National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Glossary
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 259
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 260
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 263
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 264
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 269
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 270
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 276
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 277
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 278
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 282
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 283
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 284
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 285
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 286
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 287
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 288
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 289
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 290
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 291
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 292
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 293
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 294
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 295
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 296
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 297
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 298
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 299
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 300
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 301
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 302
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 305
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 306
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 307
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 308
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 309
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1544.
×
Page 310

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1986. Documentation of the Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists. 49 pp. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1988a. Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. 409 pp. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1988b. TLVs, Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, for 1988-1989. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Government Indus- trial Hygienists. Agarawal, J.K., and B.Y.H. Liu. 1980. A criterion for accurate aerosol sam- pling in calm air. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41:191-197. Akland, G.G., T.D. Hartwell, T.R. Johnson, and R.W. Whitmore. 1985. Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington, D.C., and Denver, Colorado during the winter of 1982-1983. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:911-918. Alak, A.M., and T. Vo-Dinh. 1988. Surface-enhanced reman spectrometry of chlorinated pesticides. Anal. Chim. Acta 206:333-337. Albert, R.E., J. Lewtas, S. Nesnow, T.W. Thorslund, and E. Anderson. 1983. Comparative potency method for cancer risk assessment: Application to diesel particulate emissions. Risk Anal. 3:101-117. All, Z., L.P. Thomas, and J.F. Aider. 1989. Denuder tubes for sampling of gaseous species: A review. Analyst 114:759-769. Amdur, M.O., A.~. Sarofim, M. Nenlle, RJ. Quann, J.F. McCarthy, J.~. Elliott, H.F. Lam, A.E. Rogers, and M.W. Conner. 1986. Coal combustion aerosols and sulfur dioxide: An interdisciplinary analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:138-145. 259

260 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Ames, B.N., R. Magaw, and L.S. Gold. 1987. Ranking possible Carcinogenic hazards. Science 236:271-280. Andelman, J.B. 1985. Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water. Sci. Total Environ. 47:443-460. Andersen, M.E. 1987. Tissue dosunetry in risk assessment, or what's the problem here anyway? Pp. 8-23 in Pharmacokinetics ~ Risk Assessment. Driving Water and Health, Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Andersen, M.R. 1988. Sample injection in supercritical fluid chromatography. LC-GC 6:566, 568, 570. Andersen, M.Ee, HJ. Clewell III, MeL. Gargas, Fat. Smith, and R.H. Rein. 1987. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment process for methylene chloride. To~ncol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87:185-205. Anderson, M.R., J.T. Swanson, N.L. Porter, and B.E. Richter. 1989. Super- critical fluid as a sample introduction method for chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 27:371-377. Angell, J.B., I.H. Jerman, S.C. Terry, and S. Saadat. 1980. A Prototype Gas Analysis System Using a Miniature Gas Chromatograph. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-115. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety and Health. 70 pp. Available from NTIS as PBS1-201394. Annest, J.L., J.L. Pickle, D. Makuc, J.W. Neese, D.D. Bayse, and M.G. Kovac. 1983. Chronological trend in blood lead levels between 1976 and 1980. N. Engl. J. Med. 308:1373-1377. Arey, J., B. Zielinska, R. Atkinson, and A.M. Winer. 1988. Formation of nitroarenes during ambient high-volume sampling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:457-462. Arnold, M^. 1983. An introduction to biocatalytic membrane electrodes. Am. Lab. 15:34. Asano, K.G., G.L. Glish, and S^. McLuckey. 1988. Coupling of an atmo- spheric sampling ion source with an ion trap mass spectrometer. Pp. 636- 637 in Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, 5-10 June 1988, San Francisco, Calif. Ashby, J. 1988. Comparison of techniques for monitoring human exposure to genoto~nc chemicals. Mutat. Res. 204:543-551. Ashford, N^. 1986. Policy considerations for human monitoring in the workplace. J. Occup. Med. 28:563-568. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service). 1988. The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States: A Report

REFERENCES 261 to Congress. July 1988. Atlanta, Gal: Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services. Available from NTIS as PB89- 100184. Austin, W.B., and C.F. Phillips. 1983. Development and implementation of a health surveillance system. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44:638-642. Autrup, H., K^. Bradley, A.K.M. Shamsuddin, J. W~chisi, and A. Wasunna. 1983. Detection of putative adJuct with fluorescence characteristics iden- tical to 2,3-diLydro-2-~7'-guanyl)-3-hydrox~aflatonn Be in human urine collected in Murang~a district, Kenya. Carc~nogenesis 4:1193-1195. Axelson, O., C. Edling, and H. Kling. 1979. Lung cancer and residency: A case-referent study on the possible impact of exposure to radon and its daughters In dwellings. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 5:10-15. Baker, E.L., Jr., C.G. Hayes, PJ. Landrigan, J.L. Handke, R.T. Leger, WJ. Housworth, and J.M. Harrington. 1977. A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. Am. J. Epidemiol. 106:261-273. Barnett, W.B. 1988. User interface design for analytical instruments: Art or science? Anal. Chem. 60:1169-1175. Bartsch, H., K. Hemminki, and I.K. O'Neill, eds. 1988. Methods for Detect- ing DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. IARC Scientific Publications No. 89. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Bates, D.V., and R. Sizto. 1987. Hospital admissions and air pollutants in southern Ontario: The acid summer haze effect. Environ. Res. 43:317-331. Bates, DeB., M. Baker-Anderson, and R. Sizto. 1990. Asthma attack peri- odicity: A study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver. Environ. Res. 51:51-70. Bauer, M^., MJ. Utell, D.M. Speers, F.R. Gibb, P.E. Morrow. 1988. Ef- fects of near ambient levels of sulfuric acid aerosol on lung function in exercising subjects with asthma and COPD. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 137~4, Pt. 2~:A167. Becher, G., and A. Bjorseth. 1983. Determination of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by analysis of human urine. Cancer Lett. 17:301- 311. Benner, R.L., and D.H. Stedman. 1989. Universal sulphur detection by chemiluminescence. Anal. Chem. 61:1268-1271. Benzer, S., and E. Freese. 1958. Induction of specific mutations with 5-bro- mouracil. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44:112-119. Berg, J.D., and B.M. Buckley. 1987. Rapid measurement of anticon~lsant drug concentration in the outpatient clinic, using HPLC with direct injection of plasma. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 24~5~:488-93.

262 ASSESSING NUMAN EXPOSURE Berglund, B., U. Berglund, and T. Engen. 1987. Do sick buildings affect human performance? How should one assess them? Pp. 477-481 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, B. Seifert, H. Esdorn, M. Fischer, H. Ruden, and J. Wegner, eds. Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Beveridge, A. 1983. Reliability In large-scale surveys: The case of the annual housing survey. Unpublished manuscript presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Public Opinion Research, May 1983, Buck- hiDs Falls, Penn. Baseman, TV. 1985. High volume collection of organic vapors using solid absorbents. Pp. 51-100 in Trace Analysis, Vol. 4, J.F. Lawrence, ed. New York: Academic Press. Bidleman, T.~. 1988. Atmospheric processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:361 367. Bidleman, T.~., and W.T. Foreman. 1987. Vapor-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. Pp. 27-56 in Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants, R^. Hites and SJ. Eisenreich, eds. ACS Advances in Che- mistry Series, No. 216, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Bidleman, T.F., W.N. Billings, and W.T. Foreman. 1986. Vapor-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds: Estimates from field collections. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:1038-1043. Biller, W.F., T.B. Feagans, T.R. Johnson, G.M. Duggan, Rut. Paul, T. Mc- Curdy, and H.C. Thomas. 1981. A general model for estimating exposure associated with alternative NAAQS. Paper No. 81-18.4 in Proceedings of the 74th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 21-26 June 1981, Philadelphia, Pa. 25 pp. Bird, R.B., W.E. Stewart, and E.N. Lightfoot. 1960. Transport Phenomena. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Bishop, G., R. Oldendick, and A. Tuchfarber. 1982. Effects of presenting one versus two sides of an issue. Public Opinion Quarterly 46:69-85. Blacha, P.D., G.B. Howe, R.K.M. Jayanty, and DJ. van Lehmden. 1988. Development of an automated cryogenic Reconcentration system for analy- sis of toxic gaseous organics at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels ENVR-061. Abstracts of Papers of the Third Chemical Congress of North America, 5- 10 June 1988, Toronto, Canada. Blumberg, W.E., J. Eisinger, AA. Lamola, and D.M. Zuckerman. 1977. Zinc protoporphyrin level in blood determined by a portable hematoliluorome- ter: A screening device for lead poisoning. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89:712-723. Blurton, K.F., and J.R. Stetter. 1978. A sensitive electrochemical detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 155:35-45.

REFERENCES 263 Borman, S^. 1982. New electroanalytical pulse techniques. Anal. Chem. 54~6~:698-705. Boughton, B^., J.M. Delaurentis, and W.E. Dunn. 1987. A stochastic model of particle dispersion In the atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 40: 147-163. Boulos, B.M. 1985. Risk assessment to exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: All overview. Pp. 215-226 In Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro- carbons: Mechanisms, Methods, and Metabolism, 8th International Sympo- sium, M. Cooke and AJ. Dennis, eds. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press. Bourne, S., G. Reedy, P. Coffey, and D. Mattson. 1984. Matrix isolation GC/FTIR. Am. Laborat. 16~6~:90. Bowne, N.E., and RJ. Londergan. 1983. Overview, Results, and Conclusions for the EPRI Plume Model Validation and Development Project: Plows Site. Report No. EA~3074e Prepared byTRCEnv~ronmentalConsultants, Inc., East Hartford, Conn. Palo Alto, Calif.: Electric Power Research Institute. 225 pp. Bradburn, N.M., and S. Sudman. 1988. Polls and Surveys: Understanding What They Tell Us. LC88-42778 (Social and Behavioral Science Series). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bradburn, N., L. Rips, and S. Shevel. 1987. Answering autobiographical questions: Impact of memory and inference on surveys. Science 236:157- 161. Brandt-Rauf, P.W. 1988. New markers for monitoring occupational cancer: The example of oncogene proteins. J. Occup. Med. 30:399-404. Breslin, J^., and R.L. Stein. 1975. Efficiency of dust sampling inlets in calm air. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36:576-583. Brief, R.S. 1960. A simple way to determine air contaminants. Air Eng. 2:39~1. Briggs, GA. 1969. Plume Rise. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Division of Technical Information, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 81 pp. Available from NTIS as TID 25075. Briggs, GA. 1971. Some recent analysis of plume rise observation. Pp. 1029-1032 in Proceedings of the 2nd International Clean Air Conference, H.M. Englund and W.T. Berry, eds., 6-11 December 1970, Washington, D.C. New York: Academic Press. Britten, AJ. 1989. Can your GC system find nitrogen in this flower? Res. Dev. 31~9~:77-80. Brown, S.D. 1986. The Kalman Filter in analytical chemistry. Anal. Chim. Acta 181:1-29.

264 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Bryant, M.S., P.L. Skipper, S.R. Tannenbaum, and M. Maclure. 1987. Hemo- giobin adJucts of ~aminobiphenyl in smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Res. 47:602-608. Burlingame, A.L., K. Straub, and T^. Baillie. 1983. Mass spectrometric studies on the molecular basis of xenobiotic-induced toxicities. Mass. Spec- trom. Rev. 2:331-387. Busch, K.L., Glish, G.L., and S^. McLuckey. 1988. Mass Spectrometry/ Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications of Tandem Mass Spec- trometry. New York: VCH Publishers. 333 pp. Buttner, WJ., G. J. Maclay, and J.R. Stetter. 1990. Microfabricated ampero- metric gas sensors with an integrated design. Sensors and Materials 2~2~: 99-106. Calabrese, EJ. 1987. Animal extrapolation: A look inside the to~ncologist's black box. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21:618-623. CaBeman, CJ. 1984. Hemoglobin as a Dose Monitor and its Application to the Risk Estimation of Ethylene O'nde. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Radiobiology, University of Stockholm. University of Stockholm: Stock- holm, Sweden. Calleman, CJ., L. Ehrenberg, B. Jansson, S. Osterman-Golkar, D. Segerback, K. Svensson, and C^. Wachtmeister. 1978. Monitoring and risk assess- ment by means of alkyl ~oups in hemoglobin in persons occupationally exposed to ethylene o~nde. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2:427-442. Caprio, RJ., H.L. Margulis, and M.M. Joselow. 1974. Lead absorption in children and its relation to urban traff~c densities. Arch. Environ. Health 28:195-197. CarieDo, N.F., and W.G. Thilly. 1986. Use of gradient denaturing gels to determine mutational spectrum in human cells. Basic Life Sci. 38:439-452. Cariello, N.F., J.K. Scott, A.G. Kat, W.G. Thilly, and P. Keohavong. 1988. Resolution of a missense mutant in human genomic DNA by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing using in vitro DNA amplification: HPRT Munich. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 42:726-734. Carrano, A.V., and A.T. Natarajan. 1988. Considerations for population monitoring using cytogenetic techniques. Mutat. Res. 204:379-406. Carrico, J.P., A.W. Davis, D.N. Campbell, J.E. Roehl, G.R. Sima, G.E. Span- gler, K.N. Vora, and RJ. White. 1986. Chemical detection and alarm for hazardous chemicals. Am. Lab. 18:152, 155-7,159-163. Casuccio, G.S., P.B. Janocko, RJ. Lee, J.F. Kelly, S.L. Dattner, and J.S. Mge- broff. 1983. The use of computer controlled scanning electron microscopy in environmental studies. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 33:937-943.

REFERENCES 265 Cautreels, W., and K. Van Cauwenberghe. 1978. Experiments on the distri- bution of organic pollutants between airborne particulate matter and the corresponding gas phase. Atmos. Environ. 12:1133-1142. CDC (Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service). 1985. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement. January 1985. Atlanta, Gal: Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service. Chaney, R.L., and H.W. Mielke. 1986. Standards for soil lead limitations in the United States. Trace Subst. Environ. Health 20:357-377. Chaney, R.L., S.B. Sterrett, and H.W. Mielke. 1984. The potential for heavy metal exposure from urban gardens and soils. Pp. 37-84 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Heavy Metals In Urban Gardens, J.R. Freer, ed. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Extension Seance. Chang, S.-C., and J.R. Stetter. 1990. Electrochemical NO2 gas sensors: Model and mechanism for the electroreduction of NO2. Electroanal. 2:359- 365 Chang, J.S., R^. Brost, I.S^. Isaksen, S. Madronich, P. Middleton, W.R. Stockwell, and CJ. Walcek. 1987. A three-dimensional eularian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and formulation. J. Geophys. Res. 92:14,681-14,700. Chapin, F. 1974. Human Activity Patterns in the City: Things People Do In Tirne and In Space. New York: Wiley-Intersc~ence. 272 pp. Chemical & Engineering News. 1989. Instrumentation '89. Chem. Eng. News. 67~12~:26-35. Chester, T.L. 1986. The role of supercritical fluid chromatography in analy- tical chemistry. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 24:226-229. Chester, T.L., and D.P. Innis. 1985. Retention in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 8:561-566. Childers, J.W., N.K. Wilson, and R.K. Barbour. 1987. Gas chromatography/ matrix isolation infrared spectrometry for the analysis of organic com- pounds ~ r. Pp. 57-62 in Proceedings of the 1987 EPA/APCA Sympo- sium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Air Pollution Control Association. Chrisp, C.E., and G.L. Fisher. 1980. Mutagenicity of airborne particles Mutat. Res. 76:143-164. Clark, L.C., Jr., R. Wolf, D. Granger, and Z. Taylar. 1953. Continuous re- cording of blood oxygen tensions by polarography. J. Appl. Physiol. 6:189- 193.

