Index
A
Administration of NPGS
advisory structure changes, 112–114
barriers to consolidation and centralization, 4–5, 88, 107, 108–112
budget authority, 89, 107, 108
crop advisory committees, 8, 49, 57, 79, 103–104, 114, 115
elevation of NPGS within ARS, 11, 111–112
National Plant Genetic Resources Board, 7–8, 10–12, 16–17, 102, 109, 112–113
National Plant Germplasm Committee, 8, 12, 102–103, 112–113
personnel classification and promotion, 97–98, 133–134
Plant Germplasm Operations Committee, 8, 104–105, 114
reorganization outside ARS, 3, 10–11, 109–111
technical committees and technical advisory committees, 8, 104
see also Agricultural Research Service;
Cooperative State Research Service
see also Recommendations
Agency for International Development, 39, 77, 128, 131
Agricultural experiment stations,
see State agricultural experiment stations
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, 4, 40, 41
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
administrative role in NPGS, 2, 7, 9, 43, 47, 49, 52, 57, 88–98, 108
administrative structure and lines of authority, 90
elevation of NPGS within, 11, 111–112
funding for germplasm-related activities, 6, 9, 53, 92–96, 108
Germplasm Matrix Team, 7, 8, 11, 91, 108, 111, 115
National Program Staff, 7, 11, 47, 49, 89–91, 109, 111, 112, 113
New Crops Research Branch, 43, 89
personnel classification and promotion system, 97–98
Research Position Evaluation System, 97–98
Anderson, E., 81–82
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 6, 50, 101, 116–118, 127
Arachis hypogaea L., 38–39
Avena sterilis, 32–33
B
Bacterial wilt, 40
Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935, 40
Barley, 5, 35, 45, 58, 59, 68, 81, 123, 124, 126, 128
Beans, 15, 33, 37, 45, 70, 75, 118, 126, 131, 138
Beattie, R. Kent, 40
Botanical gardens, 49, 84, 126
Bradford pear, 22
Broad bean, 75
Brooks, Erwin, 27
Bureau of International Organization Affairs, 137
Bureau of Land Management, 41, 104
Bureau of Plant Industry, 89
C
Canada, 17–18, 27, 35, 68, 76, 86, 139
North American cooperative program, 17–18, 139
Cell and tissue culture, 21, 25, 30, 58, 72, 119;
see also In vitro storage
Center for Plant Conservation, 84, 126
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 118, 138
Centro Internacional de la Papa, 28
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, 37, 138
Charles M. Rick Tomato
Genetics Resource Center, 62, 122
Cleland, R. E., 81
Clonal germplasm
crops requiring preservation as, 25
repositories,
see National clonal germplasm repositories
virus-free, 50
Collections
characterization, evaluation, and documentation, 30
composition of, 3, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 31
core, 30
genetic stocks, 23–24, 62, 123
germination rates and number of seeds for accessions, 73–74
international exchange of, 37
private and nongovernmental, 47, 51, 80, 84–86, 126–127
reasons for assembling, 21, 27
sites for regeneration/replenishment, 28
see also Clonal germplasm;
Germplasm management;
Seed
Collections of NPGS
active, 51–65
back-up, 5, 14, 16, 37, 44, 51, 67–68, 70, 92
base, 4, 13, 14–15, 37, 51, 65–72, 120–121
changes proposed in, 13–14, 115–128
cooperation with private collections, 4, 5–6, 126–127
distribution of samples, 4, 37, 42, 76–78, 107
external review of, 14–15, 129–130, 143
facilities and personnel, 14–15, 17, 129–134
genetic stocks, 46, 62–64, 122–124
importance of, 92
in situ conservation, 127–128
National Arboretum, 64–65
size and scope of, 2, 5, 9, 15–16, 42, 44, 48, 72–73, 86
special collections, 13–14, 51, 59–62, 122
at state and federal facilities, 59–62
utilization by breeders, 6, 48, 80–84
vegetatively propagated germplasm, 57–58, 69–72
see also Interregional Research Project-1;
National clonal germplasm repositories;
National Seed Storage Laboratory;
National Small Grains Collection;
Regionalplant introduction stations
Colleges and universities
collection vulnerability, 24
importance of collections, 51
utilization of NPGS, 5–6, 46, 61–62, 80, 81–83
Collins, G. N., 82
Conservation,
see Germplasm management
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 4, 109, 118, 138–139
Cooperative State Research Service
Committee of Nine, 99
funding for germplasm-related activities, 6–8, 9, 53, 93–96, 99
