A
Abortion
availability of safe, 173
contraceptive use and, 147, 148
for HIV-infected women, 191
Accidents
prevention of, 94-96
Acid rain, 139
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See AIDS
Addiction.
See also Substance abuse
to chewing tobacco, 85
treatment programs for drug, 117-119
Adolescents. See Teenagers
Africa
childbirth in, 172
Age discrimination, 218
Agriculture
alternative systems of, 67-69
effect of global warming and climatic change on, 138
and effect of irrigation, 67, 72-74
impact of biological advances on, 135
pesticide use in, 69-73
use of ocean resources for, 137
Ahearne, John, 14
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
behavioral changes to prevent, 96-98
drug abuse treatment and, 117
drug experiments for, 99-101
HIV screening and, 190-192
Air traffic, 30-33
Airbag technology, 95
Aircraft design, 32
Airport capacity, 30-33
Alberts, Bruce M., 144
Alcohol treatment programs, 86-88
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 87
Amaranth, 177
Andean aji, 177
Andean crops, 175-178
Anencephalic infants, 186-189
Animals, laboratory experiments on, 192-194
Antarctic Treaty, 62
Antarctica, 60-62
Archimedes, 3
Arracacha, 177
Arsenic, 73
Artificial intelligence, 141-143, 158
Astronomy
advances in, 134
impact of light pollution on, 150
Athletes, as role models, 83-85
Audits, random, to detect scientific fraud, 196
Automobiles
energy-efficient, 139
safety standards for, 95
and transportation improvements, 29
Ayala, Francisco J., 211
AZT (azidothymidine), 100, 191
See also AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
B
Banneker, Benjamin, 219
Baseball players, 83-85
Bassuk, Ellen L., 110
Bayer, Ronald, 190
Beach erosion, 136
Becker, Marshall, 96
Benbrook, Charles M., 69
Biological diversity, 74-77
Biological testing, 183-186
Biology
of forests, 128-129
revolution in study of, 133-135
and theory of evolution, 212
Black Americans.
See also Minorities
in mathematics-related areas, 210
in science, 219-221
status of, 107-109
Bookman, Charles A., 136
Boron, 73
Bounded rationality, 123
Brain-imaging technology, 184
Breeding, 63
Bulger, Roger J., 91
Businesses, role in exposing children to science, 5, 6
C
Cancer
relationship between diet and, 82
use of chewing tobacco and, 84
Capron, Alexander Morgan, 186
Carbon dioxide
forests and, 127-128
increases in air of, 49, 55-56, 139
Carver, George Washington, 219
Cesarean deliveries, 91-93
Chalk, Rosemary, 195
Chen, Kan, 27
Cherimoya, 177
Chewing tobacco, 83-85
Children.
See also Infants;
Teenagers
educationally related stress in, 201-203
effect of child care on, 115-117
homelessness among, 110-112
immunization programs for, 170-172
latchkey, 116
poverty among Black, 107
China
population growth in, 173
reliance on coal, 57
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 55, 61
Cholesterol, 82
Chromosomes, human, 144-146
Cigarettes, chewing tobacco and, 84
Climate changes. See Greenhouse effect; Sea level changes
Cocaine, 175
College education
foreign, 159
incentives to pursue advanced technical degrees needed during, 161 -162, 221
See also Doctoral degrees
science courses for non-science majors, 12, 13
Commodity program in agriculture, 68
Communication
risk, 14-16
system and terrorism, 33-35
use of ocean for, 137
Comparable worth, 112-114
Computer applications
artificial intelligence and, 141-143
among elderly, 43
eliminating animals in research through, 192
Computer industry, U.S., 24-27
Computer software
for digital switching, 34-35
international development of, 26
Congress, U.S.
and budget decisions for science and technology, 152, 153
elimination of antitrust constraints on joint R&D by, 164
need for scientists in, 18
pesticide use issues and, 70, 71
and radioactive waste disposal, 66
Conservation. See Environmental protection
Construction industry, home, 39-41
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 120
Contraception in developing countries, 173-174
options in, 146-149
Cooper, Theodore, 99
Cooperative research, 164.