266 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE CMA (Chemical Manufacturers Association). 1987. Guidance for Estimating Furtive Emissions, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Chemical Manufacturers Association. July 1987. CMA (Chemical Manufacturers Association). 1989. Improving Air Quality Guidance for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from Equipment, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Chemical Manufacturers Association. January 1989. 182 pp. Cochran, W.G. 1963. Sampling Techniques, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 413 pp. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council. 1987. Biolog~c~ markers In environmental health research. Environ. Health Perspect. 74:3-9. Converse, J., and S. Presser. 1986. Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Survey Questionnaire. Beverly Hills, Cali£: Sage. Cooper, D.W., and M. Horowitz. 1986. Exposures from indoor powder releases: Models and experiments. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47:21~218. Cooper, J^., and J.G. Watson. 1979. Final Report Summary of the Portland Aerosol Characterization Study (PACS). Paper 79-29.4. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15 pp. Cooper, J^., and J.G. Watson. 1980. Receptor-oriented methods of air particulate source apportionment. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 30:1116- 1125. Core, J.E., J^. Cooper, P.L. Haurahan, and W.M. Cow 1982. Particulate dispersion model evaluation: A new approach using receptor models. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 32:1142-1147. Corn, M., and NA. Esmen. 1979. Workplace exposure zones for classifi- cation of employee exposures to physical and chemical agents. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40:47-57. Coutant, R.W., L. Brown, J.C. Chuang, R.M. Riggin, and R.G. Led. 1988. Phase distribution and artifact formation in ambient air sampling for poly- nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. 22:403-410. Halsey, J.M., and L^. Gundel. 1989. Tracing the Sources of Indoor Aero- sols Using Combustion-Evolved Gas Analysis. Paper No. 89-145.3 present- ed at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Asso- ciation, 25-30 June 1989, Anaheim, Calif. 13 pp. Daisey, J.M., and A.T. Hodgson. 1989. Initial efficiencies of air cleaners for the removal of nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 23:1885-1892. Daisey, J.M., and TJ. Kneip. 1980. Atmospheric particulate organic matter: Multivariate models for identifying sources and estimating their contribu- tions to the ambient aerosol. Pp. 197-221 in Atmospheric Aerosol:

REFERENCES 267 Source/Air Quality Relationships, E.S. Mascias and P.K. Hopke, eds. ACS Symposium Series No. 167. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Soci- ety. Daisey, J.M., TJ. Kneip, I. Hawryluk, and F. Mukai. 1980. Seasonal varia- tions in the bacterial mutagenicity of airborne particulate organic matter New York City. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14:1487-1490. Daisey, J.M., J.L. Cheney, PJ. Lioy. 1986. Profiles of organic particulate emissions for air polDution sources: Status and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 36:17-33. Da~sey' J.M., J.D. Spengler, and P. Kaarakka. 1989. A comparison of the organic chemical composition of indoor aerosols during woodburn~ng and non-woodburning periods. Environ. Int. 15:435-442. Danheiser, S.L., ILL. Liber, and W.G. Thilly. 1989. Long-term, low-dose benzoia~pyrene-induced mutation in human lymphoblasts competent in xenobiotic metabolism. Mutat. Res. 210:143-147. Davis, D.L., and S. Gusman. 1982. Exposure assessment introduction. Toxic. Subst. J. 4:~11. de Monchy, A.R., A.R. Forster, J.R. Arretteig, L. Le. and S.N. Deming. 1988. Expert systems for the analytical laboratory. Anal. Chem. 60:1355-1361. De Bortoli, M., H. Knoppel, E. Pecchio, A. Peil, L. Rogora, H. Schauenberg, H. Schlitt, and H. Vissers. 1984. Integrating ~real-life" measurements of organic pollution in indoor and outdoor air of homes in northern Italy. Pp. 21-26 In Indoor Air, Vol. 4: Chemical Characterization and Personal Expo- sure, B. Berglund, T. Lindvall, and J. Sundell, eds. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Building Research. De Soete, D., R. Gijbels, and J. Hostel 1972. Neutron Activation Analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 836 pp. Demerjian, ILL., J^. Kerr, and J.G. Calvert. 1974. The mechanism of photochemical smog formation. Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4:1-262. Deming, S.N., and S.L. Morgan. 1987. Experimental Design: A chemometric approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 285 pp. Dick, J.B., and D^. Thomas. 1951. Ventilation research in occupied houses. J. Inst. Heat. Vent. Engrs. 19:279-305. Dockery, D.W., and J.D. Spengler. 1981a. Personal exposure to respirable particulates and sulfates. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 31:153-159. Dockery, D.W., and J.D. Spengler. 1981b. Indoor-outdoor relationships of respirable sulfates and particles. Atmos. Environ. 15:335-344. Dockery, D.W., J.D. Spengler, M.P. Reed, and J. Ware. 1981. Relationships among personal, indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide measurements. Environ. Int. 5:101-107.

268 ASSESSING HUA~1N EXPOSURE Dr~scoll, J.N. 1977. Evaluation of a new photoionization detector for organic compounds. J. Chromatogr. 134:49-55. Drives, PJ., P. G. S~mmonds, and F.H. Shair. 1972. Experimental charac- terization of ventilation systems in buildings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6:609- 614. Droz, P.O. 1985. The use of simulation models for setting BEIs for organic solvents. Ann. Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg. 12:339-350. Droz, P.O., and M.P. Guillemin. 1983. Human styrene exposure. V. Devel- opment of a model for biological monitoring. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 53:19-36. Duan, N. 1981. Micro-Env~ronment Types: A Modelfor Human Exposure to Air Pollution. SIMS Technical Report No. 47. Stanford, Calif.: De- partment of Statistics, Stanford University. 24 pp. Duan, N. 1982. Models for human exposure to air pollution. Environ. Int. 8:305-309 Duan, N. 1985. Application of the Microenvironment Monitoring Approach to Assess Human Exposure to Carbon Monoxide. R-3222-EPA. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. 88 pp. Available from NTIS asPB85- 228995. Duan, N. 1989. Estimation of microenvironment concentration distributions using integrated exposure measurements. Pp. 15-1-15-14 in Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on Human Activity Patterns, T.H. Starks, ed. EPA/600/~89/004. Las Vegas, Nev.: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Enviromnenta1 Protection Agency. Dunn, B.P., and H.F. Stich. 1986. 32P-postlabeling analysis of aromatic DNA abducts in human oral mucosal cells. Carcinogenesis 7:1115-1120. Earp, R.F., and R.D. Cow 1984. Identification and quantitation of organics in ambient air using multiple gas chromatographic detection. Pp. 159-169 in Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Air, L.H. Keith, ed. Boston: Butterworth. Eatough, DJ., C. Benner, R.L. Mooney, D. Bartholomew, D.S. Steiner, L.D. Hansen, J.D. Lamb, Em. Lewis, and N.L. Eatough. 1986. Gas and parti- cle phase nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke. Paper 86-68.5 in Pro- ceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa- tion, 22-27 June 1986, Minneapolis, Minn. 15 pp. Eatough, DJ., C.L. Benner, J.M. Bayona, G. Richards, J.D. Lamb, M.L. Lee, EA. Lewis, and L.D. Hansen. 1989. The chemical composition of envi- ronmental tobacco smoke. 1. Gas phase acids and bases. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:679-687.

REFERENCES 269 Ewing, C., H. Kling, and Oe Axelson. 1984. Radon in homes: A possible cause of lung cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. 10:25-34. Eisinger, D.S., and B.S. Austin. 1987. Indoor Air Quality Problem Char- acterization and Computer Simulation of Indoor Scenarios and Mitigation Strategies. Draft report. Report No. SYSAPP-87/170. San Rafael, Calif.: Systems Applications. Eller, P.N., ed. 1984a. Acids, inorganic: Method 7903. Pp. 7903-1-7903~ In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ea., Vol. 1. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84 100. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Hu- man Services. filler, P.N., ed. 1984b. Acrolein: Method 2501. Pp. 2501-1-2501-4 In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ea., Vol. 1. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84100. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- ices. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1973. Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Control of Lead Additives in Gasoline. December 6. Fefde Regist. 38~2343:33733-33741. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1976a. Quality Assurance Hand- book for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol. 1, Principles. EPA- 600/9-76-005. Center for Environmental Research Information. Office of Research and Development Publications Office, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1976b. Quality Assurance Hand- book for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol. 2, Ambient Air Specific Methods. EPA-600/~7 7-027A. Center for Environmental Research Information. Office of Research and Development Publications Office, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1978. Guideline on Air Qual- ity Models. OAQPS No. 1.2-080. EPA/450/2-78/027. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Env~ron- mental Protection Agency. April 1978. 91 pp. Available from NTIS as PB288 783/4. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1984a. Survey Management Handbook. Vol. 1, Guidelines for Planning and Managing a Statistical Survey. EPA-230/12-84 002. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1984b. Survey Management Handbook, Vol. 2, Overseeing the Technical Progress of a Survey Contract.

270 ASSESSING HUAL4N EXPOSURE EPA-230/12-84 002. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1985a. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Vol. 1, Stationary Point and The Area Sources, 4th ed. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September, 1985. 823 pp. Available from NTIS as PB86-124906. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1985b. Toxic Substances Control Act Test Guidelines: Final Rules. September 27. Fed. Regist. 50:39397-39426. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986a. Guidelines for Esti- mating Exposures. Fed. Regist. 51~185~:34042-34054. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency3. 1986b. Characterization Studies for Worker Exposure and Chemical Releases. EPA Cooperative Agreement CR813355. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986c. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. EPA-600/8-83/028a F. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 4 vole. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency3. 1987. PM10 SIP (State Im- plementation Plan) Development Guideline. EPA/450/2-86/001. Re- search Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 163 pp. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988a. Research Needs in Exposure Assessment: AComprehensive5-YearAssessment(1989-1993~. Final Draft. Planning Document of the Total Human Exposure Research Council (THERC). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September, 1988. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988b. Proposed Guidelines for Eyposure-related Measurements. December 2. Fed. Regist. 53~232~: 413830-48853. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988c. Protocols for Gen- erating Unit-Specific Emission Estimates for Equipment Leaks of VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) and VHAP (Volatile Hazardous Air Pollutants). EPA-450/3-~-010. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 109 pp. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988d. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Benzene Emissions from Maleic

REFERENCES 271 A~ydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/styrene Plants, Benzene Storage Vessels, Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-product Recovery Plants. July 28. Fed. Reg~st. 53(145):28496 28592. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989a. Review of the Nation- al Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Exposure Analysis Method- ology and Validation. OAQPS Staff Report. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989b. Acid Aerosols Issue Paper: Health Effects and Aerometrics. EPA-600/~-88/00SF. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1990. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1988. EPA - 50/~90-002. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Technical Support Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 1990. Esmen, NA. 1978. Characterization of contaminant concentrations In en- closed spaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12:337-342. Eudy, L.W., F^. Thome, D.L. Heavner, C.R. Green, and BJ. Ingebrethsen. 1985. Studies on the Vapor-Phase Distribution of Environmental Nicotine by Selected Trapping and Detection Methods. Paper presented at the 39th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, 2-5 October 1985, Montreal, Canada. Evans, HJ. 1982. Cytogenetic studies on industrial populations exposed to mutagens. Pp. 325-340 in Banbury Report No. 13: Indicators of Genotoxic Exposure, B^. Bridges, B.E. Butterworth, and I.B. Weinstein, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Everson, R.B., E. Randerath, R.M. Santella, R.C. Cefalo, T^. Antis, and K. Randerath. 1986. Detection of smoking-related covalent DNA abducts in human placenta. Science 231:5~57. Falls, A.H., and J.H. Seinfeld. 1978. Continued development of a kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12:1398-1406. Farmer, P.B., S.M. Bailey, M. Gorf, M. Tornqvist, S. Osterman-Golkar, A. Kautianen, and D.P. Lewis-Enright. 1986. Monitoring human exposure to ethylene oxide by the determination of haemoglobin adducts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carcinogenesis 7:637-640. Farwell, S.O., D.R. Gage, and R^. Kagel. 1981. Current status of prominent selective gas-chromatographic detectors: A critical assessment. Je Chro- matogr. 19:358-376. Febo, A., F. De Santis, and C. Perrino. 1986. Measurement of atmospheric

272 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE nitrous and nitric acid by means of annular denuders. Pp. 121-125 in Pro- ceedings of Physico-Chemical Behavior of Atmospheric Pollutants. 14th European Symposium, 23-25 June 1986' Stresa (Italy), G. Angeletti and G Restelli, eds. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Federal Register. 1978. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead. Final Rule. Ped. Rest. 43~194~:46246 46277. October 5, 1978. Federal Register. 1981. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance. Fed. Regist. 46~171~:44159-. September 3, 1981. Federal Register. 1988a. Toxic Chemical Release Reporting. Community Right-to-Know. Final Rule. Fed. Regist. 53~30~:4525-4554. February 16, 1988. Federal Register. 1988b. Toxic Chemical Reporting. Community Right-to- Know. Titanium Dioxide. Fed. Regist. 53~118~:23108-23112. June 20, 1988. Fenstermacher, T.E., and L. Ottinetti. 1987. Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Methods. PLG-0524. Prepared for Chemical Manufacturers Association by Pickard, Lowe and Garrick, Inc. Washington, D.C.: Chemical Manufacturers Association. Feustel, H.E., and M.H. Sherman. 1989. A simplified model for predicting air flow in multizone structures. Energy and Buildings 13:217-230. Feustel, H.E., F. Allard, V.B. Darer, M. Grosso, M. Herrlin, L. Mingsheng, J.C. Phaff, Y. Utsumi, and H. Yoshino. 1989. The COMIS Infiltration Model. LBL Report-27996. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Applied Science Division, University of California. Figge, K, W. Rabel, and A. Wieck. 1987. Adsorbents for the enrichment of organic atmospheric trace compounds: Experimental determination of specific retention and breakthrough volumes. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 327:261-278. Fine, ].M., T. Gordon, J.E. Thompson, and D. Sheppard. 1987. The role of titratable acidity in acid aerosol-induced bronchoconstriction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:826-830. Finlayson-Pitts, BJ., and J.N. Pitts, Jr. 1986. Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. New York: Wiley-Intersci- ence. 1098 pp. Finnegan, MJ., Cot. Pickering, and P.S. Burge. 1984. The sick building syndrome: Prevalence studies. EIrit. Med. J. [Clint Res.] 289:1573-1575. Fiserova-Bergerova, V. 1987. Development of biological exposure indices (BEIs) and their implementation. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 2:87-92.