Corn, 15, 33, 35, 81, 117, 124;
see also Maize
Corn blight, 102
Cotton, 5, 15, 17, 34, 40, 45, 55, 61, 68, 95, 122, 123
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia fauriei Koehne), 65, 66–67
Creech, John, 66–67
Crop advisory committees changes proposed in, 11, 12–13, 114, 115
management of, 92
role in NPGS, 8, 49, 57, 79, 103–104
Crop Science Society of America, 67, 123
Crop vulnerability,
see Vulnerability
Crops
cultivar replacement rates, 36
gene mapping, 24
improvement in U.S., 1, 21, 33–35
Cryopreservation, 21, 25, 30, 66, 72, 110, 121
Cutler, H. C., 81–82
D
Database Management Unit, 139, 141–142
DNA, isolated, storage of, 25, 64;
see also Genetic stocks
Documentation of accessions, 79–80
international sharing of data, 138
passport and descriptor data, 28, 44, 72, 78–79, 140–141
responsibility for, 30, 44, 47
see also Germplasm Resources Information Network
E
Eastern filbert blight, 28, 130
Egolf, Donald, 67
Environment, importance of genetic resources to, 35–37
Erlanson, C. O., 40
Evening Primrose collection, 81
Experiment stations,
see State agricultural experiment stations
F
Fairchild, David, 40
Forest Service, 41
Fruit crops, virus free clones, 50–51
G
Genetic research, and crop yields, 1, 3
Genetic resources,
see Plant genetic resources
Genetic stocks
characteristics of, 23–24, 62, 123
maintenance of, 24, 48, 62, 122–124
Germplasm,
see Collections;
Plant germplasm
Germplasm management acquisition activities, 13–14, 26–27, 28–29, 115–119
challenges of, 25–28
characterization and evaluation, 28, 30, 78–79
collection diversity and size and, 31
conservation, 29–30
distribution, 76–78
documentation, 6, 28, 30, 72, 79–80
federal-state cooperation in, 40
global responsibility, 3–4, 31–32
preservation methods, 24–25, 28
regeneration and multiplication, 75–76, 86
screening for intracellular organisms, 119
seed viability testing, 72–75
structure of program, 28–32
utilization of collections, 29, 30–31
see also Collections;
Seed
Germplasm Resources Information Network
accessibility of data, 141–142
characteristics of, 80
completion of database, 140
kinds of information, 80
passport and descriptor data, 80, 140–141
recommended changes in, 18, 128, 140
responsibilities of, 46, 79–80
Gossypium species, 34
Greenbug, 82
H
Harrison, Ross G., 40
I
In situ conservation, 16, 127–128
In vitro storage, 30, 66, 71–72;
see also Cell and tissue culture
Information management, 6, 18, 28, 31, 139–142;
see also Germplasm Resources Information Network
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 4, 37, 50, 67, 70, 72–73, 92, 115–116, 131
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 39, 138
International issues
exchange of collections, 4, 37, 46, 77, 116
North American cooperative program, 17–18, 139
policy development and cooperation, 4, 12, 16–18, 32, 50, 131, 135–139
responsibility for germplasm protection and conservation, 16, 31–32, 135
trade embargoes and germplasm exchanges, 116
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 84
Interregional Research Project-1, 5, 6, 45, 46, 54, 58, 95, 100
Interregional Research Project-2, 50–51
J
K
Kempton, J. H., 82
Klose, Nelson, 144
L
Landraces, importance of, 3, 17, 23, 28, 31, 33–34, 127
Late leafspot (of peanuts), 39
Latin American Maize Project, 6, 127
Living Historical Farms, 86
Lycopersicon species, 3, 34, 63–64
M
MacMillan, H. G., 40
Maize, 6, 17, 23, 33, 37, 45, 59, 70, 81–82, 92, 122, 127, 137;
see also Corn
Management,
see Germplasm management
Manglesdorf, P. C., 81–82, 122
North American cooperative program, 17–18, 138, 139
Morse, W. J., 40
N
National Academy of Sciences,
Committee on Plant and Animal Stocks, 40
National Arboretum, 45, 46, 64–65, 93, 127
National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, 7–8, 102, 113
National clonal germplasm repositories
backup of collections, 58, 69–70
facilities and personnel, 5, 45, 132
management difficulties, 58
and quarantine, 118
research appropriations for, 93–96
responsibilities of, 5, 45, 46, 51, 57, 79
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, 6, 49, 91–92, 96, 103, 104
National Herbarium of the Smithsonian Institution, 64
National Plant Gene Conservation Center, 68
National Plant Genetic Resources Board
changes proposed in, 10–12, 16–17, 109, 112–113
