Mapping the Brain and Its Functions: Integrating Enabling Technologies into Neuroscience Research (1991)

Adenosine monophosphate, 60–62 , 69

Advisory bodies, 16–17 , 18 , 110 , 121–123 , 128–129

Alcohol abuse, 7 , 8 , 18 , 34 , 41–42 , 44 , 45 , 124

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration,8 , 18 , 44 , 45 , 124

Algorithms, 11 , 97 , 102

Anatomy and anatomical data, 2 , 10 , 73–74 , 103 , 118 , 136

axons, 55–56 , 58 , 96

behavioral studies, 51

blood-brain barrier, 56

brain function and, 3 , 6 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 , 53–56 , 93–94

cerebral cortex, 4 , 5 , 6 , 32 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 51 , 53 , 58 , 118

magnetic resonance imaging, 9 , 39–40 , 52–53 , 73 , 96–97 , 99

pain, 35–36 , 37

pilot projects, 15 , 115

schizophrenia, 6 , 38 , 39 , 67–69

substance abuse, 5 , 34 , 35

visual perception, 4 , 31–32 , 33 , 34

see also Neurons

Animal studies, 14 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 67–69 , 82 , 95 , 114 , 115 , 127

drug studies, 34 , 55

genetic studies, 87–88

monkey studies, 14 , 32 , 51 , 114

pain, 37

visual perception, 32

Antibodies, 43 , 55 , 62

Architectures

brain, 6 , 10

computer, 3 , 117 , 119–120

parallel processors, 54

ARPANET, 84

Artificial intelligence, 54 , 59

Association for Computing Machinery, 70

Attitudes, 17 , 106 , 111

Axons, 55–56 , 58 , 96

Basic research, 2 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 52 , 94 , 103 , 116

Behavioral factors, 3 , 15 , 48–53 , 94

genetic influences, 15 , 50 , 51

schizophrenia, 37–38 , 40 , 67

substance abuse, 5

see alsoMotor functions ;

Sensory perception

Bibliographic databases, 9 , 77 , 78 , 94 , 98 , 117

Binding, biochemical see Receptors, Biochemistry, 2 , 10 , 25 , 52 , 53 , 60–65 , 74

behavioral effects, 51

databases, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82 , 94 , 98

developmental processes and, 57 , 126

genetic regulation, 27

immunocytochemistry, 55 , 56–57

neuronal, 54–57 , 58 ;

see also Receptors

pain, 36 , 37

pilot projects, 15

schizophrenia, 6 , 27 , 38–40 , 68

substance abuse, 5 , 34 , 35

visual perception, 4 , 33

see also Molecular processes;

Pharmacology

Blood-brain barrier, 56

Blood flow, 52

Brain Browser , 82 , 83

BrainMap, 97

Brain Map Advisory Panel, 16–17 , 18 , 121–123 , 128–129

Brain Mapping Initiative, 3 , 8 , 13–19 , 26 , 44–45 , 114–129

Brain nuclei, 5 , 31 , 34 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 67

Brain Research , 99

Bromley, Allan, 86

Caenorhabditis elegans, 87–88

Cancer, 30 , 53 , 62

Cartography, 10 , 91

CD-ROM, 102

Cerebral cortex, 53 , 58 , 118

electrical activity, 51

schizophrenia, 6 , 39 , 40

substance abuse, 5

visual perception, 4 , 32 , 34

Clinical research, 2 , 6 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 37 , 52 , 94 , 116

behavioral/emotional disorders, 52

pain, 6 , 37

Collins, Francis, 30

Communication, 1 , 2 , 8 , 23

disorders, 41

pain research, 36

social aspects, 104–107

software, 15 , 101

see also Consortia;

Networks

Computer simulations, 14 , 22 , 73

pattern recognition, 4 , 71

visual perception, 33

x-ray crystallography, 8–9 , 72–73

Confidentiality, see Privacy rights

Consortia, 15 , 16 , 17 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 123–124 , 128