REFERENCES 273 Fishbeck, W^., R.R. Langner, and RJ. Kociba. 1975. Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36:820-824. Fisk, WJ., J. B~nenboym, H. Kaboli, D.T. Grimsrud, A.W. Robb, and BJ. Weber. 1985. Multi-tracer system for measunug ventilation rates and ventilation efficiencies in large mechanically-ventilated buildings. Pp. 68-92 in Ventilation Strategies and Measurement Techniques, Supplement to Proceedings. 6th AIVC Conference, 16-19 September 1985, The Nether- lands. Document AIC-PROC-9-88-1. Berkshire, Great Briton: Air Infil- tration Centre. Fisk, WJ., RJ. Prill, and O. Seppanen. 1~. Commercial building venti- lation measurements using multiple tracer gases. Paper 9 in Effective Ventilation, Proceedings, Vol. 1. 9th AlVC Conference, 12-15 September 1988, Ghent, Belgium. Document AIC-PROC-9-88-1. Coventry, Great Britain: Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre. 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. 1987. Indoor Air '87: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Fowler, F., Jr. 1984. Survey Research Methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 1. Troy, New York: Sage Publications. 160 pp. Franco, G., G. Tempini, and R. Forte. 1984. [Reference values of erythrocyte zinc-protoporphyrin in monitoring occupational exposure to lead.] Quad. Sclavo. Diagn. 20:28-38. Franke, J.E. and R^. Wadden. 1985. Eddy Diffusivities Measured Inside a Light Industrial Building. Paper No. 107 presented at the American Indus- trial Hygiene Conference, 23 May 1985, Las Vegas, Nev. 6 pp. Friberg, L.T. 1985. The rationale of biological monitoring of chemicals--with special reference to metals. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 46:633-642. Gallant, R.F., J.W. King, H.N. Levins, and J.F. Piecewicz. 1978. Charac- terization of sorbent resins for use in environmental sampling. EPA/600/ 7-78/054. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 163 pp. Available from NTIS as PB-284347. Gamble, J., P. Morey, T. Richards, M. Peterson, and Castellan. 1986. Building related respiratory symptoms: Problems in identification. Pp. 16- 30 ~ Proceedings of the ASHORE Conference-L9Q'86: Managing Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation, M. Geshwiler, and B. Wade, eds. Atlanta, Gal: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers. Gammage, R.B., D^. White, and K.C. Gupta. 1984. Residential measure- ments of high volatility organics and their sources. Pp. 157-162 in Indoor

274 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Air, Vol. 4: Chemical Characterization and Personal Exposure, B. Berg- lund, T. Lindvall, and J. Sundell, eds. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Coun- cil for Building Research. Gene, P.H., D.L. Davis, and F. Perera. 1985. Biologic Markers in Environ- mental Epidemiology: Constraints and Opportunities. Paper presented at the 5th Workshop of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC), sponsored by the World Health Oration, 12-16 August 1985, Mexico City. GCA. 1982. Secondary Emissions Correlations Review Document, Contract No. 68-02-3168, TSA 3-~77~. GCA Technology Division for the U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste (OSW), Seong Hwang, Project Officer. 2 November 1982. Geisling, ILL., M.K. Tashima, J.R. Girman, R.R. Miksch, and S.M. Rappa- port. 1982. A passive sampling device for determining formaldehyde in indoor air. Environ. Int. 8:153-158. Generoso, W.M., AT. Cain, Lot. Hughes, G^. Sega, P.W. Braden, D.G. Gosslee, and M.D. Shelby. 1986. Ethylene ogle dose and dose-rate ef- fects in the mouse dominant-lethal test. Environ. Mutagen. 8:1-7. George, A.C. 1972. Measurement of the uncombined fraction of radon daughters with wire screens. Health Phys. 23:390-392. George, A.C., AJ. Breslin, and S.F. Guggenheim. 1976. A cumulative envi- ronmental radon monitor. In Proceedings of 9th Midyear Health Physics Symposium, Febrkuary 1976, Denver, Colo. 4 pp. Gerhardsson, G. 1988. The future of occupational hygiene: An international overview. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32:1-20. Gershuny, J., and J. Robinson. 1988. Historical changes in the household division of labor. Demography 25:537-552. Gershuny, J., I. Miles, S. Jones, C. Mullings, G. Thomas, and S. Wyatt. 1986. Time budgets: Preliminary analyses of a national survey. Q. J. Soc. Affairs. 2~1~:13-39. Gesell, Tip., and H.M. Prichard. 1975. The technologically enhanced natural radiation environment. Health Phys. 28:361-366. Girman, J.R., and A.T. Hodgson. 1986. Source Characterization and Per- sonal Exposure to Methylene Chloride from Consumer Products. Paper No. &~-52.7 presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 22-27 June 1986, Minneapolis, Minn. LBL Report- 20227. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. Girman, J.R., J.R. Allen, and A.Y. Lee. 1986. A passive sampler for water vapor. Environ. Int. 12:461-466. Girman, J.R., JJ. Wesolowski, and P. Jenkins. 1987. The role of total e~o- sure in air pollution control strategies. Pp. 515-520 in Indoor Air '87, Pro

REFERENCES 275 ceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 3, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Gordon, G.E. 1985. Receptor-modeling approach to the apportionment of genotoxic air pollutants. Environ. Int. 11:235-241. Gordon, S., L. Wallace, E. Pell~zzan, and HJ. O'Neill. 1985. Washout of Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath of Four Nonoccupationally Exposed Subjects In a Clean-air Changer. Paper presented at the Workshop on Human Exposure Assessment: Monitoring and Modeling, September 1985, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Graedel, T.E., and CJ. Weschler. 1981. Chemistry within aqueous atmo- spheric aerosols and raindrops. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 19:505-539. Graedel, T.E., P.S. Gill, and CJ. Weschler. 1983. Effects of organic surface films on the scavenging of atmospheric gases by raindrops and aerosol particles. Pp. 417-430 in Precipitating Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension, Vol. 1, H.R. Pruppacher, R.G. Semonin, and W.G.~. Slinn, eds. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. Greenberg, A., and F.B. Darack. 1987. Atmospheric reactions and reactivity indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pp. 1-48 in Biophysical As- pects, Molecular Structure and Energetics, Vol. 4, J. Liebman and A. Greenberg, eds. New York: VCH Publishers, Inc. Greenberg, A., F. Darack, Y.L. Wang, D. Hawthorne, D. Natsiashvili, R. Harkov, J. Louis, and T. Atherholt. 1986. Development of improved HPLC analysis for nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and quinones from airborne inhalable particulate matter. Pp. 259-268 in Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, R.KM. Jayanty, and S. Hochheiser, eds. Pittsburgh, Penn.: Air Pollution Control Association. Grimmer, G., and J. Jacob. 1987. Recommended method for the gas chro- matographic profile analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked food. Pure Appl. Chem. 59: 1729-1734. Groth, E., III. 1981. The Child in the Leaded Environment. Paper present- ed at the conference on Lead In the Urban Environment: A Continuing Hazard to Children, 15-16 June 1981, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City. New York: Consumers Union's Institute for Consumer Policy. 8 pp. Gundel, Lot., and J.M. Daisey. 1988. Interaction of NO2 with indoor surface materials. Pp. 115-120 in Program and Abstracts of the 6th Symposium on Environmental Analytical Chemistry: Chemistry and Source Apportion- ment in Ambient and Indoor Atmospheres, 27-29 June 1988, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Sponsored by the Electric Power Research

276 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Institute, Southern California Edison, and the Department of Chemistry, Brigham Young University. Haber, F. 1924. Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges. [On the history of gas war- fare.] In Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren, 1920-1923. Berlin: J. Springer. 92 pp. Hall, R.C. 1974. A highly sensitive and selective microelectrolytic conduc- tinty detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 12:152-160. Hammond, S.K, and B.P. Leaderer. 1987. A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21S:49~497. Hammond, S.K., B.P. Leaderer, A.C. Roche, and M. Schenker. 1987. Collec- tion and analysis of nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke. Atmos. Environ. 21:457-462. Hanna, S.R., and PJ. Drivas. 1987. Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models. New York: American Institute of Chemical Engi- neers. 176 pp. Hanna, S.R., GA. Briggs, and R.P. Hosker, Jr. 1982. Handbook on Atmo- spheric Diffusion. Report No. DOE/TIC-11223. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Technical Information Center, U.S Department of Energy. 102 pp. Hansen, DJ., and L.W. Whitehead. 1988. The influence of task and location on solvent exposures in a printing plant. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 49:259- 265 Harian, W.R., J.R. Landis, R.L. Schmouder, N.G. Goldstein, and L.C. Harlan. 1985. Blood lead and blood pressure: Relationship ~ the adolescent and adult U.S. population. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 253:530-534. Harris, C.C., K. Vahakangas, MJ. Newman, G.E. Trivers, A. Shamsuddin, N. Sinopoli, D.L. Mann, and W.E. Wright. 1985. Detection of benzo~a~pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adJucts in peripheral blood lymphocytes and antibodies to the adJucts in serum from coke oven workers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6672-6676. Ha~nson, P.R., and D.C. Hughes. 1976. Assessment of Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment. U.S. EPA IERL MD-16, Research Triangle Park, N.C., Contract No. 68-02-3160. Arcadia, Calif.: Engineering-Science. Harrison, P.R., and D.C. Hughes. 1981. Assessment of Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment, Phase II Results of Method Validation Studies. U.S. EPA IERL MD-16, Research Triangle Park, N.C., Contract No. 68-02-3160. Arcadia, Calif.: Engineering-Science. Harrison, J., A.C. Pickering, MJ. Finnegan, and P.K.C. Austwick. 1987. The sick building syndrome: Further prevalence studies and investigation of possible causes. Pp. 487-491 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, 17-21

REFERENCES 277 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Hartwell, T.D., C.A. Clayton, R.M. Ritchie, R.W. Whitmore, and H.S. Zelon. 1984. A Study of Carbon Monoxide Exposure of Residents of Washington, D.C., and Denver, Colorado. EPA-600/4031. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from NTIS as PB~183516. Haugen, A., G. Becher, C. Benestad, K Vahakangas, G.E. Trivers, MJ. Newman, and C.C. Harris. 1986. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine, benzo~a~pyrene dial epoxide-DNA adJucts In lymphocyte DNA, and antibodies to the adducts in sera from coke oven workers exposed to measured amounts of polyc~rclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. Cancer Res. 46:4178~183. Hawthorne, S.B., and DJ. Miller. 1987. Directly coupled supercntica1 fluid extraction-gas chromatographic analysis of poly~yclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls from environmental solids. J. Chromatogr. 403:63-76. Hawthorne, S.B., DJ. Miller, and M.S. Krieger. 1989a. Coupled SRE-GC: A rapid and simple technique for extracting, identifying, and quantitating organic analyses from solids and sorbent resins. J. Chromatogr. 27:347-354. Hawthorne, S.B., M.S. Krieger, and DJ. Miller. 1989b. Supercutical carbon dioxide extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons, heteroatom-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and n- aLkanes from polyurethane foam sorbents. Anal. Chem. 61:736-740. Hayes, S.R., and G.W. Lundberg. 1985. Further Improvement and Sensitivity Analysis of an Ozone Population Exposure Model. Draft Final Report to the American Petroleum Institute. Report No. SYSAPP-85/061. San Rafael, Calif.: Systems Applications. 126 pp. Hedge, A., E.M. Sterling, and T.D. Sterling. 1986. Building illness indices based on questionnaire responses. Pp. 31-43 in Proceedings of the ASHRAE Conference, LAQ'86: Managing Indoor Air for Health and Ener- gy Conservation, M. Geshwiler and B. Wade, eds. Atlanta, Gal: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Hedge, A., S. Wilson, P.S. Burge, A.S. Robertson, and J. Harris-Bass. 1987. Indoor climate and employee health in offices. Pp. 492-496 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quali- ty and Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Hemminki, K., F.P. Perera, D.H. Phillips, K. Randerath, M.V. Reddy, and R.M. Santella. 19~. Aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells of foun- dry workers. Pp. 190-195 in Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging

278 ASSESSING HU~1N EXPOSURE Agents ~ Man: Applications In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, H. Bartsch, J. Hemminki, and I.K. O'Neill, eds. LARC Scientific Publications No. 89. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Hemstreet, G.P., III, S.S. West, and M.S. Cook. 1986. Improved nuclear fluorescence screening technique. J. Occup. Med. 28:10041010. Hemstreet, G.P., III, P^. Schulte, K. Ringen, W. Stringer, and E.B. Alte- kruse. 1988. DNA hyperploidy as a marker for biological response to bladder carcinogen exposure. Int. J. Cancer 42:817-820. Hewlett-Packard. 1987. The lOOpm I.D. Capillary Column: U.S^. Patent No. 4,293,415. P. 106 In the Hewlett-Packard Chromatography Supplies Catalog. Pub. No. 43-595~7610 (D). Avondale, Penn.: Hewlett-Packard Company. Hoegg, U.R. 1972. Cigarette smoke in closed spaces. Environ. Health Per- specs. 2:117-128. Hollowell, C.D., and R.R. Miksch. 1981. Sources and concentrations of organic compounds in indoor environments. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 57:962- 977. Holub, R.F., and E.O. Knutson. 1987. Measuring polonium-218 diffusion- coefficient spectra using multiple wire screens. Pp. 340-356 in Radon and Its Decay Products: Occurrence, Properties, and Health Effects, P.K. Hopke, ed. ACS Symposium Series No. 331. Washington, D.C.: Ameri- can Chemical Society. Hopke, P.K. 1985. Receptor Modeling in Environmental Chemistry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 319 pp. Hopke, P.K, Y.D. Adewuyi, G.S. Casuccio, WJ. Mershon, and RJ. Lee. 19~. The use of fractal dimension to characterize individual airborne particles. Pp. 548-555 in Proceedings of the 1988 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Air Pollution Control Association. Hourani, G.F., and D.W. Underhill. 1988. Long term passive sampling of environmental airborne contaminants. Pp. 107-116 in Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. Howard, J.W., and T. Fazio. 1980. Review of polycyclic hydrocarbons in food. J. Assoc. Off. Analy. Chem. 63:1077-1104. Hubble, B.R., J.R. Stetter, E. Gebert, J.~.L. Harkness, and R.D. Flotard. 1982. Experimental measurements of emissions from residential wood- burning stoves. Pp. 79-138 in Proceedings of the 1981 International Con- ference on Residential Solid Fuels: Environmental Impacts and Solutions,