composition of, 112
National Plant Germplasm Committee
changes proposed in, 12, 112–113
National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center, 6, 50, 94, 101, 117–118
National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS)
acquisition activities, 6, 44–47;
see also Plant Introduction Office
administration of,
see Administration of NPGS
collections,
see Collections of NPGS
college/university utilization of, 81–83
conservation activities, 9, 46, 51–72;
see also Germplasm management
crop-related responsibilities, 45
distribution activities, 4, 37, 42, 76–78, 107
emergence of, 41–42
exploration for plants, 44, 47, 49–50, 92, 115–116
external review of facilities and programs, 14–15, 129–130
facilities and personnel, 5–6, 41, 44, 129–134;
see also National clonal germplasm repositories;
National Seed Storage Laboratory
information management, 6, 139–142
international role of, 2, 6–7, 37, 42, 50
Interregional Research Project-2, 50–51
management of collections, 9, 46, 72–80;
see also Collections of NPGS;
Germplasm management
mission of, 1, 15–18, 37–38, 43–44, 107, 134–139
plant introduction numbers, 40, 47–48
private industry support of, 6, 83–84
quarantine facilities, 6, 37, 44, 50, 116–119
short-day-length facilities, 15, 44, 130–131
staffing, 131–132
structure of, 2, 4–5, 22, 41, 46;
see also Recommendations
training scientists and technicians, 132–133
National Science Foundation, 49, 123
National Seed Storage Laboratory
administration of, 89–90
back-up storage at, 14, 67–68, 122
deficiencies in, 14
facilities and personnel, 14, 55
genetic stock maintenance at, 122–123
holdings, 120–121
proposed expansion of, 14, 69, 120, 129
research appropriations for, 93
responsibilities of, 4–5, 44, 46, 51, 55, 66–69, 72, 78, 110
standards for seed viability, 72–73
National Small Grains Collection, 58–59
backup of accessions, 68
distribution of samples, 58–59
facilities and personnel, 54
holdings, 28, 32–33, 37, 45, 54, 58, 66–67
responsibilities, 5, 37, 45, 46, 66
New Crops Coordinating Committee, 102
North American Fruit Explorers, 85
O
Orr, John, 40
P
Peach, 40
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), 38–39, 45, 59
Peanut rust, 39
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), 45, 98–99
Plant genetic resources
collections at state agricultural experiment stations, 60–61
crop improvement and development of, 1, 21, 33–35
importance to society and environment, 1, 35–37
in the United States, 21, 32–37, 43–44
Plant Genetics and Germplasm Institute, 94
Plant germplasm
activities outside national system, 84–86
defined, 21–22
exploration for, 49–50
management of,
see Germplasm management
sources of, 22–23
technologies for preservation and use of, 21
vegetatively propagated, 69–72, 78
see also Collections;
Collections of NPGS
Plant Germplasm Operations Committee
changes proposed in, 113, 114, 130
composition of, 104
Plant Introduction Office
changes proposed in, 116
responsibilities of, 6, 39–40, 41, 44, 46, 47–48, 76, 78, 92
Plant Sciences Institute of Beltsville Area, 92
Plant Variety Protection Act, 67
Potatoes, 5, 23, 28, 33, 40, 41, 45, 54, 58, 76, 100
Private industry, support of
NPGS, 83–84
Public Law 733, 40;
see also Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946
Q
Quarantine
see also National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center
international cooperation by U.S., 37
offshore facilities, 118
recommended policy changes, 116–119, 127
screening procedures, 119
R
Recombinant DNA technology, 21
Recommendations
acquisition activities, 13, 115–119
advisory groups, 11–13, 112–114, 130
base collections, 13, 14–15, 120–121
classification and promotion of personnel, 133–134
collection management, 13–14, 119–128
collection priorities, 15–16, 134–135
cooperation with private collections, 13–14, 126–127
crop advisory committees, 11, 12–13, 114, 115
elevation within ARS, 11, 111–112
external review of collections, 14–15, 129–130
facilities and personnel, 14–15, 17, 130–131
funding for research, 18–19, 143–144
genetic stock management, 122–124
in situ conservation, 16, 127–129
information management, 18, 139–142
international policies and cooperation, 16–18, 131, 135–139
mission of NPGS, 15–18, 134–139
national clonal germplasm repositories, 13, 130