See also Research
Coronary artery disease, 81-82
Cosby, Bill, 3
Court cases, statistical analyses used in, 120-122
Coyle, Susan, 214
Crawford, David L., 149
Crawshaw, Ralph, 181
Criminals
genetic testing of suspected, 185
Czaja, Sara J., 41
D
Dartmouth College, 223
Data systems, Soviet, 166
DaVanzo, Julie, 172
Dean, Robert G., 48
Deep ecology, 74-77
Defense
use of oceans for, 137
weapons production for, 37-38
Diagnostic technology, 183-186
Diet, chronic illnesses and, 81-82
Digital switching technology, 34
Disasters
natural, 44-46
Discrimination
age, 218
and comparable worth issue, 113
sex, 218.
See also Women
Disease.
See also Health
genetic mapping and, 144-146
nutritional, 168
relationship between diet and, 81-83
scientific research on, 4-5
screening for, 190-192
sexually transmitted, 147-148.
See also AIDS
in trees, 129
tropical, 171
vaccines to combat, 170-172
DNA.
See also Recombinant DNA technology
explanation of, 144-145
sequencing, 145-146
structure of, 134
Doctoral degrees
for Blacks, 219
difficulties in obtaining, 214-216
Downs, Hugh, 60
Driver education, 95
Drought
global warming and, 55
hunger and, 169
Drug experiments, 99-101.
See Substance abuse
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, 26
E
Earthquakes, 44-46
Ecology, deep, 74-77.
See also Environmental protection
Economy, impact of biological advances on, 134-135
Edison, Thomas, 3
Education.
See also College education;
School;
Universities
artificial intelligence used in, 142-143
elementary, and science, 5
and kindergarten stress, 201-203
mathematics, 208-211
preparing and attracting American-born students to study science and mathematics, 161-162, 210
role in modern world of, 203-205
Educational testing, 201-203
Ehrenkrantz, Ezra, 39
Einstein, Albert
advances in physics and, 134
as example of foreign-born scientist, 221
Elderly people
environmental design for, 41-43
hip fractures in, 102
Electric automobiles, 139
Electricity, 140
Electronic fetal monitoring, 92, 93, 102
Elementary school.
See also School
exposure to science in, 5
testing and stress in, 201-203
Employees, environmental needs for elderly, 42-43
Employment
of Black Americans, 109
civil service, 113
comparable worth issues in, 112-114
parental leave policies and, 116
and use of diagnostic technology, 183-186
Energy Department, U.S., 139, 140
Energy policy
controversial nature of, 56-57
environmental issues and, 138-140
Energy production, use of seabed for, 137
Engineering research centers, 164
Engineering societies, 159
Engineering students
in foreign universities, 159
humanities courses for, 223
lack of U.S., 161
studying for doctorate, 214-216
Engineers
broadening role for, 222-224
foreign-born, 160-162, 219-220
media's distorted image of, 6-8
need for awareness of research and achievements by foreign, 158-160
Environmental design, for elderly, 41-43
Environmental protection.
See also Greenhouse effect
and alternative systems of agriculture, 67-69, 73-74
and Antarctica, 60-62
deep ecology movement of, 74-77
disposal of radioactive waste and, 65-67
energy usage and, 138-140
forests and, 127-128
genetic engineering and, 62-64
human needs and, 75-77
hunger and, 168
Environmental Protection Agency, 70-72
Equal-opportunity legislation, 113
Ervin, Robert D., 27
Ethics.
See also Medical ethics
of HIV testing, 190-192
involving experiments on animals, 192-194
scientific research and, 195-197
Evolution, 211-213
Expanded Program on Immunization, 170, 171
Experimental drugs, for AIDS, 99-101
Expert witnesses. See Witnesses
Exploration
seabed, 136-138
space, 130-133
Extinction
effect on biological research of, 135
guarding sea turtles against, 57-59
of species in tropical rain forests, 75
Extinction spasm, 75
F
Family planning, 173-174.