Contracts, federal, 18 , 123–124

Coordination, 2 , 22–23 , 25

advisory bodies, 16–17 , 18 , 110 , 121–123 , 128–129

Brain Mapping Initiative, 3 , 8 , 13–19 , 26 , 44–45 , 114–129

consortia, 15 , 16 , 17 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 123–124 , 128

databases, 10 , 15–16

electronic collaboratory groups, 87–88

long-term, 125–127

pilot projects, 13 , 14–15 , 109–110 , 120–123

professional organizations, 7 , 10 , 23 , 43 , 70 , 74 , 91–92

symposia, 10 , 23 , 92 , 139–141

see also Standards

Corporation for National Research Initiatives, 82

Cost and cost analyses

computer operations, 69–70

database software, 81

imaging technology, 97

mental disorders, 41 , 44

neurological diseases, 7 , 41 , 44 , 126

research financing, 8 , 18–19 , 105 , 125

substance abuse, 34 , 41

Coulson, Alan, 87

Current Contents , 77

Data banks, 98, 117

Databases, 1–2 , 8 , 9–11 , 15–16 , 23 , 67 , 76–84 , 91 , 97–99 , 100 , 107–108 , 114 , 117

attitudes about, 17

bibliographic, 9 , 77 , 78 , 94 , 98 , 117

biochemical processes, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82 , 94 , 98

Brain Mapping Initiative, 3 , 8 , 13–19 , 26 , 44–45 , 114–129

coordination of, 10 , 15–16

evaluation, 16

genome, 9 , 12 , 29 , 41 , 79–82 , 87–88 , 91 , 95 , 98 , 103 , 105 , 128

images in, 9–11 , 77 , 83 , 85–86 , 93–97 , 98–99 , 100 , 114 , 117 , 136

informal data in, 77 , 88 , 93 , 98 , 104 , 108 , 117

international issues, 11 , 15–16 , 17 , 81 , 97 , 98–99 , 117 , 128

management of, 3 , 10 , 11 , 22 , 29 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 83–84 , 100–101 , 119–120

molecular data, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82

National Neural Circuitry Database, 3 , 11 , 14 , 22 , 26 , 91 , 97 , 136–138

object-oriented, 77 , 100 , 114

on-line, 9 , 76 , 79–82 , 97

pain, 6 , 37

preliminary findings data, 12

protein sequencing, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82 , 95 , 105 , 128

public, 97–98

published articles, standards for inclusion in, 12 , 92 , 110 , 119

relational, 77 , 82 , 100

schizophrenia, 6–7 , 40–41 , 67–69

software, general, 81 , 101

substance abuse, 5 , 35

textual data, 11 , 76 , 93 , 96 , 102 , 116 , 117

university-associated, 82 , 83 , 97

visual perception, 33

Data storage, 101–102 , 107

Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency, 84

Defense Mapping Agency, 10 , 91

Department of Agriculture, 81

Department of Defense, 10 , 18 , 81 , 84–85 , 91 , 124

Department of Energy, 18 , 44 , 81 , 82 , 124

Department of Veterans Affairs, 8 , 44

Developmental processes and stages, 14 , 27 , 50 , 94–95 , 114 , 127

neurochemistry, 57 , 126

schizophrenia, 6 , 37 , 40

visual defects, 32 , 53

Diseases and disorders, 7 , 9 , 14 , 41–42 , 53

cancer, 30 , 53 , 62

cost of, 7 , 41 , 44 , 126

motor functions, 50–51

neurofibromatosis, 30 , 65 , 95

neurological, general, 1 , 7 , 21 , 27 , 41–42 , 43 , 53 , 56–57 , 65 , 95 , 114 , 118 , 126 , 127

pain, 5–6 , 35–37

visual deficits, 4 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 53 , 64

see also Injuries;

Mental illness;

Substance abuse

Digital graphics, 73–74

cartography, 10 , 91

DNA, 64 , 81 , 87

Dopamine, 6–7 , 34 , 38 , 40 , 54

Drug abuse, see Substance abuse

Education, 110 , 122

learning processes, 15 , 51 , 59 , 67

Electroencephalographic recordings, 51–52 , 73

Electron microscopes, 43 , 54 , 58 , 73 , 125

Electrophysiology, 43 , 54 , 73 , 94 , 118

behavioral research, 50–52

event-related potential, 52 , 73

ion channels, 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

neuronal, 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

pain, 36

visual perception, 33 , 52

Emotion, 3 , 15 , 25 , 27 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 48–53

