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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1982. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18524.
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References Aagaard, K.. L. K. Coachman, and E. Carmak (1981). On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. 28A. 529-545. Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground, Philos. Mag. 41, 237. Bach, W., J. Pankrath, and J. Williams (1980). Interactions of Energy and Climate, D. Reidel, Boston, Massachusetts. Barnett.T. P. (1978). Estimating variability of surface air temperature in the northern hemisphere, Mon. Weather Rev. 106, 1353. Berner, W., H. Oeschger, and B. Stauffer (1980). Information on the CO, cycle from ice core studies, Radiocarbon 22, 227. Bolin, B. (1981). Changing global biochemistry, Rep. CM-52, Dept. of Meteorol., U. of Stockholm, 24 pp. Bolin, B., and R. J. Charlson (1976). On the role of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in the shortwave radiative climate of the Earth, Ambio 5, 47. Bolin, B., E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner, eds. (1979). The Global Carbon Cycle, SCOPE 13, Proceedings of a SCOPE Workshop, Ratzeburg, German Federal Republic, March 21-26, 1977, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 491 pp. Boughner, R. E. (1978). The effect of increased carbon dioxide concentrations on stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1326. Bryan, K., and L. J. Lewis (1979). A water mass model of the World Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2503. Budiansky, S. (1980). New attention for atmospheric carbon, Environ. Sci. Technol. 14, 1430. Budyko, M. I. (1969). The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth, Tellus21, 611. Butzer, K. W. (1980). Adaptation to global environmental change, Prof. Geog. 32, 269. Callendar, G. S. (1938). The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 64, 223. Carlson, T. N., and R. S. Caverly. (1977). Radiative characteristics of Saharan dust at solar wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res. 82. 3141. Carter, J. R. (1978). Letter concerning the paper "Global Cooling?" Clim. Change 1. 383.

CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE: A SECOND ASSESSMENT Cess, R. D. (1976). Climate change: an appraisal of atmospheric feedback mechanisms employing zonal climatology, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1831. Cess, R. D. (1978). Biosphere-albedo feedback and climate modeling, J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1765. Cess, R. D., B. P. Briegleb, and M. S. Lian (1982). Low-latitude cloudiness and climate feedback: comparative estimates from satellite data. J. Atmos. Sci. (in press). Chamberlin, T. C. (1899). An attempt to frame a working hypothesis of the cause of glacial periods on an atmospheric basis, J. Geol. 7, 545. Charlock, T. P. (1981). Cloud optics as a possible stabilizing factor in climate change, J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 661. Charlock, T. P., and W. D. Sellers (1980). Aerosol, cloud reflectivities and climate, J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1136. CLIMAP Project Members (1976). The surface of the ice-age Earth, Science 191, 1131. Climate Research Board (1979). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 22 pp. Climate Research Board (1980). Letter Report of the Ad Hoc Study Panel on Economic and Social Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Increase. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., II pp. Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich (1982). The effect of aerosols upon the Earth's radiation budget: a parameterization for application to climate models, J. Atmos. Sci. (submitted). Cobb, W. E. (1973). Oceanic aerosol level deduced from measurements of the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 101. Damon, P. E., and S. M. Kunen (1976). Global cooling? Science 193, 447. Damon, P. E., and S. M. Kunen (1978). Reply to Letter Concerning the Paper "Global Cooling?", Climatic Change 1, 387. Delmas, R. J.. J.-M. Ascencio, and M. Legrand (1980). Polar ice evidence that atmospheric CO, 20,000 yr BP was 50% of present, Nature 284, 155. Dickinson, R. E. (1980). Convergence rate and stability of ocean-atmosphere coupling schemes with a zero-dimensional climate model, J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 2112-2120. Dolzhanskiy, F. V., and G. S. Golitsyn (1977). Laboratory modeling of global geophysical flows (a review), Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 13, 550. Ellis, J. S., and T. H. Yonder Haar (1976). Zonal average earth radiation budget measurements from satellites for climate studies, Atmos. Sci. Paper 240, Colorado State U., Fort Collins, Colorado, 50 pp. Fels, S. B., J. D. Mahlman, M. D. Schwarzkopf, and R. W. Sinclair (1980). Stratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: radiative and dynamical response, J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2265. Fine, R. A., J. L. Reid, and H. G. Ostlund (1981). Circulation of tritium in the Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanog. 11, 3. Fultz, D., R. R. Long, G. V. Owens, W. Bohan, R. Kaylor, and J. Weil (1959). Studies of Thermal Convection in a Rotating Cylinder with Some Implications for Large-Scale Atmo- spheric Motions. Meteorological Monographs 4, No. 21, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 104 pp. Gates, W. L. (1976). The numerical simulation of ice-age climate with a global general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1844. Gates, W. L., K. H. Cook, and M. E. Schlesinger (1981). Preliminary analysis of experiments on the climatic effects of increased CO2 with an atmospheric general circulation model and a climatological ocean model, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6385. Geophysics Study Committee (1977). Energy and Climate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 158 pp.