See also Contraception
Famine, 167-169
Farming. See Agriculture
Federal policies
agricultural commodity program, 68-69
and responsible research, 196
Fedoroff, Nina, 62
Fertility
in developing countries, 174
treating problems in, 88-91
Fertilizer residues, 73
Fetal research, 90
Fiber-optics technology, 34, 137
Fienberg, Stephen E., 120
Film industry, image of scientists, engineers, and technology given by, 6-8
Fires
preparation for disaster from, 44-46
vulnerability of phone system in, 33-34
Fishing industry, 136
Florman, Samuel C., 222
Food
Andean crops for, 175-178
eradication of shortages of, 168-169
and health, 81-83
residues of pesticides in, 67, 71
Food and Drug Administration
evaluation of contraceptives by, 148
risk standards of, 71
Foreign-born individuals.
See also Minorities
dependence on, 221
in science and technology community, 216, 219
in U.S. universities, 159
Forests
biology of, 128-129
destruction of, 75-77
as environmental buffers, 127-128
research needs concerning, 129-130
Fossil fuels
need to shift from use of, 56, 138
Fractures, hip, 102
Fraud, scientific, 195-197
Freeman, Phyllis, 170
Fuller, Samuel H., 24
G
Galileo Galilei, 3
Gallagher, Susan S., 94
Garcia, Eugene E., 201
Gas drilling, ocean, 136
Genetic factors
diagnostic testing and, 184-186
health and, 82
Genetic mapping, 144-146
Genetically engineered microorganisms, 62-64
Gerstein, Dean R., 117
Global warming. See Greenhouse effect
Goldman, Steven L., 6
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 130
Gordon, John C., 127
Government officials, risk communication by, 14-16
Grant, Ulysses S., 213
Greene, John C., 83
Greenhouse effect
energy use contributing to, 138-140
federal studies regarding, 152-153
role of forests in, 127-128
and science literacy, 13
and sea level changes, 49
uncertainty surrounding, 55-57
Gynecologists, 91
H
Hackerman, Norman, 192
Hallgren, Richard E., 44
Health.
See also Accidents;
AIDS;
Disease
decisions regarding, 181-183
diagnostic technology to predict, 183-186
family planning and, 173-174
and malpractice issues, 92, 93
relationship between diet and, 81-83
and use of chewing tobacco, 84-85
Health care
evaluation of, 101-103
expenditures for, 181-183
for homeless and mentally ill people, 190-191
impact of biological advances on, 135
inequitability of, 191
Heaton, George R., Jr., 162
High blood pressure, 81-82
High school, 5.
See also School
Highway improvement, 27-29
Hip fractures, 102
Hispanic Americans, 210.
See also Minorities
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 190-192.
See also AIDS
Homeless people
children as, 110-112
effect of screening for disease on, 190-191
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 160
Housing
need for affordable, 39, 41, 111
technological advances in construction of, 39-41
Hubble Space Telescope, 150
Human behavior, economic forecasts and, 122
Human chromosomes, 144-146
Human reproduction
in developing countries, 172-174
and infertility issues, 88-91
and obstetrical care system, 91-93
Humanities courses, 223
Hurricanes, 44-46
I
Iacocca, Lee, 223
Illness. See Disease; Health
Immunization programs, 170-172
In vitro fertilization, 88, 91
Industrial production, of weapons, 37-38
Industry, Japanese vs. U.S., 158-159, 163, 164
Infants.
See also Children
anencephalic, 186-189
care of, 116
death of newborn, 174
of HIV-infected mothers, 191
Infertility, 88-91
Informed consent, HIV testing and, 191
Infrastructure
effect of sea level changes on, 50
maintenance of, 46-48
Injury. See Accidents
Insects
development of trees that resist, 129
knowledge regarding, 128-129
pesticides against, 69-72
Insurance.
See also Medical insurance
impact of genetic testing on, 186
International technology, 157-160.