National Plant Genetic Resources Board, 10–12, 16–17, 109, 112–113
National Plant Germplasm Committee, 12, 112–113
National Seed Storage Laboratory expansion, 14, 120, 129
organization outside ARS, 10–11, 109–111
Plant Introduction Office, 116
program review, 14–15, 129–130, 143
quarantine arrangements, 116–119, 127
regeneration of seed, 13, 120–121
special collections, 13–14, 122
staffing, 131–132
training of personnel, 132–133
Regional plant introduction stations
facilities and personnel, 5, 41, 45, 52–54
recommended changes in, 13, 119
research appropriations for, 93–95, 99–100
responsibilities of, 5, 46, 51, 52–53, 73, 79
Research
agenda, 142–143
funding for, 7, 18–19, 40, 143–144
promotion of, 143–144
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, 76
Rice, 5, 35, 37, 45, 58, 68, 70, 124
Risien, Edmond, 98–99
Rosa xanthina, 22
Russian wheat aphid, 80–81
S
Seed
desiccation-sensitive, 24–25, 27
germination rates and number of seeds for accessions, 73–74
regeneration/replenishment, 13, 24–25, 28, 30, 120–121, 137–138
viability testing, 30, 44, 69, 72–75
Seed Savers Exchange, 47, 85–86, 127
Soil Conservation Service, 41, 79, 101
Sorghum, 37, 45, 70, 81, 82, 117
Soybeans, 6, 35, 37, 40, 45, 55, 61, 70, 81, 94, 124
Special crop germplasm collections, 13–14, 51, 59–62, 94–95, 122
State agricultural experiment stations
administrative role in NPGS, 41, 52, 87, 100–101
collections, 100
funding for research by, 99, 100
genetic resource collections at, 59–61, 80
State facilities with collections, 59–61
T
Technical committees and technical advisory committees, roles in NPGS, 8, 57, 104
Timothy, David, 38
Tissue culture,
see Cell and tissue culture
Tomatoes, 3, 34, 45, 59, 62, 70, 122, 123
resistance to diseases, 62–64
U
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, 17, 136–137
definition of genetic stocks, 62
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, 137
NPGS cooperation with, 16–17, 37, 109, 115–116, 135–137
United States
agricultural production in, 1, 3, 33–34
crop improvement in, 1, 21, 33–35
development of germplasm activities in, 21, 38–41;
see also National Plant Germplasm System
international exchange of collections, 37
plant genetic resources in, 32–37
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 6, 50, 101, 116–118, 127
Competitive Research Grants Office, 18–19, 143
Foreign Plant Introduction Office, 40
management of NPGS, 88–101
Office of Experiment Stations, 89
Office of Science and Education, 3, 10, 109
Seed and Plant Introduction Section, 40
seed distribution by, 39
see also Agricultural Research Service;
Cooperative State Research Service
U.S. Patent Office, seed distribution by, 39
V
Vegetatively propagated germplasm, 28, 69–72, 116
Vulnerability, 24, 35, 80, 102
W
Westover, C., 40
Wheat, 3, 5, 17–18, 33–37, 38, 45, 58, 59, 70, 81, 123, 124, 126, 128
Whitaker Cucurbita species collection, 122
Whitehouse, W. E., 40
Wild oat (Avena sterilis L.), 32–33, 128
Wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.), 24–27
Y
Yagyu, Paul, 27
Z
Zizania aquatica, 24–25
Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9.
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03987-8; ISBN 0-309-03985-1 (pbk).
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3.
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk).
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X.
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8.
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5.
Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3.
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9.
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5.
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2.
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4.
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X.
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X.
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8.
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1.
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7.
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-03486-8.
More information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, (202) 334-3313 (information only); (800) 624-6242 (orders only).