REFERENCES 279 JA. Cooper and D. Malek, eds., 14 June 1981, Portland, Ore. Beaverton: Oregon Graduate Center. HuLlca, B.S., and T. Wilcosly. 1988. Biological markers in epidemiologic research. Arch. Environ. Health 43:83-89. Hunt, G.T., and N. Pangaro. 1985. Ambient monitoring of polynuclear aro- matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) employing high volume polyurethane foam (PUF) samplers. Pp. 583-608 in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms, Methods, and Metabolism, M. Cooke and AJ. Dennis, eds. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press. Hurrell, JJ., Jr., S.L. Sauter, A.T. Fidler, T.G. Wilcox, and R.W. Hornung. 1990. Job stress issues in the Library of Congress/EPA headquarters indoor air quality and work environment study. Pp. 647-652 in Indoor Air '90, Vol. 4: Building System Assessments and Solutions, D. Walkinshaw, ed. Ottawa, Ontario: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 1986. Biological dosimetry- chromosomal aberration analysis for dose assessment. International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Report Series No. 260. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 69 pp. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1984. Methods of Monitoring Human Exposure to Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Agents, A. Berlin, M. Draper, K. Hemminki, and H. Vai~iio, eds. IARC Scientific Publication No. 59. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 457 pp. International Symposium on Indoor Air Pollution, Health and Energy Conservation. 1981. Proceedings of the International Symposum on Indoor Air Pollution, Health and Energy Conservation. Harvard University Energy & Environmental Policy Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government and Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, School of Public Health, 13-16 October 1981, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Ishizu, Y. 1980. General equation for the estimation of Indoor pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14: 125~1257. [Equation correction in Environ. Sci Technol. 15:1460, 1981.] Jacobi, W. 1972. Activity and potential a-energy of 222 radon- and 220 radon- daughters in different air atmospheres. Health Phys. 22:441-450. Jacobi, W., and K. Eisfelde 1980. Dose to Tissues and Effective Dose Equi- valent by Inhalation of Radon-222, Radon-220, and Their Short-Lived Daughters. Gesellshaft fur Strahlen- and Umweltforschung m.b.H. Mun- ich, West Germany: Inst. fuer Strahlenschutz. 131 pp. Available from NTIS as GSF-S-626. Jahnke, G.D., G.L. Thompson, C.L. Walker, G.E. Gallagher, G.W. Lucier, and R.P. Di Augustine. 1990. Multiple DNA adducts in lymphocytes of

280 ASSESSING HUALAN EXPOSURE smokers and nonsmokers determined by 32P-postlabelling analysis. Carcinogenesis 11:205-211. James, A.C. 1988. Lung dosimetry. Pp. 2S9-309 in Radon and its Decay Products In Indoor Air, W.W. Na~roff and A.V. Nero, Jr., eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons. James, A.C., J.R. Greenhalgh, and A. Birchall. 1980. A dosimetric model for tissues of the human respiratory tract at risk from inhaled radon and thor- on daughters. Pp. 1045-1048 in Radiation Protection, Proceedings of the 5th Congress International Radiation Protection Society, Vol. 2. Odors: Pergamon Press. Janata, J., and A. Bezegh. 1988. Chemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 60~12~:R62- R74. Jarke, F.H., A. Dravnieks, and S.M. Gordon. 1981. Organic contaminants in indoor air and their relation to outdoor contaminants. ASHRAE Trans. 87:153-166. Chock, M^. 1988. Assessment of inhalation exposure potential from vapors in the workplace. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 49:380-385. Jennings, W. 1987. Analytical Gas Chromatography. Orlando, Fla.: Aca- demic Press. Jo, W.K., C.T. Weisel, and PJ. Lioy. In press a. Chloroform exposure and the health risk associated with multiple uses of chlorinated tap water. Risk And. Jo, W.K., C.T. Weisel, and PJ. Lioy. In press b. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated water. Risk Anal. ~Johnson, T. 1984. A Study of Personal Exposure to Carbon Monoxide in Denver, Colorado. Report No. EPA-600/~84 014. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. 272 pp. Available from NTIS as PB84 146125. Johnson, T., and R. Paul. 1981. The NAAQS Model (NEM) and Its Applica- tion to Particulate Matter. Draft report prepared for the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Durham, N.C. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Stand- ards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Johnson, T.R., and R^. Paul. 1983. The NAAQS Exposure Model (NEM) Applied to Carbon Monoxide. EPA-4S0/5-83-003. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Durham, N.C. under Contract No. 68-02-3390. Research Triangle Park, I9.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 1983. 197 pp. Johnson, T.R., and RA. Paul. 1984. The NAAQS Exposure Model (NEM) Applied to Nitrogen Dioxide. Draft report prepared for the U.S. Env~ron

REFERENCES 281 mental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-02-3390. Research Trian- gle Park, N.C.: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. 71 pp. Johnson, D.E., J.B. Tillery, and RJ. Prevost. 1975. Levels of platinum, palla- dium, and lead In populations of southern California. Environ. Health Perspect. 12:27-33. Johnson, T., J. Capel, and L. Wijnberg. 1990. The Incorporation of Serial Correlation into a Version of NEM Applicable to Carbon Monoxide. Draft report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-02-4406. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Office of Re- search and Development, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Junge, C.E. 1977. Basic considerations about trace constituents in the atmosphere related to the fate of global pollutants. Pp. 7~ n Advances In Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, Part I: Fate of Pollutants in the Environments, I.H. Suffet, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Juster, F.T. 1985. The validity and quality of time use estimates obtained f ram recall diaries. Pp. 63-91 in Time, Goods, and Well-Being, F.T. Juster and F.P. Stafford, eds. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research. Kalton, G. 1985. Sample design issues in time diary studies. Pp. 93-112 in Time, Goods, and Well-Being, F.T. Juster and F.P Stafford, eds. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research. Kalton, G., and D. Kasprzyk. 1986. The treatment of missing survey data. Survey Methodology 12~1~:1-16. Karasek, F.W. 1974. Plasma chromatography. Anal. Chem. 46:710A. Kester, P.E., and A.D. Zaffiro. 1987. Automated Analysis of Adsorbent Traps Used in the Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST). Tekmar Technical Paper presented at Superfund '87, Washington, D.C. Cincinnati, Ohio: Tekmar. Kim, D., and P. Hopke. 1988a. Classification of individual particles based on computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy data. Aerosol. Sci. Tech. 9:133-151. Kim, D., and P. Hopke. 1988b. Source apportionment of the El Paso aerosol by particle class balance analysis. Aerosol. Sci. Tech. 9:221-235. King, J.W. 1989. Fundamentals and applications of supercritical fluid ex- traction in chromatographic science. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 27:355-364. Kjellstrom, T., and G. Nordberg. 1978. A kinetic model of calcium metals olism in the human being. Environ. Res. 16:248-249. Knutson, E.O. 1988. Modeling indoor concentrations of radon's decay prod

282 ASSESSING HU~4N EXPOSURE ucts. Pp. 161-202 in Radon and its Decay Products in Indoor Air, W.W. Nazaroff and A.V. Nero, Jr., eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Knutson, E.O., A.C. George, JJ. Frey, and B.R. Kohl 1983. Radon daughter plateout-II: Prediction model. Health Phys. 45:445-452. Koenig, J.Q., D.S. Covert, and W.E. Pierson. 1989. The effects of inhalation of acidic compounds on pulmonary function in allergic adolescent subjects. Environ. Health Perspect. 79:173-178. Kotrappa, P., J.C. Dempsey, J.R. Hickey, and L.R. Steiff. 1988. An electret passive env~ro~ental 222Rn monitor based on ionization measurement. Health Phys. 54:47-56. Koutrakis, P., J.M. Wolfson, J.L. Slater, M. Brauer, J.D. Spengler, R.K. Stev- ens, and C.L. Stone. 1988. Evaluation of an annular denuder/filter pack system to collect acidic aerosols and gases. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:1463- 1468. Koutrakis, P., A.M. Fasano, J.L. Slater, J.D. Spengler, J.F. McCarthy, and B.P. Leaderer. 1989. Design of a personal annular denuder sample to measure atmospheric aerosols and gases. Atmos. Environ. 23~12~:2767-2773. Koutrakis, P., J.M. Wolfson, I.L. Slater, J.D. Mulik, K Kromiller, and D.D. Williams. 1990. Measurements of ozone exposures. In Proceedings of the 1990 EPA/AWMA International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, April-May 1990, Raleigh, N.C. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Air Waste Management Association. Krasnec, J.P. 1986. Instrumentation for sampling and characterization of toxic gaseous and some particulate air pollutants. Pp. 276-286 in Meas- urement of Toxic Air Pollutants, Proceedings of the EPA/APCA Sympo- sium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, April 1986, Raleigh, N.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory and the Air Pollution Control Association. Kube, M., M. Tierney, and D.M. Lubman. 1985. Ultrav~olet-visible diode- array spectrophotometer as a detector for gas chromatography. Chim. Acta 171:375-379. Kusuda, T. 1976. Control of ventilation to conserve energy while maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. ASHRAE Trans. 82:1169-1181. Lamola, Am., and T. Yamane. 1974. Zinc protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes of patients with lead intoxication and iron deficiency anemia. Science 186:936 938 Lamparski, L.L., and TJ. Nestrick. 1989. Analytical methodology of the Dow Chemical Company for the determination of selected chlorinated dibenzo- p-dio~nns and dibenzofurans in stack gas effluent matrices. Part I: Full method for determination of tetra-through octa-chlorinated congener group total concentrations and ~2378~-substituted isomers. Chemosphere 19:1165

REFERENCES 283 1177. Lane, DA., N.D. Johnson, S.C. Barton, G.H.S. Thomas, and W.H. Schroeder. 19~. Development and evaluation of a novel gas and particle sampler for semivolatile chlorinated organic compounds In ambient air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22~8~:941-947. Larson, T.V. 1989. The influence of chemical and physical forms of ambient air acids on airway doses. Environ. Health Perspect. 79:7-13. Lauds, I.R., and J.N. Zemel. 1979. SI3N=SI ion-sensitive semiconductor electrode. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 26:1959-1964. Lauwerys, R.P. 1983. Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Riot logical Monitoring. Davis, Cali£: Biomedical Publications. 150 pp. Lavenda, B.H. 1985. Brownian Motion. Sci. Am. 252:70-85. Lawrence, J.F., and B.S. Das. 1986. Determination of nanogram/kilogr~m levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods by HPLC with fluores- cence detection. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 24:113-131. Leaderer, B.P. 1990. Assessing exposures to environmental tobacco smoke. Risk Anal. 10:19-26. Leaderer, B.P., and S.K. Hammond. 1990. An evaluation of vapor phase nicotine and respirable suspended particle mass as markers for environ- mental tobacco smoke. Environ. Sci. Technol. In press. Leaderer, B.P., R.T. Zagraniski, M. Berwick, and Jot. Stolwijk. 1986. Assess- ment of exposure to indoor air contaminants from combustion sources: Methodology and application. Am. J. Epidemiol. 124:275-289. Leaderer, B.P., R.T. Zagraniski, M. Berwick, and JA. Stolwijk. 1987. Pre- dicting nitrogen diomde levels in residences based upon sources and source use: A multivariate model. Atmos. Environ. 21:361-368. Leaderer, B.P., M.B. Bracken, and K. Belanger. 1989. A ~nested" design for assessing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy. In Proceedings of Total Exposure Assessment Methoclology: A New Horizon. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Air & Waste Management Association, November 1989, Las Vegas, Nev. Leaderer, B.P., T. Wilcox, A. Fidler, J. Selfridge, J. Hurrell, M. Kollander, R. Clickner, L. Fine, and K. Teichman. 1990a. Protocol for a comprehensive investigation of building related complaints. Pp. 609-614 in Indoor Air '90, Vol. 4: Building and System Assessments and Solutions, D. WaLlcinshaw, ed. Ottawa, Ontario: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Leaderer, B.P., Boone, P.M., and S.K. Hammond. 1990b. Total particle, sulfate, and acidic aerosol emissions from kerosene space heaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:908-912. Lebowitz, M.D., J. Framer, JJ. Quackenboss, et al. 1987. First Report of the Environmental Inventory Working Group: Standardization of Environ

284 ASSESSING HUMAIV EXPOSURE mental Inventory Questionnaires for Use in Non-Industrial Indoor Environ- ments. Unpublished manuscript from a meeting held 21-22 June 1986, Minneapolis, Minn. Tucson, Ariz.: Division of Respiratory Sciences, Uni- versity of Arizona. Lebowitz, M.D., JJ. Quackenboss, M.L. Soeek, S.D. Colome, and PJ. Lioy. 1989a. Development of questionnaires and survey instruments. Pp. 203- 216 in Design and Protocol for Monitoring Indoor Air Quality, N.L. Nagda and J.P. Harper, eds. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials. Lebow~tz, M.D., JJ. Quackenboss, M.L. Soczek, M. Kollander, and S. Colome. l989b. The new standard environmental inventory questionnaire for estimation of indoor concentrations. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 39: 1411-1419. Lebret, E., HJ. Van de Wiel, H.P. Bos, D. Noij, and J.S.M. Boleij. 1984. Volatile hydrocarbons in Dutch homes. Pp. 169-174 Indoor Air, Vol. 4: Chemical Characterization and Personal Exposure, B. Berglund, T. Lind- vall, and J. Sundell, eds. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Build- ing Research. Lee, I.Y., and J.D. Shannon. 1985. Indications of nonlinearities in processes of wet deposition. Atmos. Environ. 19:143-149. Lees, R.E., R. Steele, and J.H. Roberts. 1987. A case-control study of lung cancer relative to domestic radon exposure. Int. J. Epidemiol. 16:7-12. Leikauf, G.D., D.B. Yeates, KA. Wales, D. Spektor, R.E. Albert, and M. Lippmann. 1981. Effects of sulfuric acid aerosol on respiratory mechanics and mucociliary particle clearance in healthy nonsmoking adults. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42:273-282. Leikauf, G.D., D.M. Spektor, R.E. Albert, and M. Lippmann. 1984. Dose- dependent effects of submicrometer sulfuric acid aerosol on particle clear- ance from ciliated human lung airways. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:285- 292. Leong, K.H., P.K Hopke, and JJ. Stukel. 1983. Evaporative mass losses from particle samples. J. Aerosol Sal. 14:611-613. Leslie, N.P., I.H. Billick, and C.W. Spicer. 1990. Comparison of residential ~ndoor-air NO2 measurement methods. Pp. 355-360 in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, July 1990, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Leung, H.W., and DJ. Paustenbach. 1988. Application of pharmacokinetics to derive biological exposure indexes from threshold limit values. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 49:445-450.