References 67 Gierasch, P. J.. and R. M. Goody (1972). The effect of dust on the temperature of the Martian atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 400. Gilliland, R. L. (1982). Solar, volcanic and CO2 forcing of recent climate change, Clim. Change 4 (in press). Graedel, T. E., and J. F. McRae (1980). On the possible increase of the atmospheric methane and carbon monoxide concentrations during the last decade, Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 911. Hameed, S., R. D. Cess, and J. S. Hogan (1980). Response of the global climate to changes in atmospheric chemical composition due to fossil fuel burning, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7537. Haney, R. L. (1979). Numerical models of ocean circulation and climate interaction, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 1494. Hansen, J. E., W.-C. Wang, and A. A. Lacis (1978). Mt. Agung eruption provides test of a global climatic perturbation, Science 199, 1065. Hansen, J. E., et al. (1979). Proposal for Research in Global Carbon Dioxide Source/Sink Budget and Climate Effects, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, 60 pp. Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell (1981). Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science 213, 957. Hansen, J., A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, and P. Stone (1982). (in preparation). Hartmann, D. L., and D. A. Short (1980). On the use of earth radiation budget statistics for studies of cloud and climate, J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1233. Hays, J. D. (1978). A review of the late quaternary climatic history of Antarctic seas, in Antarctic Glacial History and World Paleoenvironments, E. M. Van Zindern Bakker, ed., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 57-71. Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton (1976). Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages, Science 194, 1121. Heidt, L. E., and D. H. Ehhalt (1980). Corrections of methane concentrations measured prior to 1974, Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 1023. Hibler, W. D., Ill (1980). Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover, Mon. Weather Rev. 108, 1943. Hide, R. (1977). Experiments with rotating fluids, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 103, 1-28. Hoffert, M. I., A. J. Callegari, and C.-T. Hsieh (1980). The role of deep sea heat storage in the secular response to climatic forcing, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6667. Hofmann, D. F., and J. M. Rosen (1980). Stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosol layer: evidence for an anthropogenic component, Science 208, 1368. Holland, W. R., and P. B. Rhines (1980). An example of eddy-induced oceanic circulation, J. Phys. Oceanog. 10, 1010. Hoyt, D. V. (1979). An empirical determination of the heating of the Earth by the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect, Nature 282, 388. Huang, J. C. K. (1979). Numerical case studies for oceanic thermal anomalies with a dynamic model, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 5717. Hudson, R. D., and E. I. Reed (1979). The Stratosphere: Present and Future, NASA Ref. Publ. 1049, 432 pp. Hunt, B. G. (1981). An examination of some feedback mechanisms in the carbon dioxide climate problem, Tellus 33, 78. Idso, S. B. (1980a). The climatological significance of a doubling of Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, Science 207, 1462. Idso, S. B. (1980b). Carbon dioxide and climate (reply to Schneider et al., 1980, and Leovy, 1980), Science 210, 1. Idso, S. B. (1981). Carbon dioxide: an alternative view, New Sci. 92, 444. JASON (1979). The Long Term Impact of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Climate, Tech. Rep. JSR-78-07, SRI International, Arlington, Virginia. 184 pp.

68 CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE: A SECOND ASSESSMENT JASON (1980). The Carbon Dioxide Problem: DOE Program and a General Assessment, Tech. Rep. JSR-80-06, SRI International, Arlington, Virginia, 39 pp. Jenkins, W. J. (1980). Tritium and 'He in the Sargasso Sea, J. Mar. Res. 38, 533. Joint Organizing Committee (1975). The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Model/ing, GARP Publ. Ser. No. 16, Joint Planning Staff, Global Atmospheric Research Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 265 pp. Joint Organizing Committee (1979). Report of the JOC Study Conference on Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vols. I and II, GARP Publ. Ser. No. 22, W. L. Gates, ed., Joint Planning Staff, Global Atmospheric Research Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 1049 pp. Kandel, R. S. (1981). Surface temperature sensitivity to increased atmospheric CO2, Nature 293, 634. Kaplan, L. D. (1960). The influence of carbon dioxide variations on the atmospheric heat balance, Tellus 12, 204. Karol, I. (1981). Report of the US/USSR Workshop on Carbon Dioxide and Climate, Leningrad, June 15-20. Kellogg, W. W. (1977). Effects of Human Activities on Global Climate, Tech. Note No. 156, World Meteorological Organization No. 486, Geneva, Switzerland, 47 pp. Kellogg, W. W., and S. H. Schneider (1981). Proposal to the Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., for partial support of the Preliminary Workshop on CO2-Induced Climate Scenarios (1981) and the Second Workshop on CO2-Induced Climate Scenarios (1982), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 6 pp. Kukla, G., and J. Gavin (1981). Summer ice and carbon dioxide, Science 214, 497-503. Lacis, A., J. Hansen, P. Lee, T. Mitchell, and S. Lebedeff (1981). Greenhouse effect of trace gases, 1970-1980, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1035-1038. Lindzen, R. S., A. Y. Hou, and B. F. Farrell (1982). The role of convective model choice in calculating the climate impact of doubling CO2, J. Atmos. Sci. (in press). Logan, J. A., M. J. Prather, S. C. Wofsy, and M. B. McElroy (1978). Atmospheric chemistry: response to human influence, Trans. R. Soc. 290, 187. Luther, F. M., D. J. Wuebbles, and J. S. Chang (1977). Temperature feedback in a stratospheric model, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4935. Madden, R. A., and V. Ramanathan (1980). Detecting climate change due to increasing carbon dioxide. Science 209, 763. Manabe, S., and D. G. Hahn (1977). Simulation of the tropical climate of an ice age, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3889. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer (1979). A CO2-climate sensitivity study with a mathematical model of the global climate, Nature 282, 491. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer (1980). Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO, concentration in the atmosphere, J. Geophvs. Res. 85, 5529. Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald (1967). Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 241. Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald (1975). The effects of doubling the CO, concentration on the climate of a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 3. Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald (1980). On the distribution of climate change resulting from an increase in CO, content of the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 99. Manabe, S., J. Smagorinsky, and R. F. Strickler (1965). Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle, Mon. Weather Rev. 93, 769. Manabe, S., R. T. Wetherald, and R. J. Stouffer (1981). Summer dryness due to an increase of atmospheric CO, concentration, Clim. Change 3, 347.