See also Technology
Iodine deficiency, 168
Iraq, invasion of Kuwait by, 35
Irrigation agriculture, 67, 72-74
J
Japan
high school education in, 5
monitoring of U.S. research facilities by, 157
policies and industry in, 162-164
U.S. college students studying in, 159
Jaynes, Gerald David, 107
Jefferson, Thomas, 137
Job evaluation techniques, 112
John Paul II, Pope, 213
Jones, Howard W., Jr., 88
Jortberg, Robert F., 46
K
Kahneman, Daniel, 123
Kates, Robert W., 167
Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, 72
Kindergarten stress, 201-203
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 219, 221
Koop, C. Everett, 96
Kurtz, Robert B., 35
Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of, 35
Kyoto University, 159
L
Laboratories, random audits of, 196
Latchkey children, 116
Lead poisoning, 95
Lederman, Leon M., 11
Legislation
equal-opportunity, 113
product-liability, 148
Lenie, Pieter, 60
Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 217
Levy, Eugene H., 130
Lewin, Lawrence S., 117
Light pollution, 149-151
Likins, Peter W., 160
M
Madison, Bernard L., 208
Magnetic fusion, 140
Magnuson, John J., 57
Malnutrition, childhood, 168
Management practices, 163-164
Mars, U.S. and Soviet missions to, 130-133
Mastroianni, Luigi, Jr., 146
Mathematics education, 208-211
McDonald, John C., 33
McNair, Ronald, 219
Medical care. See Health care
Medical ethics
and experimental treatment for AIDS, 99
choosing among health services and, 181-183
diagnostic technology and, 183-186
organ donations and, 187-189
regarding infertility treatment, 90
Mentally ill people, 190-191
Merton, Robert, 217
Michael, Robert T., 112
Microbes, 129
Microorganisms, genetically engineered, 62-64
Miller, Heather, 96
Mineral extraction, from ocean, 136
Minorities.
See also Black Americans
availability of medical services for, 191
needs assessment for Soviet, 165, 166
representation in engineering of, 161
in science and mathematics related areas, 161, 210, 215, 216, 220
Morrison, David L., 138
Morrison, Philip, 203
Morrison, Phylis, 203
Motorcycle injuries, 95
Motulsky, Arno G., 81
N
National Communications System, 34
National Security Council, 35
Nations, James D., 74
Natural disasters, preparation for, 44-46
Natural gas, 56
Nelkin, Dorothy, 183
Nicotine, 84
Nuclear power, 56
Nurse-midwives, 92
O
Obesity, 81-82
Obstetrical care system, 91-93
Ocean, resources within, 136-138
Offshore drilling, 136
Oregon Health Decisions, 182
Organ donations, 187-189
Organisms, genetically engineered, 62-64
Osteoporosis, 81-82
P
Palmer, John L., 115
Parents, role in exposure to science, 5
Parfit, Michael, 60
Parker, Frank L., 65
Pay equality, gender gap in, 112-114
Pearson, Willie, Jr., 219
Pepino, 177
Periodontal disease, 84
Persian Gulf crisis, 138
Pesek, John, 67
Pesticides
and alternative systems of agriculture, 67-69
contradictions over use of, 69-72
in drainage water, 73
Photosynthesis, 127
Physicians, malpractice issues for, 92, 93
Physics, 134
Political decisions, 13
Pollution
air. See Greenhouse effect
light, 149-151
Popenoe, Hugh, 175
Poverty
among Black Americans, 107, 108
child care issues and, 115-117
and programs to combat hunger, 168, 169
Pregnancy
dangers of, 172-173
HIV testing during, 190-191
teenage, 148
Professional societies, 159
Public opinion research, Soviet, 166
Public school. See School
Publishing standards, 196
R
Rabi, I.I., 13
Race relations, 107-109
Radioactive waste disposal, 65-67
Raven, Peter H., 133
Rayman, Paula, 216
Reactor sites, 65-67
Recombinant DNA technology
advances in use of, 134
genetic engineering with, 63, 64
and genetic structure and change in forest organisms, 129
Religious Fundamentalists, 211, 213
Replication, of experiments, 195 196
Research
awareness and involvement in international, 157-160
cooperative, 164
federal support of, 152-154
involving experiments on animals, 192-194
medical effectiveness, 103
military vs. civilian, 153
misconduct or sloppy, 195-197
Research methods
Japanese, 163-164
Risk communication, 14-16
Rocoto, 177
Roebling, John, 223
Roebling, Washington, 223
Rubenstein, Arthur H., 195
S
Saccocio, Damian M., 24
Safety belts, school bus, 21-23
Saturated fat, 82
School.