REFERENCES 285 Lenin, M.H., and D.B. Spence. 1989. SARA Title III: Pitfalls and practicali- ties. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 39:29-33. Lewis, E.E., R.L. Taggart, M. Lalenc, and A.R. Bandy. 1987. Determination of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by isotope dilution gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 59:1296-~1. Lewis, R.G., J.D. Mulik, R.W. Coutant, G.W. Woolen, and C.R. McMillan. 1985. Thermally desorbable passive sampling device for volatile organic chemicals ~ ambient air. Anal. Chem. 57:21~219. Lewis, C.W., R.E. Baumgardner, R.K. Stevens, L.D. CIaxton, and J. Lewtas. 19~. Contribution of wo~smoke and motor vehicle emissions to ambient aerosol mutagenicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:968-971. Liddarnent, M., and C. Allen. 1983. The Validation and Comparison of Mathematical Models of Air Infiltration. Technical Note AIC 11. Berk- shire, Great Britain: Air Infiltration Centre. Ligocki, M.P., and J.F. Pankow. 1989. Measurements of the gas/particle distributions of atmospheric organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23~1~:75-83. Ligon, W.V., and R. May. 1984. Target compound analysis by two-dimen- sional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 294:77-86. Liljegren, J.C. 1989. A New Stochastic Model of Turbulent Dispersion In the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer and the Results of the Atterbury 87 Field Study. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Eng~- neering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Lin, C-C., D. Pierotti, and M. Lev-On. 1988. Application of cryogenic trap- ping and two-dimensional gas chromatography for the measurement of atmospheric oxygenated hydrocarbons. Pp. 251-258 in Proceedings of the EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pol- lutants. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Air Pollution Control Association. Lioy, PJ. 1988. Community air sampling strategies. Pp. 369-398 in Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. Lioy, PJ. 1990. Assessing total human exposure to contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24~7~:938-945. Lioy, PJ., and J.M. Daisey. 1987. Toxic Air Pollution: A Comprehensive Study of Non-Criteria Air Pollutants. Chelsea, Mich.: Levis. 294 pp. Lioy, PJ., and A. Greenberg. 1990. Factors associated with human exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Toxicol. Ind. Health 6~2~:209-223. Lioy, PJ., and MJ.Y. Lioy, eds. 1983. Air Sampling Instruments for Eval- uation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 6th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

286 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Lioy, PJ., and J.M. Waldman. 1989. Acidic sulfate aerosols: Characteriza- tion and exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 79:15-34. Lioy, PJ., J.M. Waldman, A. Greenberg, R. Harkov, and C. Pietarinen. 1988. The Total Human Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) to benzota~py- rene: Comparison of the inhalation and food pathways. Arch. Environ. Health 43:304 312. Lippmann, M., and PJ. Lioy. 1985. Critical issues in air pollution epidem- iology. Environ. Health Perspect. 62:243-258. Lippmann, M., ].M. Gearhart, and R.B. Schlesinger. 1987. Basis for a parti- cle size-selective TLV for sulfuric acid aerosols. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 2:188-199. Lipton, S., and J. Lynch. 1987. Health Hazard Control in the Chemical Process Industry. New York: Wiley Interscience. 358 pp. Livingston, G.K., L^. Cannon, D.T. Bishop, P. Johnson, and R.M. Fineman. 1983. Sister chromatic exchange: Variation by age, sex, smoking and breast cancer status. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 8:289-299. Lodge, J.P., Jr., ed. 1989. Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd ed. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. 763 pp. Loureiro, C. de 0. 1987. Simulation of the Steady-State Transport of Radon from Soil into Houses with Basements Under Constant Negative Pressure. Ph.D. Thesis. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. LBL Report-24378. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. 278 pp. Louris, J.N., R.G. Cooks, J.E.P. Syka, P.E. Kelley, G.C. Stafford, J.FJ. Todd. 1987. Instrumentation, applications, and energy deposition in quadrupole ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 59:1677-1685. Lubet, Rot., E. Kiss, M.M. Gallagher, C. Dively, R. Kouri, and L. Schectman. 1983. Induction of neoplastic transformation and DNA single-strand breaks in C3H/lOT1/2 clone 8 cells by polycyclic hydrocarbons and alykating agents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71:991-997. Lucas, H.F. 1957. Improved low-level alpha scintillation counter for radon. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 28:680-683. MacKay, D., and R.S. Matsugu. 1973. Evaporation rates of liquid hydrocar- bon spills on land and water. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 51:43~439. MacMahon, B., and T.F. Pugh. 1970. Epidemiology: Principles and Meth- ods. Boston: Little, Brown. 376 pp. Maier, I., and M. Fieber. 1988. Retention characteristics of volatile com- pounds on Tenax TA. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 11:566-576. Malissa, H., and J.W. Robinson, eds. 1978. Pp. 1-3; 27-37 in Analysis of Airborne Particles by Physical Methods. CRC Press: West Palm Beach.

REFERENCES 287 Margolin, B.H. 1988. Statistical aspects of using biologic markers. Stat. Sci. 3~3~:351-357. Marple, V.Ae, ILL. Rubow, W. Turner, and J.D. Spengler. 1987. Low flow rate sharp cut compactors for indoor air sampling: Design and calibration. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 37:1303-1307. Masclet, P., G. Mousier, and K. Nikolaou. 1986. Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. 20:439-446. Massart, D.L., B.G.M. Vandeginste, S.N. Demoing, Y. Michotte, and L. Kauf- man. 1988. Chemometrics: A Textbook. Data Handling In Science and Technology, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsev~er Science. 488 pp. McFarland, VA., and J.U. Clarke. 1989. Environmental occurrence, abun- dance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: Con- siderations for a congener-specific analysis. Environ. Health Persp. 81:225- 239 McGorrin, RJ., T.R. Pofahl, and W.R. Croasmun. 1987. Identification of the musty component from an off-odor packing film. Anal. Chem. 59:1109- 1112. McKone, T.E. 1987. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: The indoor inhalation pathway. Environ. Sci. Tech- nol. 21:119~1201. McRae, GJ., W.R. Goodin, and J.H. Seinfeld. 1982. Development of a second-generation mathematical model for urban air pollution. I. Model formulation. Atmos. Environ. 16:679-696. Melamed, M.R., Z. Darynkiewicz, F. Traganos, and T. Sharpless. 1977. Cytology automation by flow cytometry. Cancer Res. 37:2806-2812. Menzel, D.B. 1987. Physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. Part2. Envi- ron. Sci. Technol. 21:944950. Meyerhoff, M.E., D.M. Pranitis, H.S. Yim, N^. Chaniotakis, and S.B. Park. 1989. New anion- and gas-selective potentiometric sensors. Pp. 26-46 in Chemical Sensors and Microinstrumentation, R.W. Murray et al., eds. ACS Symposium Series No. 403. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Miguel, A., and S.K. Friedlander. 1978. Distribution of benzota~pyrene and coronene with respect to particle size in Pasadena aerosols in the submi- crom range. Atmos. Environ. 12: 2407-2414. Miller, M.S., S.K Friedlander, and G.M. Hidy. 1972. A chemical element balance for the Pasadena aerosol. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 39:165-176. Molhave, L. 1987. The sick buildings: A subpopulation among problem buildings? Pp. 4fi9-473 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th Interna- tional Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene.

288 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Molhave, L., and J. Moller. 1979. The atmospheric environment in modern Danish dwellings: Measurements in 39 flats. Pp.171-186 in Indoor Cli- mate. Copenhagen: Danish Building Research Institute. Monn, C., and M. Hangartner. 1990. Passive sampling for ozone. J. Air. Waste Manage. Assoc. 40:357-358. Monteith, D.K, T.H. Stock, and W.E. Seifert, Jr. 1984. Sources and charac- terization of organic air contaminants inside manufactured housing. Pp. 285-290 in Indoor Air, Vol. 4: Chemical Characterization and Personal Exposure, B. Berglund, T. Lindvall, and J. Sundell, eds. Stockholm, Swe- den: Swedish Council for Building Research. Morey, P., H. Burge, M. Chatigny, J. Feeley, K. Kreiss, J. Otten, and K. Pe- terson. 1987. Assessment of non-pathogenic bioaerosols in indoor environ- ments. Pp. 622-626 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1: Volatile Organic Compounds, Combustion Gases, Particles and Fibres, Microbiological Agents, B. Seifert, H. Esdorn, M. Fischer, H. Ruden, and J. Wegner, eds. Berlin (West): Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene. Moschandreas, DJ., and S.M. Gordon. In press. Volatile organic compounds in the indoor environment: Renew of characterization methods and indoor air quality studies. In Organic Chemistry of the Atmosphere, DJ. Eatough and L.D. Hansen, eds. The West Caldwell, NJ.: Telford Press. Moskovits, M. 1985. Surface enhanced spectroscopy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 57: 783-826. Mowris, RJ., and WJ. Fisk. 1988. Modeling the effects of exhaust ventila- tion on 222Rn entry rates and indoor 222Rn concentrations. Health Phys. 54:491-501. Mulik,J.D., end D. Williams. 1986. Passive sampling devices for NO2. Pp. 61-70 in Proceedings of the EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, 27-30 April 1986, Raleigh, N.C. EPA 600/9-86-013. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Monitoring Systems Labora- tory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mumford, J.L., X.Z. He, R.S. Chapman. S.R. Cao, D.B. Harris, X.M. Li, Y.L. xian, W.Z. Jiang, C.W. Xu, J.C. Chuang, W.E. Wilson, and M. Cooke. 1987. Lung cancer and indoor air pollution in Xuan Wei, China. Science 235:217-220. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, T. Okada, and H. Tomita. 1984. Estimation of personal exposure to tobacco smoke with a newly developed nicotine personal monitor. Environ. Res. 35:218-227. Mutchler,J.E. 1973. Principals of ventilation. Pp. 573-582 in The Industrial

REFERENCES 289 Environment Its Evaluation & Control. National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Wel- fare. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. N~roff, W.W., and G.R. Cass. 1986. Mathematical modeling of chemically reactive pollutants In indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:92~934. N~roff, W.W., and G.R. Cass. 1989. Mass-transport aspects of pollutant removal at indoor surfaces. Environ. Int. 15:567-584. Na~roff, W.W., and S. M. Doyle. 19SS. Radon entry into houses having a crawl space. Health Phys. 48~3~:265-281. Nazaroff, W.W., S.M. Doyle, A.V. Nero, and R.G. Sextro. 1987. Potable water as a source of airborne 222Rn in U.S. dwellings: A review and as- sessment. Health Phys. 52:281-295. NCRP (National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements). 1984a. Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters. NCRP Report No. 77. Bethesda, Md.: National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements. 132 pp. NCRP (National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements). 1984b. Evaluation of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Radon and Radon Daughters in the United States. NCRP Report No. 78. Beth- esda, Md.: National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements. Nero, A.V., and W.W. Nazaroff. 1984. Characterizing the source of radon indoors. Rad. Prot. Dos. 7~1-4~:23-39. Nero, A.V., M.L. Boegel, C.D. Hollowell, J.G. Ingersoll, and W.W. Nazaroff. 1983. Radon concentrations and infiltration rates measured in conventional and energy-efficient houses. Health Phys. 45:401-405. Nero, A.V., M.B. Schwehr, W.W. Nazaroff, and K.L. Revlon. 1986. Distribu- tion of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S. homes. Science 234: 992-997. Neumann, H.G. 1984. Analysis of hemoglobin as a dose monitor for alkyl- ating and arylating agents. Arch. Toxicol. 56:1-6. Nicoloso, N., W. Kernler, B. Leibold, A. L5bert, and W. Weppner. 1988. Electrical response of oxygen sensing TiO2 surfaces and fractal Pt/YSZ interfaces. Solid State Ionics 28-30:1637-1643. North Holland, Amsterdam: Elsev~er Science Publishers. Niki, H., E.E. Daby, and B. Weinstock. 1972. Mechanisms of smog reactions. ACS Adv. Chem. Series 1972~113~:16-57. Nishimura, H., T. Hayam~zu, and Y. Yanagisawa. 1986. Reduction of NO2 to NO by rush and other plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:413-416. Noma E., B. Berglund, U. Berglund, I. Johansson, and J.C. Baird. 1988.

290 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Joint representation of physical locations and volatile organic compounds ~ Indoor air from a healthy and a sick building. Atmos. Environ. 22:451- 460 ~C (National Research Council). 1980. Lead In the Human Environment. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 525 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1981. Indoor Pollutants. Washington D.C.: NationalAcademy Press. 537 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1983a. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, D.C.: National Acade- my Press. 191 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1983b. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocar- bons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. N~C (National Research Council). 1984. Assessment of Chemical and Biological Sensor Technologies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 129 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Epidemiology and Air Pollution. Washington, D.C.: NationalAcademy Press. 224 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 352 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1987a. Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters: BEIR IV. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy Press. 600 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1987b. Multimedia Approaches to Pollu- tion Control: A Symposium Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 155 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1988. Complex Mixtures: Methods for In Viva Toxicity Testing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 227 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Biologic Markers of Pulmonary Toxicology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Office of Smoking and Health. 1986. Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: Public Health Service. Osborne, M.R., and N.T. Crosby. 1987. Benzopyrenes. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. 329 pp. Osterman-Golkar, S., E. Bailey, P.B. Farmer, S.M. Gorf, and J.H. Lamb. 1984. Monitoring exposure to propylene oxide through the determination of hemoglobin alkylation. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 10:99-102. Ostro, B.D., and S. Rothschild. 1989. Air pollution and acute respiratory

REFERENCES 291 morbidity. An observational study of multiple pollutants. Environ. Res. 50:238-247. Otagawa, T., I.R. Stetter, and S. Zaromb. 1986. Portable liquid chromato- graph for analysis of primary aromatic Nines In coal-derived materials. J. Chromatogr. 360:252-2S9. Ott, W.R. 1981. Computer Simulation of Human Air Pollution Exposures to Carbon Monoxide. Paper 81-57.6 presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 21-26 1981, Philadelphia, Penn. Ott, W.R. 19~. Exposure estimates based on computer generated activity patterns. J. To~col.-Clin. To~ncol. 21~1&2~:97-128. Ott, W.R. 1988. Human Activity Patterns: A Review of the Literature for Estimating Time Spent Indoors, Outdoors, and In Transit. Paper present- ed at the Research Planning Conference on Human Activity Patterns, 10-12 May 1988, Las Vegas, Nev. Ott, W., J. Thomas, D. Mage, and L. Wallace. 19~. Validation of the Simu- lation of Human Activity and Pollution Exposure (SHAPE) model using paired days from the Denver, Colorado, Carbon Monoxide Field Study. Atmos. Environ. 22:2101-2113. Overton, E.B., R.W. Sherman, E.S. Collard, P. Klinkachorn, and L.H. Grande. 1988. Current instrumentation for field analysis of organics. Pp. I-2-I-3 in Proceedings of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Symposium on Waste Testing and Quality Assurance, Vol. 2, 11-15 July 1988, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Owens, M., R. W. Edwards, and J.W. Gibbs. 1964. Some reaeration studies in streams. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 8:469-486. Ozkaynak, H., P.B. Ryan, Got. Allen, and W^. Turner. 1982. Indoor air quality modeling: Compartmental approach with reactive chemistry. Envi- ron. Int. 8:461-471. Pagnotto, L.D. 1983. Gas and vapor sample collectors. Pp. S-1-S-21 In Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 6th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy . . glemsts. Palmes, E.D., A.F. Gunnison, J. DiMattio, and C. Tomczyk. 1976. Personal sampler for nitrogen dio~de. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 37:570-577. Pankow, J.F. 1987. Review and comparative analysis of the theories on parti- tioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 21:2275-2283. Pankow, J.F. 1988. Gas phase retention volume behavior of organic com- pounds on the sorbent poly~oxy-m-terphenyl-2'5'-ylene). Anal. Chem. 60: 950-958.

