion, Foreign Citizens in U. S. Science anal Engineering: History, Status and Outlook, Washington, D. C.: U. S . Gc~rer~nt Pr~ntir~ Office, 1987. 75

FABLE A-13 : 1975-1985 U. S . and Foreign Engineering Faculty, age 35 or less, All Faculty U. S . Foreign Year Assistant Professors U. S . Foreign 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 89.4 85.7 72.9 75.9 54.3 53.4 10.6 14.3 27.1 24.3 45.7 46.6 89.4 85.7 77.1 72.1 46.3 50.5 10.6 14.3 22.9 27.9 53.7 49.5 SCURCE: National Research Ccuncil's Survey of Doctorate Recipients. 76

BITT .TO~ Barber, Elinor G., and Robert P. Morgan. 1987. The impact of foreign grade ate students on U.S. engineering education. Science 236 (April 3) 33-37. Bombay, George. 1987. Immigrants, minorities, and labor market con- ditions. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40:3. California Postsecon~ary Education Commission. 1985. Foreign Graduate Sacs in Er~neerir~ and Outer Sciences at California Pub] ;c Universities (Report 85-37). Sacramento: me Commission. Coyle, Susan L. 1986. Seminary Report 1985: Doctorate Recipients face USA Stat"= U~versiti~. Win, D. C.: Nation Any Press. Oh, Stephen P. 1987. me Econcmics of Foreign Scents. New York: Institute of ::nternational Education. Engineering M~npcwer Commission (E~C). 1975-1985 (various issues). En- gLneering and engineering technology degrees granted. Engineering Education. EMC. 1975-1985 (various issues). Engineering and engineering technol- ogy enrollments. Engineering Education. Finn, Michael G. 1985. Foreign National Scientists and Engineers in the U.S. Labor Force (0R~U-244). Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Institute of International Education (IIE). 1984. Foreign Student FIcws (R - eat Report t7). New York: the Institute. TIE. 1986. ppen Doors: 1985-86. New York: me Institute. National Acad~ of E=~n~ring, C=nmit~ on Intentional Cooperation in Engin~'ir~g. 1987 . Str~eni~ U. S . Engineering McHugh International CX - elation. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Pre ;s. National Association of Foreign Student Affairs. 1987. me foreign T.A. prdblern--Art update. N ~ A Newsletter, Mar ~ 1987. National Science Board. 1987. Science and Engineering Indicators 1987 (NSB 87-1). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Pr toting Office. National Science Foundation (NSF). 1987. Academic Science/Eng~neering: Graduate Enrollment and Support, Fall 1985 (SRS 87-05). Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. NSF. 1986a. Characteristics of Doctorate Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1985. Washington, DoCe UeS. Government Pr~nt- ing Office. NSF. 1986b. Foreign Citizens in U.S. Science and Engineering: His- tory, Status and Outlook (NSF 86-305). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. NSF. 1986c. Immigrant Scientists and Engineers: 1985. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. NSF. 19865. Research and Development In Industry, 1985. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. NSF. 1986e. Science arm Engineering Doctorates: 1960-85. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G~rerrm~t Printing Office. NSF.1985. Science and Engineering Personnel: A National Overview (NSF 85-302). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gc~rermnent Printing Office. 77

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