See also Education
attendance of homeless children in, 111
contact with physical world in, 204-205
exposure and motivation for science study in, 5, 161
method of teaching science in, 10
readiness for, 202
teaching about evolution in, 211-213
volunteers in, 205-208
School bus safety, 21-23
Science
federal budget decisions regarding, 152-154
impact of advances on historical developments, 134
integrity in, 195-197
phobia in relating to, 9-11
politicians and, 18
products vs. process of, 9-10
Science communication
enhancement of science literacy by, 11
image of scientists transmitted by, 10
sensationalism in, 15
Science students
and decision to study for doctorate, 214-216
social sciences and humanities for, 12
Scientists
assisting politicians in decision making, 16-18
black, 219-221
competition among, 217
human qualities of, 10
integrity among, 195-197
media's distorted image of, 6-8
promotion of science literacy by, 11-13
role in educating public, 17
Sea turtles, 57-59
Seabed resources, 136-138
Sematech, 164
Semiconductor industry, 24, 26, 164
Sensationalism, in science communication, 15
Sewall, Gilbert T., 205
Sex discrimination, 218
Sexual behavior, and spread of AIDS, 96-98
Sexually transmitted diseases, 147-148.
See also AIDS
Shrubs, 128-129
Smokeless tobacco, 83-85
Smoking, chewing tobacco and, 84
Snuff, 84
Soviet Union
mission to Mars planned by, 130-133
statistics and research method improvement for, 165-167
Space exploration, 130-133
Sparks, Robert D., 86
Stanford University, 159
Statistical analyses, courtroom, 120-122
Stern, Paul C., 165
Stever, H. Guyford, 157
Stock market trends, 123-124
Straf, Miron L., 120
Submarines, 137
Substance abuse
alcohol 86-88
chewing tobacco, 83-85
drug treatment programs for, 117-119
and spread of AIDS, 96-98, 101
Sulfur dioxide emissions, 139
Sununu, John, 223
Superconductivity, 152
Supreme Court, U.S., on evolution, 211-213
Sussman, John M., 30
T
Tamarillo, 177
Tancredi, Laurence, 183
Taylor, Michael R., 69
Technological development, U.S. vs. international, 157-160
Technological disasters, 14, 15
Technology
federal budget decisions regarding, 152-154
international, 157-160
media's distorted image of, 6-8
Technology research associations, Japanese, 163
Teenagers.
See also Children pregnancy in, 148, 173
sexual behavior of, 98
Telephone system, 33-35
Telescopes, 150
Temperature rise, due to greenhouse effect, 49, 55-56
Terrorism, 33-35
Thaler, Richard H., 122
Thier, Samuel O., 101
Tobacco, chewing, 83-85
Tourism
in Antarctica, 60-61
to sea floor, 137
Transplantation programs, anencephalic infants and, 187-189
Transportation issues
airport, 30-33
rising sea level and, 50
school bus safety, 21-23
traffic problems, 27-29
See also Forests
Tropical disease, 171
Turtle excluder devices (TEDs), 59
Turtles, sea, 57-59
Tversky, Amos, 123
U
Ulluco, 177
UNICEF, 170
United Nations
food supply and food relief programs by, 169
immunization programs of, 170, 171
national disaster reduction programs of, 45
Universities.
See also College education
degress awarded in forestry and related fields in, 129
funding for black, 221
Japanese students in U.S., 159
publish or perish pressures in, 196
Ureaformaldehyde foam insulation, 120
V
Vaccines, 170-172
Values, and view of risk, 15
Van Schilfgaarde, Jan, 72
Viking mission of 1976, 132
Vitamin A deficiency, 168
Volunteerism, educational, 205, 208
W
Wage gap, gender, 112-114
Waste disposal
radioactive, 65-67
use of seabed for, 137
Water quality
impact of agriculture on, 67, 72-73
regulations, 74
Weapon production, 37-38
Weiss, Robin, 99
Welfare hotels, 110-111
West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 61
White, Robert M., 55
Wildlife, effects of irrigation agriculture on, 72, 73
Williams, Robin M., Jr., 107
Witnesses, expert, 120-122
Women
dangers of pregnancy for, 172-173
in engineering, 161
equality of pay for, 112-114
families headed by, 110
HIV testing in pregnant, 190-192
impact of family planning on health of, 173-174
in science and mathematics related areas, 210, 215-218, 220
Wootan, Charley V., 21
World Health Organization, 170
Y
Young, Frank, 17