see also Mental illness

Ethics, 16 , 105 , 110 , 118–119 , 121

privacy rights, 16 , 104–105 , 121

see also Intellectual property

European Molecular Biology Library, 81

Evaluation, 15 , 23

databases, 16

data sharing and, 12 , 16 , 23 , 104 , 105 , 108 , 118–119

imaging techniques, 96–97

peer review, 12 , 14–15 , 17 , 105 , 116–117 , 128

pilot projects, 13 , 14–15 , 108 , 109–110 , 116–117 , 122 , 128

Event-related potential, 52 , 73

Federal government, 7–8 , 23 , 44 , 45–46 , 74–76 , 81–82 , 128–129

Brain Map Advisory Panel, 16–17 , 18 , 123–124 , 128–129

contracts, 18 , 123–124

grants, 18 , 111 , 124

networks, 85–87

National Neural Circuitry Database, 3 , 11 , 14 , 22 , 26 , 91 , 97 , 136–138

National Research and Education Network, 17 , 18 , 86 , 87 , 100 , 120 , 128

NSFNET, 9–10 , 17 , 85–86 , 120 , 123 , 128

see also specific agencies

The Federal High Performance Computing Program, 86

Foundations, 8 , 18 , 44 , 46

Freedom of information, 16 , 121

public domain, 16 , 17 , 97–98 , 117–120 , 128

Free text, see Textual data

Funding, 7–8 , 12 , 13 , 44 , 45–46 , 81–82 , 92 , 111 , 121 , 123–125

Brain Map Advisory Panel, 16 , 18–19 , 121 , 128–129

foundations, 8 , 18 , 44 , 46

grants, research, 18 , 111 , 124

GenBank, 81

Genetics, 25 , 27 , 30 , 60–65 , 92 , 122–123

behavioral, 15, 50,51

color vision, 64

DNA, 64, 81, 87

emotion, 15

learning, 51

neurofibromatosis, 30

RNA, 57, 63, 68

schizophrenia, 6–7, 38, 40–41,67–69

Genomes, 6, 17, 27, 62, 110, 113, 122–123, 128

animal studies, 87–88

databases, 9, 12, 29, 41, 79–82, 87–88, 91, 95, 98, 103, 105, 128

Human Genome Project, 17, 110, 123, 128

networks, 87–88

Geographical factors

consortia, 15, 116, 128

laboratory locations, 12, 14, 116–117, 128

Geometric data, 116

Glia, 56

Gore, Albert, 22, 86

Grants, research, 18, 111, 124

Graphics, 7, 8–9, 13, 14, 26, 67–76, 96, 98, 102, 114, 136

computer simulations, 4, 8–9, 14, 22, 33, 71, 72–73

HyperCard, 82

pain, 37

standards, 11, 98–99

visual perception, models of

see also Images and image processing

Gusella, James, 30

Historical perspectives, 32, 50, 64, 70, 78, 124–125

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 8, 44

Hubel, David, 32

Human–computer interface, 11, 12, 100–101, 102–103, 109

see also Graphics

Human Genome Project, 17, 110, 123, 128

HyperCard, 82

Images and image processing, 7, 9, 11, 26, 39–40, 74, 91, 100, 108, 114, 116

computer simulations, 4, 8–9, 14, 22, 33, 71, 72–73

databases, 9–11, 77, 83, 85–

evaluation, 96–97

magnetic resonance imaging, 9, 39–40, 52–53, 73, 96–97, 99

networks, 9–10, 82, 83, 88, 100, 102, 103, 108

object-oriented databases, 77, 100, 114

pattern recognition, 4, 71

PET scanning, 6, 9, 39–40, 52, 53, 73, 96–97, 99

see also Graphics;

Vision and visualization

Immunocytochemistry, 55, 56–57

Informal data, 77, 88, 93, 98, 104, 108, 117

Information management, 1, 3, 22, 26–30, 43–44

databases, 3, 10, 11, 22, 29, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83–84, 100–