292 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Patashn~ck, H., and Ge Rupprecht. 1986. Microweigh~ng goes on line In real time. Research and Development. Technical Publishing. June. Patty, Fat. 1978. Patty Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd rev. ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 3 vols. Pelli77~ri, E.D., L.W. Little, C. Sparacino, TJ. Hughes, L. Claxton, and M.D. Waters. 1978. Integrating microbiological and chemical testing into the screening of air samples for potential mutagenicity. Pp. 331-351 in Appli- cation of Short-Term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Com- plex Environmental Mixtures, M.D. Waters, S. Nesnow, J.L. Huisingh, S.S. Sandhu, and L. Claxton, eds. New York: Plenum. Penrose, W.R., L. Pan, M.W. Findlay, GJ. Maclay, and J.R. Stetter. 1990a. A personal exposure monitor for CO and ozone. In Proceedings of the 1990 EPA/A&WMA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Pollutants, April 30-May 4, 1990, Raleigh, N.C. Penrose, W.R., L. Pan, G. J. Maclay, J.D. Mulik, and K.G. Kronmiller. l990b. Portable ozone detection In the PPB range using electrochemical sensors. Pp. 30SB-30SB4 in Proceedings of the Sensors Expo, 11-13 September 1990, Chicago, Ill. Penrose, W.R., L. Pan, GJ. Maclay, J.R. Stetter, J.D. Mulik, and K.G. Kron- miller. In press. Personal exposure monitoring of nitrogen dioxide at part- per-billion levels: Autozero and other corrections to electrochemical measurements. Proceedings of the 1989 EPA/A&WMA Symposium on Total Exposure Assessment Methodology A New Horizon, 27-30 November 1989, Las Vegas, Nev. Perera, F.P. 1987. Molecular cancer epidemiology: A new tool in cancer prevention. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78:887-898. Perera, F.P., M.C. Poirier, S.H. Yuspa, J. Nakayama, A. Jaretzki, M.M. Cur- nen, D.M. Knowles, and I.B. Weinstein. 1982. A pilot project in molecular cancer epidemiology: Determination of benzotaipyrene-DNA adducts in animal and human tissues by immunoassays. Carcinogenesis 3:1405-1410. Perera, F.P., R.M. Santella, D. Brenner, M.C. Poirier, AA. Munshi, H.K. Fischman, and J. Van Ryzkin. 1987. DNA adducts, protein adducts, and sister chromatic exchange in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79:449-456. Perera, F.P., K. Hemminki, T.L Young, D. Brenner, G. Kelly, and R.M. Santella. 1988. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA ad- ducts in white blood cells of foundry workers. Cancer Res. 48:22~-2291. Pfaffenberger, C.D. 1987. Detection of solventemia in exposed workers. Pp. 2~)5-230 in Chromatographic Methods: Capillary Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Medicine and Pharmacology, H. Jaeger, ed. Heidel- berg, W. Germany: Alfred Huethig Verlag.

REFERENCES 293 Phalen, R.F., W.C. Hines, W. John, PJ. Lioy, M. Lippmann, M^. McCawley, O.G. Raabe, S.C. Soderholm, and B.O. Stuart. 1986. Rationale and re- commendations for particle size-selective sampling in the workplace. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 1:3-14. Phillips, J.B. 1980. Multiplex gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 52:468A- 478A. Phillips, D.H., A. Hewer, and P.L. Grover. 1986. Aromatic DNA adJucts in human bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes. Carctnogenes~s 7:2071-2075. Phillips, D.H., K. Hemminki, A. Alhonen, A. Hewer, and P.L. Grover. 1988. Monitoring occupational epicure to carcinogens: Detection by 32P-post- labeling of aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells from iron foundry workers. Mutat. Res. 204:531-541. Pierce, R.C., and M. Katz. 1975. Dependency of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content on size distribution of atmospheric aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:347-353. Pierson, W.R., W.W. Brachaczek, Rut. Gorse, S.M. Japar, J.M. Norbeck, and GJ. Keeler. 1989. Atmospheric acidity measurements on Allegheny Mountain and the origin of ambient acidity in the northeastern United States. Atmos. Environ. 23:431-459. Pierson, R.W., M. Ross, and R.M. Dawes. In press. Personal recall and the limits of retrospective questions in surveys. In Questions About Survey Questions: Meaning, Memory, Expression, and Social Interactions in Surveys, J.M. Tanur, ed. Troy, New York: Sage. Piomelli, S., J.F. Rosen, JJ. Chisolm, Jr., and J.W. Graef. 1984. Manage- ment of childhood lead poisoning. J. Pediatr. 105:523-532. Pitts, J.N., Jr., TJ. Wallington, H.W. Biermann, and A.M. Winer. 1985a. Identification and measurement of nitrous acid in an indoor environment. Atmos. Environ. 19:763-767. Pitts, J.N., Jr., Jot. Sweetman, B. Zielinska, A.M. Winer, and R. Atkinson. 1985b. Determination of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in ambient particulate organic matter: Evidence for atmospheric reactions. Atmos. Environ. 19:1601-1608. Porstendorfer, J., A. Wicke, and A. Schraub. 1978. The influence of e~ala- tion, ventilation, and deposition of radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn), and their decay products in room air. Health Phys. 34:465-473. Possanzini, M., A. Febo, and A. Liberti. 1983. New design of a high-perfor- mance denuder for the sampling of atmospheric pollutants. Atmos. Envi- ron. 17:2605-2610. Pyysalo, H., J. Tuominen, K. Wickstrom, E. Skytta, L. Tikkanen, S. Salomaa, M. Sorsa, T. Nurmela, T. Mattila, and V. Pohjola. 1987. Polycyclic organic

294 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE material (POM) in urban air: Fractionation, chemical analysis and geno- toxicity of particulate and vapor phases In an industrial town in Finland. Atmos. Environ. 21:1167-1180. Rabbinowitz, M.B. 1990. Trends in Ambient Lead Exposure. Paper present- ed at the NIEHS Conference on Advances in Lead Research, 9-11 January 1990. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Radford, E.P., and T-A. Drizd. 1982. Blood carbon monoxide levels In per- sons 3-74 years of age: United States 1976-80. National Center for Health Statistics Advance Data Report No. 76. DHHS Publication No. PHS 82- 1250. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ramamurthi, M. 1989. The Detection and Measurement of the Activity Size Distributions (dp>0.Snm) Associated with Radon Decay Products in Indoor Air. DOE ER60669-2. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- pa~gn. Ramamurthi, M., and P.K. Hopke. 1988. Detection and measurement of ultraf~ne activity size distributions associated with radon decay products. P. 181 in Program Abstracts of the 1988 Annual Meeting and Symposium on Particulate Contamination Control in Microelectronics, American Asso- ciation for Aerosol Research, 10-14 October 1988, Chapel Hill, N.C. Rappaport, S.M. 1985. Smoothing of exposure variability at the receptor: Implications for health standards. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 29:201-214. Rappaport, S.M. 1988. Biological considerations for designing sampling strategies. Pp. 337-352 in Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. Raymer, J.H., E.D. Pellizzari, and S.D. Cooper. 1987. Desorption charac- teristics of four polyimide sorbent materials using supercritical carbon dioxide and thermal methods. Anal. Chem. 59:2069-2073. Rechnitz, Got. 1981. Bioselective membrane electrode probes. Science 214:287-291. Reddy, M.V., and K. Randerath. 1987. 32P-postlabeling assay for carcinogen- DNA abducts: Nuclease P1-mediated enhancement of its sensitivity and applications. Environ Health Perspect. 76:41-47. Reneging, A., and J. Porstendorfer. 1986. High-volume screen diffusion batteries and a-spectroscopy for measurement of the radon daughter activ- ity size distributions in the environment. J. Aerosol Sci. 17:873-879. Reinhardt, J.R.. 1977. Gas-Side Mass-Transfer Coefficient and Interfacial Phenomena of Flat-Bladed Surface Agitators. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Jonesboro, Arkansas. Repace, J.L., and A.H. Lowrey. 1980. Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, and public health. Science 208:464 472.

REFERENCES 295 Repace, J.L., and A.H. Lowrey. 19~32e Tobacco smoke, ventilation, and ~n- door air quality. Am. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Eng. Trans. 88:895-914. Repace, J.L., and A.H. Lowrey. 1990. Risk assessment methodologies for passive smoking-~nduced lung cancer. Risk. Anal. 10:27-37. Revzan, K.L. 1989. Radon Entry, Distribution, and Removal in Two New Jersey Houses with Basements. LBL Report-26830. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Applied Science Division, University of California. 29 pp. Rickert, W.S., J.C. Robinson, and N.W. Collishaw. 1984. Yields of tar, nico- tine and carbon monoxide in the sidestream smoke from 15 brands of Canadian cigarettes. Am. J. Public Health 74:228-231. Rigger, R.M. 1984. Method for the determination of aldehydes and ketones in ambient air using high performance liquid chromatography. Pp. T05-1- T05-22 in Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organ- ic Compounds in Ambient Air. EPA-600/~84041. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. Roach, S^. 1981. On the role of turbulent diffusion in ventilation. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 24:105-132. Robertson, A.S., P.S. Burge, A. Hedge, J. Sims, F.S. Gill, M. Finnegan, Cot. Pickering, and G. Dalton. 1985. Comparisons of health problems related to work and environmental measurements in two office buildings with different ventilation systems. Brit. Med. J. [Clint Res.] 291:373-376. Robinson, J.P. 1977. How Americans Use Time: A Social-Psychological Analysis of Everyday Behavior. New York: Praeger. 209 pp. (Further analyses were published in How Americans Used Time in 1965. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Monograph Series, 1977~. Robinson, J.P. 1985. The validity and reliability of diaries versus alternative time use measures. Pp. 33-62 in In Time, Goods, and Well-Being, F. T. Juster and F. P. Stafford, eds. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Survey Research Center. Robinson, J.P., Jot. Wiley, T. Pined, and K Garrett. 1989. Activity Patterns of California Residents and Their Implications for Potential Exposure to Pollution. Draft Final Report CARB-A6-177-33. Sacramento, Calif: California Air Resources Board. Rodgers, L.C. 1980. Air quality levels in a two-zone space. ASHRAE Trans. 86(Pt. 2~:92-98. Rodhe, H., P. Crutzen, and A. Vanderpol. 1981. Formation of sulfuric and nitric acid in the atmosphere during long range transport. Tellus 33:132- 141.

296 ASSESSING HUhE4N EXPOSURE Rosenberg, C., W. Winiwarter, M. Gregori, G. Pech, V. Casensky, and H. Puxbaum. 1988. Determination of inorganic and organic volatile acids, ammonia, particulate sulfate, nitrate and chloride in ambient air with an annular diffusion denuder system. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 331:1-7. Ross, H.D., and D. T. Grimsrud. 1978. Air Infiltration in Buildings: Liter- ature Survey and Proposed Research Agenda. LBL Report-7822, UC-92d, TID-4500-R66. Berkeley: Energy and Env~romnent Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. RusseP, A.G., GJ. McRae, and G.R. Cass. 1985. The dynamics of nitric acid production and the fate of nitrogen ounces. Atmos. Environ. 19:893-903. Ryan, P.B, J.D. Spengler, and R. Letz. 1986. Estimating personal exposures to NO2. Environ. Int. 12:395-400. Ryan, P.B., J.D. Spengler, and P.~. Halfpenny. 1988. Sequential box models for indoor air quality: Application to airliner cabin air quality. Atmos. Environ. 22:1031-1038. Sabersky, R.H., D^. Sinema, and F.H. Shair. 1973. Concentrations, decay rates and removal of ozone and their relation to establishing clean indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:347-353. Sachs, H.M., T.L. Hernandez, and J.W. Ring. 1982. Regional geology and radon variability in buildings. Environ. Int. 8:97-103. Saltm~an, BeEe 1988a. Linear pharmacokinetic models for evaluating unusual work schedules, exposure limits and body burdens of pollutants. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 49:213 225. Saltzman, B.E. 1988b. Basic factors in gas and vapor sampling and analysis. Pp. 97-106 in Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Leuas. Sandberg, M. 1981. What is ventilation efficiency? Building Environ. 16:123- 13S. Santella, R.M. 19~. Application of new techniques for detection of carcin- ogen adducts to human population monitoring. Mutat. Res. 205:271-282. Santodonato, J., P. Howard, and D. Basu. 1981. Health and ecological as- sessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Environ. Pathol. To~n- col. 5:1-364. Schmeltz, I., and D. Hoffmanne 1977. Nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chem. Rev. 77:295-311. Schoenberg, J.B., J.B, Klotz, Z. Hrubec, H.B. Wilcox, M. Gil-del-Real, G.P. Nicholls, A. Stemhagen, and TJ. Mason. 1987. Case-Control Studies of Residential Radon Exposure and Lung Cancer. Unpublished manuscript based on presentation to the American College of Epidemiology, October 1987. Schoenmakers, P. J., and F. C. Verhoeven. 1987. Supercritical-fluid chro- matography: Prospects and problems. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 6:10-17.