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70 CARBON DIOXIDE AND CLIMATE: A SECOND ASSESSMENT Pollack, J. B., O. B. Toon, C. Sagan, A. Summers, B. Baldwin, and W. Van Camp (1976). Volcanic explosions and climatic change: a theoretical assessment, ./. Geophys. Res. 81, 1071. Porch, W. M., and M. C. MacCracken (1982). Parametric study of the effects of Arctic soot on solar radiation, Atmos. Environ, (in press). President's Science Advisory Committee (1965). Appendix Y4. Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel, The White House. Washington. D.C., pp. 112-133. Rahn, K. A., and R. J. McCaffrey (1980). On the origin and transport of the winter Arctic aerosol, in Aerosols: Anthropogenic and Natural, Sources and Transport, T. J. Knelp and P. J. Lioy, eds., Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 338, 486-503. Ramanathan, V. (1975). Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons: climatic implications, Science 190, 50. Ramanathan, V. (1980). Climatic effects of anthropogenic trace gases, in Interactions of Energy and Climate, W. Bach, J. Pankrath, and J. Williams, eds., D. Reidel. Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 269-280. Ramanathan. V. (1981). The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in the CO,-climate problem, J. Atmos. Sci. 38. 918. Ramanathan, V., and R. E. Dickinson (1979). The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the Earth-troposphere system, J. Atmos. Sci. 36. 1084. Ramanathan, V., M. S. Lian, and R. D. Cess (1979). Increased atmospheric C02: zonal and seasonal estimates of the effect on the radiation energy balance and surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 4949. Rasmussen, R. A., and M. A. K. Khali (1981). Increase in the concentration of atmospheric methane, Atmos. Environ. ]5, 883. Reck, R. A., and D. L. Fry (1978). The direct effects of chlorofluoromethanes on the atmospheric surface temperature, Atmos. Environ. 12, 2501. Revelle, R., and H. E. Suess (1957). Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO, during the past decades, Tellus 9, 18. Roosen, R. G., R. J. Angione, and G. H. Klemcke (1973). Worldwide variations in atmospheric transmission: 1. Baseline results from Smithsonian observations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 54, 307. Rosen, J. M. (1971). The boiling point of stratospheric aerosols, /. Appl. Meteorol. 10, 1044. Rowland, F. S., and M. J. Molina (1975). Chlorofluoromethanes in the environment. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 1. Ruddiman, W. F., and A. Mclntyre (1979). Warmth of the subpolar north Atlantic Ocean during northern hemisphere ice-sheet growth, Science 204, 173. SCEP (1970). Man's Impact on the Global Environment, Report of the Study of Critical Environmental Problems, MIT Press, Cambridge. Massachusetts. Schlesinger. M. E. (1982). The climatic response to doubled CO2 simulated by the osu atmospheric GCM with a coupled swamp ocean. Climatic Research Institute, Oregon State U., Corvallis (in preparation). Schneider, S. H. (1975). On the carbon dioxide-climate confusion, J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 2060. Schneider, S. H., and S. L. Thompson (1981). Atmospheric CO2 and climate: importance of the transient response, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3135. Schneider, S. H., W. M. Washington, and R. M. Chervin (1978). Cloudiness as a climatic feedback mechanism: effects on cloud amounts of prescribed global and regional surface temperature changes in the NCAR GCM, J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 2201.

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