Injuries, 7 , 21 , 27 , 52 , 56 , 62 , 126–127

pain and, 5–6 , 36 , 37

visual perception, 33

Institute of Medicine, 1 , 22 , 136

Intellectual property, 12 , 16 , 104 , 105 , 118–119 , 121

public domain, 16 , 17 , 97–98 , 117–120 , 128

Intelligenetics, Inc., 81

International Brain Research Organization, 43

International perspectives and programs, 18 , 43 , 117 , 124–125 , 129

databases, 11 , 15–16 , 17 , 81 , 97 , 98–99 , 117 , 128

networks, 9 , 85 , 87 , 97 , 117 , 120

research policy, 2 , 23

Internet, 85 , 87 , 120

Ion channels, 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

Japanese DNA Data Bank, 81

Journal of Neuroscience , 99

Learning processes, 15 , 51 , 59 , 67

Legal issues

freedom of information, 16

intellectual property, 12 , 16 , 104 , 105 , 118–119 , 121

privacy rights, 16 , 104–105 , 121

public domain, 16 , 17 , 97–98 , 117–120 , 128

Local area networks, 84–85 , 100 , 120

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 81

MacArthur Foundation, 8 , 44

Magnetic resonance imaging, 9 , 39 , 52–53 , 73 , 96–97 , 99

Magnetoencephalography, 52

Mathematics, 59–60 , 73 , 116

Memory, 94

animal/human, 51 , 59

computer, 26 , 70 , 102

Mental illness, 1 , 7 , 27 , 41–42 , 43 , 44 , 52

affective disorders, 7 , 41–42

National Institute of Mental Health, 1 , 2 , 22 , 23 , 75

schizophrenia, 6–7 , 27 , 37–41 , 52 , 67–69

Microcircuits, 26 , 57–60

national database, 3

neural, 3 , 26 , 27 , 35 , 53–54 , 59 , 85

Microprocessors, 26

Models, 22 , 88 , 100 , 1140–17

Brain Mapping Initiative, 3 , 8 , 13–19 , 26 , 44–45 , 114–129

computer simulations, 4 , 8–9 , 14 , 22 , 33 , 71 , 72–73

molecular, 92 , 95 , 106

Molecular processes, 2 , 14 , 25 , 57 , 60–65 , 114 , 127

antibodies, 43 , 55 , 62

databases, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82

emotion, 15

modeling, 92 , 95 , 106

PET scanning, 6 , 9 , 39–40 , 52 , 53 , 73 , 96–97 , 99

schizophrenia, 40

substance abuse, 5

visual perception, 4 , 33

x-ray crystallography, 8–9 , 72–73

see also Genetics;

Protein sequencing;

Receptors

Monkey studies, 14 , 32 , 51 , 114

Motor functions, 33 , 34 , 36 , 48 , 50–51 , 94

Nathans, Jeremy, 64

National Academy of Sciences, 86

National Center for Biotechnology Information, 100 , 109 , 119–120

National Center for Research Resources, 81

National Digital Library System, 88

National Information Standards Organizations, 120

National Institute for General Medical Sciences, 82

National Institute of Mental Health, 1 , 2 , 22 , 23 , 75

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, 41

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1 , 2 , 22 , 23 , 126

National Institutes of Health, 7–8 , 18 , 44 , 45 , 74–76 , 81 , 124

see also specific institutes

National Library of Medicine, 9 , 22 , 76 , 79 , 81–82 , 100 , 103

National Center for Biotechnology Information, 100 , 109 , 119–120

National Neural Circuitry Database, 3 , 11 , 14 , 22 , 26 , 91 , 97 , 136–138

National Research and Education Network, 17 , 18 , 86 , 87 , 100 , 120 , 128

National Research Council, 86

National Science Foundation, 1 , 2 , 8 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 44 , 70–71 , 75–76 , 81 , 82