REFERENCES 297 Schroy, J.M. 1981. Prediction of workplace contaminant levels. Pp. 190-206 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Control Technology In the Plastics and Resins Industry, 27-28 February 1979. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-107. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Schulte, P^. 1987. Methodologic issues in the use of biologic markers in epidemiologic research. Am. J. Epidem. 126:1006-1016. Schulte, P^. 1989. A conceptual framework for the validation and use of biologic markers. Environ. Res. 48:129-144. Schulte, P^., and W.E. Kaye. 1988. Exposure registries. Arch. Environ. Health 43:155-161. Schulz, D.E., G. Petrick, and J.C. Duinker. 1989. Complete characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in commercial Aroclor and Clophen mixtures by multidimensional gas chromatography-electron capture detec- tion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:852-859. Schuman, H., and S. Presser. 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Sur- veys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context. New York: Academic Press. 370 pp. Schwartz, S.L., and NJ. Batter. 1988. Occupational exposure and health effects assessment criteria using physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. 6th International Symposium: Epidemiology in Occupational Health, 16-18 August 1988, Stockholm, Sweden. Arbete och Halsa 16:40. SCIEX. 1989. The API Book (Atmospheric Pressure Ionization). Missis- sauga, Ontario. 112 pp. Scire, J.S., and A. Venkatram. 1985. The contribution of in-cloud oxidation of SO2 to wet scavenging of sulfur in convective clouds. Atmos. Environ. 19:637-650. Seifert, B., and HJ. Abraham. 1982. Indoor air concentrations of benzene and some other aromatic hydrocarbons. Ecoto~ncol. Environ. Sad 6:190- 192. Seifert, B., and HJ. Abraham. 1983. Use of passive samplers for the deter- mination of gaseous organic substances in indoor air at low concentration levels. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 13:237-254. Seigneur, C., P. Saxena, and P.M. Roth. 1984. Computer simulations of the atmospheric chemistry of sulfate and nitrate formation. Science 225:1028- 1030. Seinfeld, J.H. 1988. Ozone air quality models: A critical review. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 38:616-645. Seitz, L.E. 1989. California Methods for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles. Paper No. 89-7.4 presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Session 7, Model

298 ASSESSING HU~4N EXPOSURE ding and Estimation of Mobile Sources, 25-30 June 1989, Anaheim, Calif. 17 pp. Selden, M.G., Jr. 1975. Nozzle sampling bias. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36: 549-552. Senum, G.I. 198 L Theoretical collection efficiencies of adsorbent samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:1073-1075. Sevcik, J. 1976. Detectors In Gas Chromatography. Amsterdam: Elsev~er. 192 pp. Sexton, K., and S.B. Hayward. 1987. Source apportionment of indoor air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 21:407-418. Sexton, K., and P.B. Ryan. 1988. Assessment of human exposure to air pol- lution: Methods, measurements, and models. Pp. 207-238 in Air Pollution, the Automobile and Public Health, A. Watson, R.R. Bates, and D. Ken- nedy, eds. Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, Mass. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Sexton, K., J.D. Spengler, and R.D. Treitman. 1984. Personal exposure to respirable particles: A case study in Waterbury, Vermont (USA). Atmos. Environ. 18:1385-1398. Sexton, K., K.-S. Liu, and M.X. Petreas. 1986. Formaldehyde concentrations inside private residences: A mail-out approach to indoor air monitoring. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 36:698-704. Shair, F.H., and ILL. Heitner. 1974. Theoretical model for relating indoor pollutant concentrations to those outside. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8:41~1 451. Shamsuddin, A.KM., N.T. Sinopoli, K. Hemminki, R.R. Boesch, and C.C. Harris. 1985. Detection of benzo(a)pyrene: DNA adducts in human white blood cells. Cancer Res. 45:66-68. Sharaf, MA., D.L. Illman, and B.R. Kowalski. 1986. Chemometrics. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 332 pp. Shaw, P., and F. Briscoe. 1978. Evaporation from spills of hazardous liquids on land and water. SRD (Safety and Reliability Directorate), R 100, UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Administrations, Wigshaw Lane, Culcheth, Warrington, U.K. Sheldon, L., M. Umana, J. Bursey, W. Gutknecht, R. Handy, P. Hyldburg, L. Michael, A. Moseley, J. Raymer, D. Smith, C. Sparacino, and M. Warner. 1986. Biological Monitoring Techniques for Human Exposure to Industrial Chemicals: Analysis of Human Fat, Skin, Nails, Hair, Blood, Urine, and Breath. Park Ridge, NJ.: Noyes Publications. 387 pp. Sherman, M.H. 1980. Air Infiltration in Buildings. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. 246 pp. Sherman, M.H. 1989. On the estimation of multizone ventilation rates from tracer gas measurement. Building and Environ. 24~4~:355-362.

REFERENCES 299 Sherman, M.H., and D.T. Grimsrud. 1980a. Inf~tration-Pressunzation Corre- lations: Simplified Physical Modeling. Presented at the Conference of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engi- neers, 22-26 June 1980, Denver, Colo. LBL Report-10163. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of Calif. Sherman, M.H., and D.T. Grunsrud. 1980b. Measurement of infiltration using fan pressurization and weather data. Pp. 279-322 in Proceedings of the 1st AIC Conference, Air Infiltration and Measuring Techniques, 6-8 October 1980, Windsor Great Park, Berkshire, U.K Berkshire, Great Bri- tain: Air Infiltration Centre. Shields, H.C., and CJ. Weschler. 1987. Analysis of ambient concentrations of organic vapors with a passive sampler. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 37:1039-1045. S~monds, P.G., AJ. Lovelock, and J.E. Lovelock. 1976. Continuous and ultrasensitive apparatus for the measurement of air-borne tracer sub- stances. J. Chromatogr. 126:3-9. Sinclair, J.D., L^. Psota-Kelty, and CJ. Weschier. 1985. Indoor/outdoor concentrations and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances. At- mos. Environ. 19:315-323. Sinclair, J.D., L^. Psota-Kelty, and CJ. Weschler. 1988. Indoor/outdoor ratios and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances at Newark, NJ. Atmos. Environ. 22~3~:461-469. Skov, P., and O. Valbjorn. 1987. The Sick building syndrome in the office environment. Pp. 439443 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th Interna- tional Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2: Environ- mental Tobacco Smoke, Multicomponent Studies, Radon, Sick Buildings, Odours and Irritants, Hyperreactiv~ties and Allergies, B. Seifert, H. Esdom, M. Fischer, H. Ruden, and J. Wegner, eds. Berlin (West): Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Slamon, DJ., J.B. deKernion, I.M. Verma, and MJ. Cline. 1984. Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies. Science 224:256-262. Slanina, J., C^.M. Schoonebeek, D. Klockow, and R. Niessner. 1985. Deter- mination of sulfuric acid ammonium sulfates by means of a computer con- trolled thermodenuder system. Anal. Chem. 57:1955-1960. Small, H., T.S. Stevens, and W.C. Bauman. 1975. Novel ion exchange chro- matographic method using conductrimetric detection. Anal. Chem. 47: 1801-1809. Smith, TJ. 1987. Exposure assessment for occupational epidemiology. Am. J. Ind. Med. 12:249-268. Smith, TJ. 1988. Sampling strategies for epidemiological studies. Pp. 353- 367 in Advances in Air Sampling. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis.

300 ASSESSING HUMAN EXPOSURE Smith, L.L., G.M. Cohen, and W.N. Aldridge. 1986. Morphological and biochemical correlates of chemical induced injury in the lung: A discus- sion. Arch. Toxicol. 58:21~218. Snyder, L.R., and JJ. Kirkland. 1979. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chro- matography. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 863 pp. Southern California Gas Company. 1986. Residential Indoor Air Quality Characterization Study of Nitrogen Dioxide. Phase I, Vols. 1, 2, 3. Los Angeles: Southern California Gas Company. October 1986. Spandidos, Dot., and I.B. Kerr. 1984. Elevated expression of the human ras oncogene family in premalignant and malignant tumours of the colorectum. Br. J. Cancer 49:681-6~. Specter, F.E. 1989. Studies of acid aerosols in six cities and in a new multi- city investigation: Design issues. Environ. Health Perspect. 79:61-67. Spektor, D.M., B.M. Yen, and M. Lippman. 1989. Effect of concentration and cumulative exposure of inhaled sulfuric acid on tracheobronchial particle clearance in healthy humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 79:167- 172. Spengler, J.D., and K. Sexton. 1983. Indoor air pollution: A public health perspective. Science 221:9-17. Spengler, J.D., and M.L. Soczek. 1984. Evidence for improved ambient air quality and the need for personal exposure research. Environ. Sci. Tech- nol. 8:268A-270A, 272A-28OA. Spengler, J.D., D.W. Dockery, WA. Turner, J.M. Wolfson, and B.G. Ferris, Jr. 1981. Long-term measurements of respirable sulphates and particles inside and outside homes. Atmos. Environ. 15:23-30. Spengler, J.D., R.D. Treitman, T.D. Tosteson, D.T. Mage, and M.L. Soczek. 1985. Personal exposure to respirable Articulates and implications for air pollution epidemiology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:700-707. Spengler, J.D., M. Brauer, and P. Koutrakis. 1990. Acid air and health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:946-956. Spicer, C.W., R.W. Coutant, G.F. Ward, AJ. Gaynor, and I.H. Billick. 1986. Removal of nitrogen dioxide from indoor air by residential materials. Pp. 568-583 in Proceedings of the ASHRAE Conference-IAQ'86: Managing Indoor Air for Health and Energy Conservation, M. Geshwiler and B. Wade, eds. Atlanta, Gal: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Spicer, C.W., R.W. Coutant, AJ. Gaynor, and I.H. Billick. 1987. Rates and mechanisms of NO2 removal from indoor air by residential materials. Pp. 371-375 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (Weston Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene.

REFERENCES 301 Stafford, G.C., P.E. Kelly, J.E.P. Syka, W.E. Reynolds, and J.FJ. Todd. 1984. Recent improvements ~ and analytical applications of advanced ion trap technology. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 60:85-98. Stetter, J.R. 1986. Electrochemical sensors, sensor arrays, and computer algorithms. Pp. 2g9-309 In Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Sensors, D. Schuetzle and R. Hammerle, eds. ACS Symposium Series No. 309. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Stetter, J.R., and D.R. Rutt. 1980. Instrumental carbon monoxide dosimetry. Am. Ind. Hyg. J. 41:704 712. Stetter, J.R., D.R. Rutt, and K.F. Blurton. 1976. Portable gas chromatograph and electrochemical detector for carbon monoxide. Anal. Chem. 48:921 925. Stetter, J.R., J.M. Sedlak, and K.~. Blurton. 1977. Electrochemical gas chro- matographic detection of hydrogen sulfide at PPM and PPB levels. J. Chromatograph. Sci. 15:125-128. Stetter, J.R., D.R. Rutt, and M.R. Graves. 1979. Electrochemical methods for development of personal exposure monitors. Pp. 35-44 in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Development of Usage of Personal Exposure Monitors for Exposure and Health Effects Studies, January 1979, Chapel Hill, N.C. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Stetter, J.R., S. Zaromb, and M.W. Findlay, Jr. 1984. Monitoring of electro- chemically inactive compounds by amperometric gas sensors. Sens. Actual. 6:269-288. Stetter, J.R., P.C. Jurs, and S.L. Rose. 1986. Detection of hazardous gases and vapors: Pattern recognition analysis of data from an electrochemical sensor array. Anal. Chem. 58:860-866. Steyer, R. 1988. Monsanto Volunteers To Cut Toxic Emissions At All Plants. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 July 1988, St. Louis, Mo. Stock, T.H., DJ. Kotchmar, C.F. Contant, P. A. Buffler, A.H. Holguin, B.M. Gehan, and L.M. Noel. 1985. The estimation of personal exposures to pollutants for a community-based study of health effects in asthmatics: Design and results of air monitoring. J. Air. Pollut. Control Assoc. 35: 1266-1273. Stockwell, W.R., CJ. Walcek, S. Madronich, D.M. Steward, and J.G. Calvert. 1986. Chemical mechanisms for the modeling of acid deposition. Pre- prints, Symposia, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Am. Chem. Soc. 31~2~: 366-370. Stowers, SJ., R.R. Maronpot, SKI. Reynolds, and M.W. Anderson. 1987. The role of oncogenes in chemical carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Per- spect. 75:81-86.

302 ASSESSING NUAL4N EXPOSURE Sukumar, S., S. Puiciani, J. Doniger, J^. DiPaolo, C.H. Evans, B. Zbar, and M. Barbacid. 1984. A transforming ras gene In tumorigenic guinea pig cell lines initiated by diverse chemical carcinogens. Science 223:1197-1199. Sushan, B.I., G. DeBrou, S.H. Mo, and W. Webster. 1987. Mobile tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of toxic air pollutant sources Pp. 218-223 in Proceedings of the 1987 EPA/APCA Symposium on Meas- urement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Air Pollution Control Association. Sutton, O.G. 1932. A theory of eddy diffusion in the atmosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 135:143-165. Svensson, C., G. Eklund, and G. Pershagen. 1987. Indoor exposure to radon from the ground and bronchial cancer In women. Int. Arch. Occup. Envi- ron. Health 59:123-132. Swenberg, Jot., F.C. Richardson, J^. Boucheron, F.H. Deal, S^. Belinsky, M. Charbonneau, and B.G. Short. 1987. High-dose to low-dose extrapo- lation: Critical determinants involved In the dose response of carcinogenic substances. Environ. Health Perspect. 76:57-63. Szalai, A., ed. 1972. The Use of Time: Daily Activities of Urban and Subur- ban Populations in Twelve Countries. The Hague: Mouton. 868 pp. Takeuchi, T., D. Ishii, and A. Nakanishi. 1988. Analysis of aldehydes by micro high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivati- zation on en~ne-immobilized glass beads. Chromatographia 25:507-510. Tanner, R.L., and W.H. Marlow. 1977. Size discrimination and chemical composition of ambient airborne sulfate particles by diffusion sampling. Atmos. Environ. 11:1143-1150. Tanner, R.L., T. D'Ottav~o, R. Garber, and L. Newman. 1980. Determination of ambient aerosol sulfur using a continuous flame photometric detection system. 1. Sampling system for aerosol sulfate and sullilric acid. Atmos. Environ. 14:121-128. Taylor, G.I. 1921. Diffusion by continuous movements Proc. London Math. SOc. 20 196 e Taylor,J.K. 1987. Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. 328 pp. Tejada, S., R.B. Zweidinger, and J.E. Sigsby, Jr. 1986. Fluorescence detec- tion and identification of nitro derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydro- carbons by on-column catalytic reduction to aromatic amines. Anal. Chem. 58~8~:1827-1834. Thibodeaux, LJ., D.G. Parker, and H.H. Heck. 1982. Measurement of Vola