NSFNET, 9–10 , 17 , 85–86 , 120 , 123 , 128

Networks, 1 , 7–8 , 9–10 , 11 , 14 , 21–22 , 23 , 83 , 84–88 , 93 , 100 , 108 , 120

communications software, 15 , 101 , 108 , 120

data standards, 10 , 11 , 15 , 85 , 87 , 92 , 98–99 , 102–104 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 116 , 119 , 120

images, 9–10 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 97 , 100 , 102 , 103 , 108

international perspectives, 9 , 85 , 87 , 97 , 117 , 120

Internet, 85 , 87 , 120

local area, 84–85 , 100 , 120

neural, 2 , 25 , 27

National Neural Circuitry Database, 3 , 11 , 14 , 22 , 26 , 91 , 97 , 136–138

National Research and Education Network, 17 , 18 , 86 , 87 , 100 , 120 , 128

NSFNET, 9–10 , 17 , 85–86 , 120 , 123 , 128

on-line databases, 9 , 76 , 79–82 , 97

public domain, 16 , 17 , 97–98 , 117–120 , 128

social aspects, 104–107

standards, 10 , 11 , 15 , 85 , 87 , 116

university, 85 , 120

wide area, 84 , 85

Neural hierarchy, 2 , 3 , 10 , 15 , 27 , 48–65 , 94 , 95 , 99 , 107 , 108

Neurons, 27 , 43 , 55–65 , 74 , 94

axons, 55–56 , 58 , 96

circuitry, 3 , 26 , 27 , 35 , 53–54 , 59 , 85

electrophysiology, 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

ion channels, 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

networks, 2 , 3

neurochemistry, 54–57 , 58

synapses, 27 , 57–62 , 68 , 94

see also Receptors

Neurofibromatosis, 30 , 65 , 95

Newton, Isaac, 64

Nonprofit organizations, see Foundations

NSFNET, 9–10 , 17 , 85–86 , 120 , 123 , 128

Object-oriented databases, 77 , 100 , 114

Office of Naval Research, 44

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 86

On-line databases, 9 , 76 , 79–82 , 97

Organizational issues, 2 , 8 , 84 , 121–122

research hierarchy, 3, 27–28 , 31

see also Coordination; Information management

Oscilloscope, 43 , 125

Pagels, Heinz, 21

Pain, 5–6 , 35–37

Parallel processors, 54

Pattern recognition, 4 , 71

Pavlov, Ivan, 50

Peer review, 12 , 14–15 , 17 , 105 , 116–117 , 128

Pew Charitable Trusts, 8

Pharmacology, 14 , 35 , 52 , 60 , 74 , 114 , 127

dopamine, 6–7 , 34 , 38 , 40 , 54

see also Substance abuse

Physiology, 2 , 14 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 43 , 53–54 , 55 , 57 , 114 , 136

anatomy and brain function, 3 , 6 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 , 53–56 , 93–94

pain, 35–37

pilot projects, 14

schizophrenia, 38

visual perception, 2 , 3 , 4 , 14 , 25 , 31–34

see also Electrophysiology

Pilot projects, 13 , 14–15 , 19 , 92 , 95–96 , 107–109 , 116–117 , 118 , 120 , 122 , 123–125 , 128 , 129

anatomy, 15 , 115

coordination, 13 , 14–15 , 109–110 , 120–123

evaluation, 13 , 14–15 , 108 , 109–110 , 116–117 , 122 , 128

Policy issues, general, 2 , 16 , 23

Positron emission tomography, 6 , 9 , 39–40 , 52 , 53 , 73 , 96–97 , 99

Privacy rights, 16 , 104–105 , 121

Private sector, 74

foundations, 8 , 18 , 44 , 46

Problem solving

algorithms, 11 , 97 , 102

artificial intelligence, 54 , 59

Professional organizations, 7 , 10 , 23 , 43 , 70 , 74 , 91–92

consortia, 15 , 16 , 17 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 123–124 , 128

symposia, 10 , 23 , 92 , 139–141

Projections, 67 , 113–116 , 125–127

networks, 86–87

Protein sequencing, 62 , 122–123

databases, 9 , 12 , 17 , 29–30 , 68–69 , 79–82 , 95 , 105 , 128

Protein synthesis, 57

Prototypes, see Pilot projects

Public domain

databases, 97–98

software, 16 , 17 , 117–120 , 128

Public Health Service, 18 , 124

Publications, 28 , 43 , 98 , 99 , 105

bibliographic databases, 9 , 77 , 78 , 94 , 98 , 117

newsletters, 87

standards for related data in databases, 12 , 92 , 110 , 119

study methodology, 10 , 92

Quality control, 16 , 121 , 122

see also Evaluation;

Standards

Receptors, neuronal, 5 , 6–7 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 52 , 58 , 60–63 , 94 , 96 , 126

Reference databases, see Bibliographic databases

Relational databases, 77 , 82 , 100

Research

basic, 2 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 52 , 94 , 103 , 116

clinical, 2 , 6 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 37 , 52 , 94 , 116

costs, 8 , 18–19 , 105 , 125

fragmentation of, 3 , 13 , 43–44

policy, 2 , 3 , 23

see also Technological innovations

Research Triangle Institute, 126

RNA, 57 , 63 , 68

Robotics, 4

Schizophrenia, 6–7 , 27 , 37–41 , 52 , 67–69

anatomical data, 6 , 38 , 39 , 67–69

behavioral factors, 37–38 , 40 , 67

cerebral cortex, 6 , 39 , 40

chemical processes, 6 , 27 , 38–40 , 68

databases, 6–7 , 40–41 , 67–69

developmental aspects, 6 , 37 , 40

genetics, 6–7 , 38 , 40–41 , 67–69

Sensors, electronic, 4 , 118

Sensory perception, 25 , 27 , 48 , 52

pain, 5–6 , 35–37

see also Vision and visualization

Sex differences, 64

Sociological issues, 12–13 , 104–107 , 110 , 117 , 118–119 , 121 , 126

attitudes, 17 , 106 , 111

pain, 37

privacy rights, 16 , 104–105 , 121

standard data formats, 12 , 118–119

see also Intellectual property

Society for Neuroscience, 7 , 10 , 23 , 43 , 74 , 91–92

Software, 74–75 , 108 , 109

database, 81 , 101

human–computer interface, 11 , 108

public domain, 16 , 17 , 117–120 , 128

telecommunications, 15 , 101 , 108 , 120

Sulston, John, 87

Standards, 22

data formats, 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 85 , 87 , 92 , 98–99 , 102–104 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 116 , 119 , 120

graphics, 11 , 98–99

publication, 12 , 92 , 110 , 119

social factors, 12

Study methodology

consortia, 15 , 16 , 17 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 123–124 , 128

symposia, 10 , 23 , 92 , 139–141

see also Task forces

Substance abuse, 4–5 , 7 , 34–35 , 41–42 , 50 , 126

alcohol abuse, 7 , 8 , 18 , 34 , 41–42 , 44 , 45 , 124

anatomical data, 5 , 34 , 35

animal studies, 34 , 55

chemical processes, 5 , 34 , 35

cost of, 34 , 41

databases, 5 , 35

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1 , 2 , 22 , 23 , 126

Supercomputer Network Study Act, 86

Supercomputing centers, 120

Sutherland, Ivan, 70

Symposia, 10 , 23 , 92 , 139–141

Synapses, 27 , 57–62 , 68 , 94

axons, 55–56 , 58 , 96

ion channels, 60 , 68 , 94 , 118

Task forces

study methodology, 23 , 91–92 , 97 , 100 , 101 , 107 , 111 , 136–138

topics and rosters, current study, 133–135

visualization, 70–72

Technological innovations,general, 2 , 6 , 7 , 42–44 , 51–53 , 99–102 , 124–125

social factors, 104–107

Telecommunications, see Communication;

Networks

Textual data, 11 , 116 , 76 , 93 , 96 , 102 , 116

Universities and colleges, 109

databases, 82 , 83 , 97

data-sharing controls by, 12 , 105 , 119

graphics developments, 74

networks, 85 , 120

User interface, see Human–computer interface

Vision and visualization, 4 , 13 , 26 , 29 , 31–34 , 67 , 70–73

anatomical data, 4 , 31–32 , 33 , 34

of brain function, 2 , 3 , 4 , 14 , 25 , 31–34 , 43 , 53–54

cerebral cortex, 4 , 32 , 34

chemical processes, 4 , 33

color, 31 , 64

deficits, 4 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 53 , 64

developmental processes, 32 , 53

electrophysiology, 33 , 52

neurons, 4 , 32 , 33

pattern recognition, 4 , 71

physiology, 2 , 3 , 4 , 14 , 25 , 31–34

x-ray crystallography, 8–9 , 72–73

White, Ray, 30

Wide area network, 84 , 85

Wiesel, Torsten, 32

Women, 126

X-ray crystallography, 8–9, 72–73

X-rays, 74