REFERENCES 303 tile Chemical Emissions from Wastewater Basins. EPA-600/2-82-095. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 60 pp. Avail- able from NTIS as PB83-135632. Thijssen, P.C., S.M. Wolfrum, G. Kateman, and H.C. Smit. 1984a. A Kalman filter for calibration, evaluation of unmown samples and quality control in drifting systems. Part I. Theory and simulations. Anal. Chim. Acta 156:87-101. Thijssen, P.C., G. Kateman, and H.C. Smit. 1984b. Optimal designs with information theory in least-squares problems. Anal. Chim. Acta 157:99- 115. 3rd International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. 1984. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. The Karolinska Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Medicine with the cosponsorship of the World Health Organization, 20-24 August, 1984, Stockholm, Sweden. Thompson, S.G. 1983. A method of analysis of laboratory data In an epi- demiological study where time trends are present. Stat. Med 2:147-153. 3M. 1982. 3M Organic Vapor Monitor Sampling Guide for Organic Vapor Monitor #3500/3510, Organic Vapor Monitor with Back-Up Section #3520. December, 1982. St. Paul, Minn.: Occupational Health and Safety Products Division, 3M. Thurston, G.D., and J.D. Spengler. 1985. A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. Atmos. Environ. 19:9-25. Tichenor, B^. 1987. Organic Emission Measurements via Small Chamber Testing. EPA/600/D-87/187. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. Available from NTIS as PB87-199154/GAR. 12 pp. Tornqvist, M., S. Osterman-Golkar, A. Kautianinen, S. Jensen, P.B. Farmer, and L. Ehrenberg. 1986. Tissue doses of ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers determined from adduct levels in hemoglobin. Carcinogenesis 7:1519-1521. Travis, C.C., J.L. Quillen, and A.D. Arms. 1990. Pharmacokinetics of benzene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 102:400-420. Traynor, G.W., M.G. Apte, A.R. Carruthers, J.F. Dillworth, D.T. Grimsrud, and L^. Gundel. 1987. Indoor air pollution due to emissions from wood- burning stoves. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21:691-697. Traynor, G.W., J.C. Aceti, M.G. Apte, B.V. Smith, L.L. Green, A.S. Smith- Reiser, K.M. Novak, and D.O. Moses. 1988. Macromodel for Assessing Indoor Concentrations of Combustion-Generated Pollutants: Model Devel

304 ASSESSING HURON E~OSU~ opment and Preliminary Predictions for CO, NO2 and Reparable Suspend- ed Particles. LBL Report-25211. Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, University of California. Tulving, E. 1983. Elements of Episodic Memory. Odord: The Clarendon Press. Tung, L.S., R.A. Freeman, and J.M. Schroy. 1985. Prediction of Soil Tem- perature Profiles: A Concern in the Assessment of Transport of Low Volatility Chemicals in the Soil Column. Paper presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, Seattle, Wash. Turk, A. 1963. Measurements of odorous vapors in test chambers: Theore- tical. ASHRAE J. 5: 55-58. Turner, R.~.B., DJ. Harrison, and H.P. Baltes. 1987. A CMOS potentiostat for amperometric chemical sensors. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, SC-22:473-478. Umbenhauer, D., C.P. Wild, R. Montesano, R. Saffhill, J.M. Boyle, N. Huh, Y. Kirsten, J. Thomale, M.F. Rajewsky, and S.H. Lu. 1985. 06 methylde- oxyguanosine in oesophageal DNA among individuals at high risk of oeso- phageal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 36:661-665. Utell, MJ., P.E. Morrow, D.M. Speers, J. Darling, and R.W. Hyde. 1983. Airway responses to sulfate and sulfuric acid aerosols in asthmatics: An exposure-response relationship. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:441 450. Vaessen, HA.M., AA. Jekel, and A^.M. Wilbers. 1988. Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. To~ncol. Environ. Chem. 16:281-294. Vahakangas, K., A. Haugen, and C.C. Harris. 1985. An applied synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometricassayto studybenzota~pyrene-diolepo~nde- DNA adducts. Carcinogenesis 6:1109-1116. Valbjorn, O., and P. Skov. 1987. Influence of indoor climate on the sick building prevalence. Pp. 593-597 in Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 2, 17-21 August 1987, Berlin (West). Berlin: Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. van Everdingen, R.O., and H.R. Krouse. 1988. Interpretation of isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfates in acid mine drainage. Pp. 147-156 in Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, Mine Water and Mine Waste. Information Circular IC9183 (Part 1 of 2~. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior. van Sittert, NJ., G. de Jong, M.G. Clare, R. Davies, BJ. Dean, L]. Wren, and A.S. Wright. 1985. Cytogenetic, immunological, and hematological effects in workers in an ethylene o~nde manufacturing plant. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42:19-26. Van Vaeck, L., and KA. Van Cauwenberghe. 1985. Characteristic parame

REFERENCES 305 ters of particle size distributions of primary organic constituents of ambient aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:707-716. Van Vaeck, L., K. Van Cauwenberghe, and J. Janssens. 1984. The gas-parti- cle distribution of organic aerosol constituents: Measurement of the vola- tilization artifact in hi-vo! cascade compactor sampling. Atmos. Environ. 18:417430. Vandeg~nste, B.G.M., J. Klassens, and G. Kateman. 1983. Interactive calibra- tion by a recursive generalized standard addition method. Anal. Chim. Acta 150:71-86. Vanmarcke, H., A. Janssens, and F. Raes. 1985. The equilibrium of attached and unattached radon daughters in the domestic environment. Set. Total Environ. 45:251-260. Vo-Dinh, T. 1985. Development of a dosimeter for personnel exposure to vapors of polyaromatic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:997-1003. Vo-Dinh, T., TJ. Bruewer, G.C. Colovos, TJ. Wagner, and R.H. Jungers. 1984a. Field evaluation of a cost-effective screening procedure for poly- nuclear aromatic pollutants in ambient air samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:477-482. Vo-Dinh, T., M.Y.K. Hiromoto, G.M. Begun, and R.L. Moody. 1984b. Sur- face-enhanced reman spectrometry for trace organic analysis. Anal Chem. 56:1667-1670. Wadden R^., and P^. Scheff. 1983. Indoor Air Pollution: Characteriza- tion, Prediction and Control. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 213 pp. Wald, NJ., J. Boreham, A. Bailey, C. Ritchie, J.E. Haddow, and G. Knight. 1984. Urinary cotinine as marker of breathing other people's tobacco smoke [letter]. Lancet 1~8370~:230-231. Waldman, J., PJ. Lioy, A. Greenberg, and J. Buckler. In press. Analysis of human exposure to BaP via inhalation and food ingestion in the Total Duncan Exposure Study (THEES). J. of Expos. Anal. & Environ. Epi- demiol. Wallace, LA. 1986. Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentra- tions and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic com- pounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina, and California. To~ncol. Environ. Chem. 12:215-236. Wallace, L^. 1987. The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Summary and Analysis: Vol. 1. EPA/600/6-87/002a. Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency. 192 pp. Wallace, L^. 1989. Major sources of benzene exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 82:165-169. Wallace, L., R. Zweidinger, M. Erickson, S. Cooper, D. Whitaker, and E.D.

306 ASSESSING HUA~1N EXPOSURE Petri. 1982. Monitoring individual exposure: Measurements of vola- tile organic compounds in breathing-zone air, drinking water and exhaled breath. Environ. Int. S:269-282. Wallace, L., E. Pellizzari, T. Hartwell, C. Sparacino, and H. Zelon. 1983. Personal exposures to volatile organics and other compounds indoors and outdoors--the TEAM Study. U.S. Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. D.C. 35 pp. Availa- ble from NTIS as PBS3-121357. Wallace, Lot., E.D. Pelli~ri, T.D. HartweD, R. Whitmore, C. Sparacino, and H. Zelon. 1986. Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of volatile organic compounds in New Jersey. Environ. Int. 12:369-387. Wallace, Lot., E.D. Pellizari, T.D. Hartwell, C. Sparacino, R. Whitmore, L. Sheldon, H. Zelon, and R. Perritt. 1987. The TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Study: Personal exposures to toxic substances In air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. Environ. Res. 43:290-307. Wallace, L^., E.D. Pelli77~ri, T.D. Hartwell, R. Whitmore, H. Zelon, R. Perritt, and L. Sheldon. 1988. California TEAM study: Breath concen- trations and personal air exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch and Pittsburgh, California. Atmos. Environ. 22:2141-2163. Walles, S^.S., and I. Orsen. 1983. Single strand breaks in DNA of various organs of mice induced by styrene and styrene ounce. Cancer Letters 21:9- 15. Walles, SA.S., H. Norppa, S. Osterman-Golkar, and J. Maki-Paakkanen. 1988. Single-strand breaks in DNA of peripheral lymphocytes of styrene- exposed workers. Pp. 223-226 in Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, H. Bartsch, K Hemminki, and I.K. O'Neill, eds. IARC Scientific Publica-- tions No. 89e Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Warwick, D.P., and C^. Lininger. 1975. The Sample Survey: Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. 384 pp. Watson, J.T. 1985. Pp. 351 in Introduction to Mass Spectrometry. New York: Raven Press. Watson, W.P. 1987. Post-radiolabelling for detecting DNA damage. Muta- genesis 2:319-331. Watson, J.G., PJ. Lioy, and P.K. Mueller. 1983. The measurement process: Precision, accuracy and validity. Pp. L1-L7 in Air Sampling Instruments for

REFERENCES 307 Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 6th ea., PJ. Lioy and MJ.Y. Lioy, eds. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental In- dustrial Hygienists. Wattenberg, L.W. 1983. Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. Cancer Res. 43:2448s-2453s. Wems, R. 1989. Predisposition and prejudice. Science News 135:40-42. Weschler, CJ., and K.L. Fong. 1986. Characterization of organic species associated with indoor aerosol particles. Environ. Int. 12:93-97. Weschler, CJ., and H.C. Shields. 1988. The influence of HVAC operation on the concentrations of indoor airborne particles. Pp. 166-181 in Eng~- neering Solutions to Indoor Air Problems: IAQ '88. Atlanta, Gal: Ameri- can Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Wesolowski, JJ., K. Sexton, K. Liu, and S. Twiss. 1984. The California In- door Air Quality Program: An integrated approach. Pp. 219-225 in Indoor Air, Vol. 4: Recent Advances in Health Sciences and Technology. Stock- holm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Building Research. Weston, A., J.C. Willey, V.L. Manchester, B.R. Wilson, J.S. Brooks, M.C. Choi, M.C. Poirier, G.T. Trivers, MJ. Newman, D.L. Mann, and C.C. Harris. 1988. Dosimeters of human exposure to carcinogens: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon macromolecular adducts. Pp. 175-181 in Detection Methods for DNA Damaging Agents in Man: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, H. Bartsch, K Hemminki, and I.K. O'Neill, eds. IARC Scientific Publications No.89. Lyon: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. ~ite, C.M., and R.K Houck. 1986. Supercritical fluid chromatography and some of its applicatior~s: A re~,ew. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. Chroma- togr. Commun. 9:~17. Whitten, G.Z., H. Hogo, and J.P. Killus. 1980. The carbon-bond mechanism: A condensed kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14:690-700. WHO (World Health Organization). 1975. Early Detection of Health Im- pairment in Occupational Exposure to Health Hazards. WHO Technical Report No. 571. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO (World Health Organization). 1986. Principles of Toxicokinetic Stud- ies. Env~ronmental Health Criteria 57. Geneva: World Health Organiza- tion. 166 pp. Wilson, N.K., R.G. Lewis, C.C. Chuang, B^. Petersen, and G^. Mack. 1985. Analytical and sampling methodology for characterization of polyouclear aromatic compounds in indoor air. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Env~- ronmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 19 pp. Available from NTIS as PB85-188886/AS.

308 ASSESSING HURON E=OSU~ Wise, SA., Bat. Benner, S.N. Chester, L.R. Hilpert, C.R. Vogt, and W.E. May. 1986. Characterization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from two standard reference material air particulate samples. Anal. Chem. 58:3067-3077. Wogan, G.N., and NJ. Gorelick. 1985. Chemical and biochemical dos~metry of exposure to genotoxic chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 62:5-18. Wohltj en, H. 1984. Chemical microsensors and microinstrumentation. Anal. Chem. 56:A87. Woods, J.E. 1988. Recent developments for heating, cooling and ventilating buildings: Trends for assuring healthy buildings. Pp. 99-107 in Healthy Buildings '88, Vol. 1, State of the Art Reviews. Stockholm, Sweden: Swe- dish Council for Building Research. Wright, B.W., C.W. Wright, R.W. Gale, and R.D. Smith. 1987. Analytical supercritical fluid extraction of adsorbent materials. Anal. Chem. 59:38-44. Wu, J.M., and J.M. Schroy. 1979. Emissions from spills. Pp. 377-393 Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Control of Specific (Toxic) Pollutants, Air Pollution Control Association, eds., 13-16 February 1979, Gainesville, Fla. Cosponsored by the Air Pollution Control Association and the Water Pollution Control Federation. Yaffe, Y., C.P. Flessel, J.]. Wesolowski, A. del Rosario, G.N. Gu~rguis, V. Matias, J.W. Gramlich, W.R. Kelly, T. Degarmo, and G.C. Coleman. 1983. Identification of lead sources in California children using stable isotope ratio technique. Arch. Environ. Health 38:237-245. Yager, J.W. 1987. Effect of concentration-time parameters on sister-chro- matid exchanges induced in rabbit lymphocytes by ethylene oxide inhala- tion. Mutat. Res. 182:343-352. Yager, J.W. 1988. Biological Markers of Exposure. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology and Hard Control, 18-20 April, Woods Hole, Mass. Yager, J.W., CJ. Hines, and R.C. Spear. 1983. Exposure to ethylene oxide at work increases sister chromatic exchanges in human peripheral lympho- cytes. Science 219:1221-1223. Yamasaki, H., K. Kuwata, and H. Miyamoyo. 1982. Effects of ambient tem- perature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16:189-194. Young, J.F., and F.~. Kadlubar. 1987. Pharmcokinetic simulation as an ad- junct to experimental data in risk assessment: Predicting exposure of the bladder epithelium in dogs to urinary N-hydro~y metabolites of carcino- genic arylamines. Pp. 334 349 in Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment.

REFERENCES 309 Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Yunis, JJ. 1983. The chromosomal basis of human neoplasia. Science 221: 227-236. Zaromb, S., and J.R. Stetter. 1984. Theoretical basis for identification and measurement of air contaminants using an array of sensors having partly overlapping selectivities. Sens. Actual. 6:225-243.

Next: Appendix A: Basic Standard Environmental Inventory Questionnaire »
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities Get This Book
×
 Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities
Buy Paperback | $90.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Most people in the United States spend far more time indoors than outdoors. Yet, many air pollution regulations and risk assessments focus on outdoor air. These often overlook contact with harmful contaminants that may be at their most dangerous concentrations indoors.

A new book from the National Research Council explores the need for strategies to address indoor and outdoor exposures and examines the methods and tools available for finding out where and when significant exposures occur.

The volume includes:

  • A conceptual framework and common terminology that investigators from different disciplines can use to make more accurate assessments of human exposure to airborne contaminants.
  • An update of important developments in assessing exposure to airborne contaminants: ambient air sampling and physical chemical measurements, biological markers, questionnaires, time-activity diaries, and modeling.
  • A series of examples of how exposure assessments have been applied—properly and improperly—to public health issues and how the committee's suggested framework can be brought into practice.

This volume will provide important insights to improve risk assessment, risk management, pollution control, and regulatory programs.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!